Yuav ua li cas yog tus thib ob lub npe ntawm Troy?

Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Troy, tsim txom los ntawm ib tug insidious Odyssey, lub npe hu rau peb los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kawm - thiab tsis nyob rau hauv keeb kwm thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Homer, ib tug ntawm cov hiob classics kuaj, qhia zaj dab neeg ua tsov ua rog, uas tau nyob rau hauv ib tug mighty nroog twb puas lawm, thiab nws cov inhabitants - raug tua los yog ua qhev. Lwm lub npe ntawm Troy nyob rau hauv Greek mythology - Ilion (li no, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub npe ntawm tus naas ej tej hauj lwm: "Iliad").

Cov lus dab neeg ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog

Raws li Legend, lub nroog twb nrhiav tau cov av nkos - tus thawj huab tais ntawm cov Trojan nrog ib tug xav paub pedigree: nws niam yog ib tug nymph. Muaj ib hnub nws tau mus rau lub match thiab tua yeej lawv, tsis tau txais lub khob thiab medals rau tsib caug qhev ntawm ob sexes, thiab (es kuj ceeb tias) ib nyuj. Lub oracle hais kom nws txhim ib lub nroog nyob qhov twg cov tsiaj tau hais - IL tau ua.

Raws li cov lus dab neeg, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov koob hmoov ntawm lub gods nyob rau kev nkag mus rau lub muaj koob muaj npe tsev pheebsuab tawm ntawm lub ntuj poob ib tug ntoo pej thuam ntawm Athena. Tom qab ntawd Il tsa nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam ntawm lub tuam tsev, thiab lub tuam tsev muaj (albeit intermittently) rau centuries.

Legends thiab scientific hypotheses

Kuv yuav tsum hais tias cov nqe lus tias tus thib ob lub npe ntawm Troy - Ilion, nyob rau hauv lub scientific ntsiab lus teb, tsis zoo tej yam. Nws yog pom tseeb tias lub zos no yog. Pov thawj ntawm no, thiab cov myths xwb thiab chronicles cov neeg zej zog, thiab cov deference uas yog noj mus rau nws ntau yam ancient haiv neeg (Pawxia, piv txwv li). Thaj, qhov no nroog yog haib heev thiab vam meej, tab sis historians tseem muab cov Ilium ntawm "Iliad" (xa mus rau cov ntaub ntawv cheeb tsam ntawm myths xwb thiab cov dab neeg), thiab ncaj qha mus rau lub nroog yeej muaj nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm.

Muab piv rau qhov chaw sib txawv, nws yuav lam xav tias lub zos nws nyob yuav luag nyob rau hauv lub thib 3 xyoo txhiab BC. Nws yog tseeb hais tias txhim khu kev qha cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv nws cov chaw qhia kiag, txoj kev ua neej thiab thiaj li nyob. D. Tam sim no tau nyuaj heev (yog hais tias tsis tsis yooj yim sua). Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais tias cov tim khawv "tsis meej pem txog cov lus tim khawv," thiab tsuas yog muab cov mov noj rau lub rov tshwm sim ntawm tshiab hypotheses.

adventurous tswv yim

Muaj, rau Piv txwv li, lub version raws li uas Ilion - tsis muaj lwm lub npe rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Troy, thiab nws cov peev (nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, vim hais tias Troy - lub xeev no). Ib co kev pab hais tias nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb ib qho impregnable pob zeb, hu los ntawm Homer, yog tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis Constantinople: hais tias tus Emperor Constantine txiav txim siab los tsim ib tug "tshiab Rome" "rau lub site ntawm ancient Ilium", uas yog suav hais tias yog birthplace ntawm cov founders ntawm lub Eternal City (nco ntsoov lub "Aeneid" Virgil). Yog li ntawd, nws hloov tawm hais tias cov niaj hnub lub npe ntawm Troy - Istanbul? Tog twg los. Tus sau phau ntawv ntawm lub hypothesis mus rov qab down: thaj tom qab hloov nws lub siab thiab Constantine tsiv nws capital ntxiv mus rau lub ancient Byzantium.

Lwm yam qhov chaw yog ua lub assumption tias, raws li lub thib ob lub npe ntawm Troy - Ilion, thiab lub nroog Yeluxalees - Elia (Elia, Ilion) Capitolina, nws yog heev tau hais tias qhov no yog ib tug thiab tib lub nroog, tsuas hu ua nws ib tug me ntsis txawv vim qhov ntawm lub zos dialects . Version yog dog dig adventurous cim, tab sis nws kuj muaj adherents.

Yog li ntawd muaj tsawg kawg yog ib tug zoo heev lub tswv yim hais tias lwm lub npe ntawm Troy - Atlantis. Qhov no xaus tau tsis nyuaj nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 90-ies ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem thiab yog raws li nyob rau hauv ib co zoo sib xws tejyam lus dab neeg uas txawv haiv neeg haiv neeg. Txawm li cas los, lub scientific ntiaj teb no tsis luag li no ziag no.

kev tseeb

Yog hais tias peb saib qhov tseeb, koj hais ob lub npe ntawm Troy thiab nyob rau hauv lub ancient archives ntawm lub Hithai vajntxwv. Qhov no qhov chaw yog heev keeb kwm thiab scientific. Tab sis raws li cov ntaub ntawv no, nws tsis yog tus qub, thiab ob lub nroog. Tab sis dua: unanimity raws li muaj yog tsis muaj thiab tsis muaj. Nyob rau hauv lub kawg, tsis qhov tseeb hais tias lub ancient Hithai meant raws nraim li cas lawv xav nyeem los ntawm niaj hnub historians.

Dua li ntawm qhov "tsis meej pem thiab vacillation" nyob rau hauv cov kev kawm ntiaj teb no, feem ntau ntau yog cov version, uas hais tias:

• txheej xwm piav nyob rau hauv lub ancient ua hauj lwm, muaj npaum li cas qhov chaw;

• lwm lub npe rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Troy - Ilion;

• Nws twb nyob raws nraim qhov twg ntse Homer ( "Iliad" nyob rau hauv kev es ncauj lus kom ntxaws ua hauj lwm - tsuas yog ib daim ntawv teev cov Greek ships yog tsim nyog).

Txhawb ntawm archeology

Muaj yog vim li cas rau (thiab loj) ntseeg tau hais tias impregnable fortress, tshwm nyob rau hauv ancient zaj paj huam, yog sab nyob rau hauv 1970 los ntawm archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann txhawb. Ib tug tej yam feem ntawm cov pej xeem yog xav kom nws mus extol: tsis ntshai cov tub ceev xwm, hais tsis yog, yog tias cov kev tshwm sim thiab lub cheeb tsam piav nyob rau hauv lub "Iliad" - tsis muaj ntau tshaj li ib tug tswvyim hais ua dabneeg, thiab tau kev tso cai rau khawb thiab tseem pom ib co kua nplaum ntawm ib tug ancient kev sib hais haum nyob ze ntawm lub roob Hissarlik, nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Ottoman Empire (tam sim no! - Qaib ntxhw).

Kawm Ntawv Tshwj Xeeb Schliemann twb tsis, tab sis nws yog ib tug avid kiv cua ntawm lub qhov muag tsis pom kws sau paj lug. Vim yav tsaus ntuj nyeem ntawv "Cov Iliad" nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm lub me nyuam tub nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov thaum yau twb inscribed lub npe ntawm Troy: txwv tsis pub nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los mus piav qhia qhov tseeb hais tias ib tug businessman, ib tug txiv uas peb cov me nyuam, ib tug txiv neej tsis muaj lawm cov tub ntxhais mus nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub nroog, nyob rau hauv uas ob peb ntseeg nyob ua ib ke.

Biography ntawm lub amateur archaeologist - npaj txhij tsab ntawv rau ib tug Hollywood movie: yug nyob rau hauv tsev neeg ntawm tus neeg txom nyem pov thawj, nyob rau hauv tej thaj chaw deb lub zos nyob rau lub Polish-German ciam teb, Schliemann ua ib tug ob peb lub xeev, tej ntau adventures, yog nyob rau hauv Russia, twb sib yuav mus rau ib qho unloved poj niam uas sab laug nws, ploj mus mus nrhiav nws tus npau suav, thiab tau ntsib ib tug tshiab mob siab rau: cov tub ntxhais Greek poj niam Sofia. Nws yog nws zoo nkauj lub taub hau, cov ntiv tes thiab caj dab nws dai kom zoo nkauj nrog precious diadems, necklaces thiab rings pom nyob rau hauv lub excavations. Ntau tshaj 10 000 khoom kub! Nws yog ib tug tiag tiag cov khoom muaj nqis.

Kub - ib tug maub khoom ...

Txoj hmoo ntawm ib tug ob peb obscure treasures. Schliemann muab finds (tag nrho los yog ib feem ntawm, Vajtswv paub) nyob rau hauv lub Berlin Tsev khaws puav pheej, qhov uas lawv yeej xyuam xim thiab zoo thaum lub sij hawm ob ntiaj teb rog. Muaj qhov chaw uas hais tias, tab sis yog kub sab tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub USSR nyob rau hauv Russia, uas txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv lub xeev puas (tshwj xeeb yog cov Hermitage) hais kev kawm uas pom txoj kev vam meej ntawm lub nroog, hu los ntawm tus poj Homer.

Schliemann yog heev muaj hmoo: nws hu tsis tau tejyam. Txawm li cas los, tam sim no nws yog raug mus rau mob hnyav thuam: lub excavations nqa tawm, peb yuav hais tias, dog dig ua loj leeb txoj kev. Rau txoj kev mus nrhiav nqi pom Schliemann "demolished" lub xya (!) Cultural khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm ancient civilizations, yuav luag tsis muaj noticing nws, thiab tsis txawm tau txais mus rau hauv qab "rau ntawm lub plawv", thiab nres ntawm lub penultimate theem. Tsis txhob hais dab tsi, "zoo" ua hauj lwm.

painstaking soj ntsuam

Tom qab ntawd archaeologists (tsis amateurs thiab cov tub txawg), pom raws li muaj ntau yam raws li cuaj khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg alternated caug xyoo, lub nroog poob mus rau hauv lwj, nws flourished - thiab txhua lub sij hawm tau tshuav nws tus cim rau lub shores ntawm lub hiav txwv Aegean.

Thaum pib ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm no hais sib haum tej zaum nws muaj ib tug sib txawv lub npe: lub nroog ntawm Troy nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub thib 3 xyoo txhiab BC. e. Muaj tseem ua tsis tau. Keeb kwm Culture txheej kuaj archaeologists sawv cev kev sib hais haum lub cheeb ntawm cia li ib puas meters. Rau nws lub sij hawm, nws twb zoo fortified, es haib qauv, uas twb puas lawm, yog ntseeg kom muaj hluav taws kub.

Schliemann excavated txheej yog raws li nram no, thiab hnub rov qab mus rau lub peb Millennium BC. Muab hais tias lub Trojan ua tsov ua rog, niaj hnub historians hnub tim rau thaum xaus ntawm lub thib ob kuaj tsuas yuav tsis homegrown archaeologist artifacts txheeb tus heroes ntawm lub "Iliad", raws li cov laus ntawm cov txheej xwm tau piav los ntawm tsawg kawg yog ib txhiab xyoo. Tab sis "Troy tooj ob" tau raug muab rhuav pov tseg thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog: qhov no, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, qhia tau hais tias lub cim ntawm kev puas tsuaj.

Nyob rau tom ntej no tsib centuries, lub nroog yuav tej zaum yuav tsis yog tshwj xeeb excelled. Zaum tau pom tsis muaj kab ntawm txoj kev vam meej, tab sis pom tsis muaj pov thawj ntawm degradation. Nws yog tsis zoo li hais tias "Troy tus naj npawb peb, plaub thiab tsib," yog raws nraim zoo kawg li lub nroog uas poob los ntawm cunning Odysseus - txog rau lub sij hawm ntawm cov hav zoov ntawm Troy ntawm tus xov tooj rau thiab xya thiab yog li ntawd, lub koom txoos tau piav nyob rau hauv lub "Iliad."

Excavations muaj ices seem ntawm ib tug loj heev fortified palace ua thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no, cov phab ntsa 4-5 meters tuab. Nws yog pom tseeb tias ntawm lub xyoo 1800-1025 BC. e. ancient Ilion (Yog hais tias koj tseem ntseeg tau hais tias qhov no yog qhov thib ob lub npe ntawm lub nroog ntawm Troy) flourished thiab wallowed nyob rau hauv cov khoom kim heev. Thiab cia cov phab ntsa hauv Troy, xov tooj 6 yog tsis pov tseg los ntawm tib neeg beings, thiab muaj av qeeg, niaj hnub kws tshawb fawb yog inclined ntseeg hais tias tus tsov rog, uas tau nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo citadel poob, yog hais txog qhov no (1800-1250 gg.) Los yog tom ntej no (1250-1025 gg.) Sij hawm .

Romance thiab qhov hnyav kev muaj tiag

Nyob rau hauv lub poetic kev nthuav qhia ntawm ua ntawm qhov kev huam yuaj yog tus poj niam zoo nkauj (thiab yog hais tias koj rank li cov weaker pw ua ke, thiab txawm goddesses, nws tsis yog ib tug, tab sis plaub). Raws li Legend, lub Trojan None Paris tus (uas, rau ib txhia coj txawv txawv coincidence, kuj yog ib tug tswv yug yaj), yog cov peb haib neeg ntawm Olympus: Aphrodite, Hera thiab Athena nrog ib tug thov kom paub tias cov zoo nkauj tshaj plaws ntawm lawv.

Cov tub hluas ntxhais txiv neej yuav tsis txiav txim siab, thiab ces tus vajtswv poj niam pib muaj nws tag nrho cov zoo kev noj nyiaj txiag, thaj, rau noob neej. Ib tug neeg cog lus lub hwj chim, ib tug neeg - ib tug zoo nyob rau hauv cov tub rog ua lag ua luam, thiab tus vajtswv poj niam uas muaj kev hlub, cov lus cog tseg ntawm haum nrog rau feem ntau zoo nkauj ntawm cov poj niam.

Los ntawm ib tug tsis muaj hmoo coincidence, "xiab" twb sib yuav mus rau lub Spartan huab tais, tab sis hais tias tsis tau nres tus hero. Nws kidnapped tus poj niam ntawm Menelaus, leej twg, kev txhawb los ntawm cov phoojywg, launched ib tug tsov rog tawm tsam cov txiv ntawm Paris, nteg siege mus rau lub nroog ntawm Ilium (Troy thib ob lub npe).

Cynical niaj hnub soj ntsuam ntseeg tau hais tias kev hlub kab - nonsense: feem ntau yuav, qhov ua rau ntawm discord pib nyiaj thiab cawv nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam (xws li ib txwm). Qhov ncaj kev koom tes ntawm cov gods, dhau lawm, tsis muaj ntau tshaj li ib tug tseeb. Tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov kev piav qhia ntawm lub cheeb tsam, "Iliad" thiab lub neej lub hom phiaj ntawm lub nroog yog tsis tshua muaj neeg tseeb.

Lub nceeg vaj ntawm lub tswv yim

Tej zaum tus piav yog yooj yim: tom qab Troy tus naj npawb 7 twb puas los ntawm qhov kev tsov kev rog, tom qab 2.5 xyoo pua nws pib rov qab mus rau qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub Greeks - lub sij hawm no qhov tseeb ua hauj lwm ntawm Homer. Nws tsis siv sij hawm ntau lub sij hawm, qhov seem ntawm tus ancient lub nroog tau lawm kuj "tshiab". Kws sau phau lub epic yog yooj yim khi tseeb rau kev muaj tiag, raws li lub txiaj ntsim ntawm ib tug "clash ntawm civilizations" yog nrog nws, koj muaj peev xwm hais nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub qhov muag. Txawm li cas los, nws yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, peb yeej yuav tsis paub.

Qhov no yog zaj dabneeg - ib feem zajlus, tiag tiag qhov chaw - lub nroog, lub suab ntawm uas Greatness dim tsaug rau ib tug ci ntsa iab ancient Greek culture. Kuv yuav tsum lees tias yog hais tias nws twb tsis yog qhov muag tsis pom txawj sau ntawv (uas nws authorship yog kuj tau tsa tsis ntseeg), nws yog yuav hais tias ob qho tag nrho cov thawj thiab thib ob lub npe ntawm Troy puas tau sunk rau hauv oblivion (los yog, yam tsawg kawg, yuav ntawm kev txaus siab xwb los ib tug nqaim vajvoog ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb) .

Qhov zoo ces, nws tshwm sim rau nkawv noj. Lub zoo kawg li lub nroog thiab nws tu siab txoj hmoo tus thawj lub hlwb ntawm tus neeg rau ntau tshaj ob millennia. Tseeb txawm yog Troy yeej tsis tau, nws yeej yuav tsum muaj lawm invented.