Yuav ua li cas yog lub biomechanics ntawm Meyerhold?

Ntawm cov poj ua yeeb yam directors Vsevoloda Emilevicha Meyerholda npe stands dog dig sib nrug. Tej zaum qhov ua yog txiav txim misunderstood thiab overly kaj cwm pwm. Los yog cov Soviet cov tub ceev xwm sim retouch koj yuam kev thiab tsis txhob hais lub npe ntawm ib tug txawj ntse txiv neej uas raug tua nyob rau hauv 1940. Tab sis txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ua yeeb yam, nws ua ib tug neeg pej xeem nrog pab. Tsim los ntawm cov poj creator ntawm lub system ntawm kev cob qhia rau tag nrho cov lam nkag mus hauv lub neej txhua hnub ntawm ib tug ua yeeb yam hu ua "biomechanics ntawm Meyerhold."

hloov sawv

Vsevolod Meyerhold tsim biomechanics - tsis tsuas yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws systems ntawm kev kawm rau cov actor, uas nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua thaum ntxov thiab pom nws txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm heev heev successors thiab cov thwjtim. Los ntawm cov xwm, cov biomechanics ntawm Meyerhold - yog ib tug complex thiab intriguing muaj tswv yim, uas yuav tsum tau txhais nyob rau hauv ib tug dav heev cov ntsiab lus teb. Lub ob semantic chaw feem ntawm cov kev npaj ntawm cov actor yog hais tias muaj ntau ntau incarnations. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog xav nyob rau hauv lub leej txhua yam hauj lwm ntawm tib neeg lub cev - ib tug muaj kuab thiab paub tseeb tseeb. Lwm tivthaiv li sim mus nias lub ntuj ncej, tsa cov theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, mus cuag lub zoo tagnrho.

Tus heev revolutionary txheej txheem lub npe hu ua biomechanics ntawm Meyerhold, yog hais tias nws cov creators ntseeg hais tias lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub playwright thiab tus thawj coj xwb ib tug preparatory theem. Tag nrho cov kev xav tab kaum ntawm cov kev ua si yog yuav tsum tau ua ua ke los ntawm cov tshaj cum ob tog - lub actor thiab cov neeg tuaj saib.

Meyerhold (1874-1940): ib tug luv luv biography

Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom to taub cov prerequisites ntawm txoj kev tsis yog ntsib nrog lub neej ntawm nws cov creator. Nws yug los rau hauv ib tug Catholic tsev neeg Russified. Nws twb kawm ntawv nyob rau Moscow ua yeeb yam thiab suab paj nruag hauv tsev kawm ntawv (cov chav kawm ntawv VI Nemirovich-Danchenko). Nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Moscow Art Theatre thiab tom qab ntawd tau tsa ib yeeb yam pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv Kherson.

Txij li thaum 1905 nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Moscow. Raws li ib tug thawj coj, kuv raug caw mus K. S. Stanislavskim (Theatre Studio rau kws ua zaub mov), thiab tom qab ntawd V. F. Komissarzhevskoy (Schauspielhaus). Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, Meyerhold staged ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov ua yeeb yam nyob rau hauv lub pre-leb yam - lub cim yog tsis cim tau kawm, thiab cov zajlus twb dhau conditionally.

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 20-ies tsim ib tug tshiab sau lub tswvyim, uas los ua kwm txhawb Meyerhold - biomechanics. Ce siv thaum lub sij hawm rehearsals, pub rau cov hauj lwm ua ke, npaum ua hauj lwm ntawm qhov nyuab pab pawg neeg. Cov kev tsis muaj kev sis raug zoo ntawm tus neeg thiab rau lub xeev ntawm tag nrho cov haiv neeg. Nws twb nrhiav tau rau qhov zoo tagnrho incarnation ntawm collectivism. Ua kev cai Constructivism thiab biomechanics tsis kam muab cov lus tsa suab ntawm lub puab ntiaj teb no mus rau lub nrig txog kev pom cov zaub. Meyerhold ntseeg tias tej yam ua si ib decisive luag hauj lwm, thiab los ntawm lawv nws yog tsim nyog los sib txuas lus rau tus tuav tus cwj pwm txawv thiab puab ntiaj teb cov cim. Ib tug kawm actor-wagon, uas yog tswv zoo meej atherosclerosis thiab tswj koj lub cev - uas yog li cas muaj tau tus thawj coj rau lub realization ntawm nws lub hom phiaj. Nyob siv ntawm lawv cov tswv yim rau hauv kev txiav txim thawj coj nws ua hauj lwm kom txog thaum nws hnub nyoog kawg.

Nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj 1939, V. E. Meyerhold twb puas tau raug ntes los ntawm cov NKVD rau cuav nqi. Nyob rau hauv tsim txom, nws lees txim rau cov anti-Soviet ua si, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej yuav recant nws zaj lus tim khawv. Cov kab lus twb tso cia Lub ob hlis ntuj 1, 1940. Tua ib hnub tom ntej. Nyob rau hauv 1955, Meyerhold twb rehabilitated (posthumously).

Nyob rau hauv lub wake ntawm puppets

Great cawv rau cov chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Meyerhold muaj tej hauj lwm ntawm lub German dramatist thiab txawj sau ntawv Heinrich von Kleist (1777-1811), tshwj xeeb yog nws sau ntawv rau tus menyuam roj hmab ua yeeb yam. Tus sau phau ntawv ntseeg tau hais tias tib neeg possibilities tsis muaj nyob ntawm nws tus kheej, tab sis yog tswj los ntawm ntau dua powers. Tag nrho cov neeg nyob rau hauv nws to taub tsuas yog puppet creatures, subordinate rau Vajtswv. Ua txhaum no kev twb kev txuas yuav ua rau qhov kev tso tawm ntawm tus neeg thiab xa rov qab mus rau lub xeev ntawm tag nrho cov tswv yim qub kev sib raug zoo. Txawm tias cov neeg sau tuaj hais tias xws li ib tug tshwm sim yuav ua kom muaj thiab unimaginable chaos. Biomechanics ntawm Meyerhold cia siab hnyav ncawv rau ntawm tus views expressed Kleist.

Tus thawj coj tau muaj kev tswj los mus tsim ib tug system ntawm kev cob qhia, nyob rau hauv uas lub actor yuav cuag perfection, qhuab qhia nws lub cev. Nco ob lub creator thiab cov khoom rau hauv qhov kev siv, tswj thiab yuav tswj nyob rau hauv nws cov yas - uas yog neeg ua hauj lwm uas confronts ib tug Theatrical biomechanics ntawm Meyerhold.

Tsis tsuas yog lub tsev ua yeeb yam

Lub cim txheej txheem ntawm cov kev kawm lam tau tsis nco qab lawm tau ntau xyoo thiab twb tsis tau kawm los ntawm cov kws txawj. Qhov no yuav pom raws li politically mob siab tsim txom uas nrog tus ntse heev thawj coj ntawm lub kawg ntawm nws lub neej: lub Stalinist purges, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm uas muab tau yuav liquidated Meyerhold ua yeeb yam, ntes nws thiab shooting nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj 1940. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, rau hnub no cov biomechanics ntawm Meyerhold yuav ncav tsis cuag. Txoj kev raug mob los ntawm cov nom keeb kwm ntawm lub ua yeeb yam, thaum lub sij hawm, zoo los ntawm cov kev daws.

Dua li ntawm qhov declassification ntawm lub archives, tag nrho cov subtleties ntawm tus thawj hom kev kawm tau ploj mus lawm nyob rau hauv lub 90s. Ib co lus tau raug fwm xwb nyob rau hauv lub ntawmv ntawm cov thwj tim thiab cov thwjtim hais tias thaum tus thawj coj ntawm lub neej mus koom ib lub tswv hauv chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub biomechanics ntawm Meyerhold. Nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv nws cov ntaub ntawv tsis tawm ib tug meej ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab bases ntawm nws cov system, thiab yog siv nta hom kev kawm yog raws li heev dua lwm yam rau eyewitness nco.

kev sib nrauj

Cawv ntawm biomechanics rau lub artistic tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tus actor tus possibilities yog enormous. Tab sis nws tsis yog tag rau nws lub peev xwm. Nws yog tau hais tias cov system muaj tsis tsuas artistic tus nqi. Txawm hais tias Meyerhold yeej tsis qhia tawm ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm yog vim li cas mus rau lub ua yeeb yam, tab sis kuv ntseeg tau hais tias lub peev xwm yog loj npaum li cas biomechanics. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav to taub qhov no taw tes ntawm view, nws yog tsim nyog los xav txog dab tsi lub biomechanics ntawm Meyerhold, nyob rau hauv ib cov keeb kwm cov ntsiab lus teb.

Lub system yog tsim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm thwmsim raws kev coj kom tsoos theatrical lwm yam: comedy dell'arte thiab Japanese yeeb yam Kabuki. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ib tug txheej txheem tau tsim ib lub sij hawm thaum Meyerhold mas txaus siab Communist lub tswv yim. Nws xav kom cov txhais tau tias ntawm ua yeeb yam art kev tsis tau tsuas yog lub xaav ntawm lub ntiaj teb no los ntawm cov artist. Cov chav kawm ntawv nriaj, kev teeb meem, cov creation ntawm ib tug tshiab tib neeg hom - cov teeb meem yog hais txog nrog Meyerhold. Biomechanics thiab concentrated luv luv muaj kev cuam tshuam cov revolutionary tswv yim ntawm nws lub sij hawm - lub ob leeg tswj, collective ua hauj lwm thiab lwm cov neeg. Tab sis nws tsis cease yuav ib tug ntse heev nyob rau hauv lub artistic kev txiav txim zoo, ib qho zoo heev rau lub cev kev kawm thiab theatrical txoj kev.

Biomechanics thiab sotsiomehanika

Yuav kom nkag siab lub essence ntawm tus txheej txheem yog tsim nyog rov qab mus rau ib lub sij hawm thaum tsim biomechanics ntawm Meyerhold. Ib tug ntawm nws tw yog ib tug kaj ideologue ntawm lub kiv puag ncig thiab cov tshiab ua yeeb yam A. V. Lunacharsky - yeeb yam critic thiab cov thawj neeg Commissar of Education ntawm lub Soviet Russia. Nws yog feem ntau ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub thwmsim ntawm tus thawj coj, tab sis nws ntseeg nws, tsis muaj kev ua xyem xyav, ib tug txawj ntse thiab thawj tswv yim neeg. Lunacharsky qhia cov notion ntawm "sotsiomehaniki" - ib tug system tsim los kawm tib neeg qhov nyob rau hauv nws cov tej yam ntuj tso kev ib puag ncig thiab yog li tsim tiag tiag dluab ntawm cov kawm theem.

Dua li ntawm qhov khees zoo nruab nrab ntawm ob lub tsev kawm ntawv, Meyerhold lom zem ntau pom zoo nrog nws counterpart. Phim lawv views on lub luag hauj lwm thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm cov kos duab. Ob leeg pom zoo hais tias qhov zoo tshaj plaws ib tug neeg yog yus muaj los ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv nco qab thiab txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv zej zog, es tus neeg raws li ib tug kev puas siab ntsws. Biomechanics, Meyerhold tsim, tau ua ib tug rog xav txog ntawm lub kiv puag ncig rau cov theem. Raws nraim kuv xav nws lub hom phiaj creator ntawm lub system.

Los ntawm ib tug scientific point of view

Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm dab tsi los tshwm xa nrog biomechanics Meyerhold? Tsev ua yeeb yam system yog tej raws li kev txawj ntse, nyob deb muab tshem tawm los ntawm tus kheej ntawm cov kos duab. Nws nteg lub lub hauv paus kev tshawb fawb American engineer Frederick Taylor (1856-1915). Nws lub hom phiaj ntawm lub npaum lub koom haum ntawm zog twb siv nyob rau hauv theem. Cov neeg ntawm lub lam taw thiab ergonomics no tiav ceev nrooj ce thiab kev sib cais nyob rau hauv qhov kev ua si voj: intentions, ua, tshua. Qhov no pom direct analogy nrog Taylor "duty voj voog".

Ib tug xov tooj ntawm advanced paub txog nws lub sij hawm tau siv lub biomechanics ntawm Meyerhold. ib tug system ntawm ce los qhia cov lam raws li nyob rau hauv lub psychology ntawm Ivana Pavlova kev tshawb fawb (1849-1936), siv cov chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm V. M. Behtereva (1857-1927) nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm reflexology. Lub hlwb lub xeev ntawm cov hero ntawm cov kev ua si raws li ib tug txheej ntawm reflexes yuav tsum havzoov nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov kev ua si "Lub hav zoov" A. N. Ostrovskogo: tus hero xav yog hloov los ntawm jumps. Txhua tshiab sawv saum toj no lub yav dhau los lover. Lub premiere ntawm cov kev ua si coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub Meyerhold Theatre nyob rau hauv 1924.

biomechanics studio

Sim thawj coj Meyerhold nrhiav tau haum thaj chaw rau txoj kev kawm ntawm lawv tus kheej system tau reflected txawm nyob rau hauv caricatures ntawm cov xyoo. Nyob rau ib tug ntawm lawv ntawm plaub Meyerhold grabs tag nrho cov vaj tse, uas yuav ncav cuag mus. Lawv, thiab Alexandrinsky ua yeeb yam, thiab Suvorinsky thiab atelier nyob rau hauv uas nws xav tsim nws tus kheej Rhiav. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub chav tsev nyob thiab nkag mus hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub ua yeeb yam raws li Borodino Studio.

Cov ntaub ntawv kawm muaj cov chav kawm nyob rau hauv boxing, fencing, gymnastics, classical thiab niaj hnub seev cev, hu nkauj, diction, Juggling. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau qhov qhia ua yeeb yam keeb kwm, economics, thiab biology. Muab rau ntau haiv neeg ntawm yaam kws peb yuav tau xyuam xim hais tias cov biomechanics ntawm Meyerhold - lub actor yog ib tug ua tiav kev kawm system.

ib yam tshiab ntawm actor

lub lam tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej stringent uas yuav tsum tau. Lawv yuav sib sau ua ke nyob rau theem ib tug ua txoj kev ua si thiab Suav opera, seevcev thiab tightrope-mus taug kev, gymnastics thiab clownery. Cov no yog cov hom phiaj teem Meyerhold. Biomechanics luv luv thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm tso cai rau peb mus cuag cov nyhuv. Tsaug rau nws, txhua txhua tus lam yuav lossi txhim kho thiab perfect lub hnab nqa taug ntawm nws txhais tau tias kev qhia. Meyerhold ntseeg hais tias cov ua yeeb yam tsis tso immobility, yeej ib txwm nyob rau hauv ib tug hurry, thiab paub tsuas yog tus tam sim no. Thiab theem actor yuav tsum tsis txhob blindly mus nrog lub sij hawm, thiab yog yuam ua hauj lwm kom nrhiav kev tawm thiab xyaum ua tej yam.

xyaum ua tej yam

Tsim studio yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav lub hauv paus ntawm lub tshiab ua yeeb yam thiab tsis coj lub actor lub tsev kawm ntawv cov teeb meem. Nws lub hom phiaj yog sib txawv - los ua ib tug zoo ntawm theatrical laboratory. Biomechanics Vsevoloda Meyerholda demanded kawm ua yeeb yam uas thiab cov theem zog, improvisation thiab nruj kev ua raws li cov thawj coj lub tswv yim.

Creative thwmsim nyob rau hauv qhov kev ua tshiab yog tsis tsuas mus ua hauj lwm nrog lub lam. Yog nqus tau kev tshoov siab los ntawm circus loog Fairground ua yeeb yam, comedy dell'arte, tus thawj coj reconstructed sab hauv qhov chaw. Nws muab lub scenes thiab sib cais ntawm theem thiab auditorium. Rau cov lam tsim ib tug peb-dimensional hlau lug, uas nws hu ua lub "kev ua si tshuab". Raws li ib qho kev - qhov chaw kawm cov kev ua si "Lub magnanimous Cuckold" raws li F. Fernand Crommelynck (1886-1970). Hnav khaub ncaws nyob rau hauv xiav overalls lam ua si rau cov theem tsis muaj scenery surrounded los ntawm ib tug gymnastic apparatus. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam ua yeeb yam peb yog multi-siv platform, scaffolding, ladders thiab scaffolding, txuas nrog cov neeg tuaj saib.

Lub tswv yim embodiment

Ib tug ntawm cov tswv yim ce qhia ntaus lawv cov tub ntxhais kawm. "Dhia rau lub hauv siab" - paub ce illustrating lub caij muaj los ntawm lub biomechanics ntawm V. E. Meyerholda. Nws nyuaj incarnation yog reflected nyob rau hauv lub heev title. Ib tug ntawm cov lam sawv nyob rau theem, muab ib tug ko taw nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lwm zoo li qub teeb. Qhov thib ob tub ntxhais kawm ntawv sau thiab jumps txoj cai rau nws. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws txo nws hwj nws ob txhais ceg bent ntawm lub hauv caug rau pem hauv ntej thiab grabs tus khub lub caj dab. Tus thawj actor tswj mus ntes ib tug los yog ob tug ob txhais tes ob txhais ceg hauv qab no lub hauv caug dhia.

Analysis ntawm txoj kev tshawb no qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas yuav tsum tau hauj lwm ua ke nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ob lam. Lawv taw no coj tuaj rau automatism. dhia quab yuam puab thiab lub davhlau txoj kev yog kom meej ua subordinated mus rau lub logic ntawm collective kom tiav rau lub hom phiaj ntawm tus thawj coj. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, txhua txhua tus lam ua lawv ib tug neeg paub tab aimed ntawm tau raws li ib qho, ob leeg tshwm sim. Uas yog qhov yooj yim qhia load, uas nqa cov biomechanics ntawm Vsevoloda Meyerholda.

Nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm,

Txawm tias lub intervening xyoo, Meyerhold lub system ntawm kev kawm lam tau tsis poob nws tsis txaus siab. Nws tseem yog tus raug ntawm kev sib tham thiab kawm nyob rau hauv theatrical voj voog. Peb yuav hais tias thaum nws los tshwm hauv lub biomechanics ntawm V. E. Meyerholda deb ua ntej ntawm lub sij hawm. Muaj ntau ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv tau absorbed Vsevoloda Emilevicha system nyob rau hauv nws studio, los ua zoo-paub lam thiab directors. Lawv tej hauj lwm designs renowned tswv kis rau tom ntej tiam, thiab ua yeeb tsis tu ncua nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm nrog lub tuag txhaj koob tshuaj tivthaiv, tsis nyuaj muffled nyob rau hauv lub cellars ntawm lub Lubyanka nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no 1940.