Yuav ua li cas yog lub ncov qaumteb qabteb covalent daim ntawv cog lus

Ncov qaumteb qabteb covalent daim ntawv cog lus - yog ib daim ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus nruab nrab ntawm cov atoms ntawm cov khoom los ntawm kev uas lub lwg me me yog tsim. Yog hais tias lo lus "sib txuas lus" teeb meem nrog kev nkag siab tsis tshwm sim, cov nqe lus "covalent" thiab "Ncov qaumteb qabteb" untrained neeg yog tsis paub hais tias (ntawm chav kawm, muab hais tias cov ntaub ntawv kawm ntawm Science News for KIDS yog tsis nco qab).

Yog li ntawd, lo lus "covalent" yog muab los ntawm "Ko" thiab "-valenta", uas lus txhais tau tias ib tug-directional zog. Xwb, nws yog lub dag zog yuam uas yog tau mus ua ke lub ob atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecule, reconfiguring lawv electron zoo li nyob rau hauv ib cov qauv. Txij li thaum ob lub cores yog muaj sib npaug, rotating nyob ib ncig ntawm electrons sau tsis tau tsuas yog lub "lwm" sab, tab sis kuj cov kis ntawm tus atoms. Peb yuav hais tias nws yog ib tug covalent daim ntawv cog lus. Yog li xws li ib tug dual system yog cog lus kom tiav ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob configuration, txij li thaum them nyiaj nqa yog complementary plhaub interacting atoms. Nco ntsoov tias ib tug khub ntawm electrons siv no hom ntawm kev sib txuas lus.

Lwm embodiment ntawm tib phenomenon tej zaum yuav hu ua ion hom kev twb kev txuas. Txij li thaum lub ion yog tsim thaum lub atom loses ib tug electron, nws tshwm sim thaum qhov tsis zoo xwb muaj ntawm cov kev pauv, uas yog cov yam ntxwv rau cov atoms ntawm txawv tshuaj (piv txwv li, fluorine, thiab sodium).

Ncov qaumteb qabteb covalent daim ntawv cog lus - yog ib nrab kev xaiv. Qhov no hom tsa ib tug "dawb huv covalent" uas ntaub ntawv molecular orbital (ib lub koom haum orbits), thiab los ntawm ion therein ib nrab "tug" xwb muaj. Cov khub yog txav mus rau ib lub atoms, tab sis tsis tau kiag li tawm lwm cheeb tsam. Ib qho piv txwv nyob rau hauv uas ua si ntawm ib tug dawb covalent daim ntawv cog lus - dej molecule. Tiav lawm plhaub uas tsim los ntawm combining ib cov pa atom thiab ob hydrogen. Txawm li cas los, txij li thaum cov pa muaj ib tug ntau pronounced muaj peev xwm ua rau neeg nyiam electrons, lawv vapor tsiv mus rau lub nucleus yog "O". Incidentally, nws tsis yog tsim nyog atoms tsim ib tug khub ntawm electrons yuav ua tau ob, peb, thiab lwm yam Ncov qaumteb qabteb covalent daim ntawv cog lus tsim nqi faib rau system (ib nrab) thiab, raws li ib tug tsim nyog tau, qhov polarity. Muaj no yog qhia molecules ntawm lub teb kab. Koj yuav hais tias ua tsaug rau qhov no muab faib rau tshwm sim ib peculiar molecular dipole. Nws lub sij hawm ntawd (mu) thiab generates lub electric teb siv. Muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov qauv rau xam cov dipole lub sij hawm ntawd (nyob rau hauv particular, cov khoom ntawm qhov kev ncua deb rau hauv them nyiaj), lawv yuav xam tus nqi txhais los ntawm lub polarity ntawm lub molecule.

Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, ib tug dawb covalent daim ntawv cog lus yuav tsum tsim los ntawm cov atoms, uas tab sis yog txawv electronegativity, tiam sis tsis txaus rau tsim ib tug ionic daim ntawv cog lus. Cia peb piav qhia txog dab tsi electronegativity. Qhov no lub sij hawm yog hais txog lub peev xwm ntawm ib tug atom nyiam rau nws cov tub ntxhais tsim (-th) ib tug khub ntawm tsis zoo xwb muaj. Obviously, nyob rau hauv raws li txoj cai ntawm kev txuag ntawm lub zog, qhov ntau atomic bonds, cov tsawg kav ntev npaum cas. Feem ntau, covalent ncov qaumteb qabteb daim ntawv cog lus ntawm cov yam ntxwv atoms, cov tshuaj lom yam ntxwv yog zoo sib xws. Nws yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm spatial orientation. Qhov no enables tsis tau tsuas yog cov tsim ntawm molecules, tab sis kuj siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo nyob rau hauv uas lub atoms cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv ib tug geometrically tseeb kev txiav txim.

Txij li thaum lub kev twb kev txuas, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, yog ib tug superposition ntawm ob (los yog xav paub ntxiv) ntawm lub electron huab teej tug mus rau txawv atoms, nws lub zog nyob tsuas yog nyob rau yuav ua li cas ntseeg tau overlay tshwm sim. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim to taub hais tias los ntawm kev tsim officers, internuclear kis tus nqi ntawm lub electron ceev nce.