Yuav ua li cas yog lub absorbed koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob?

Qhov tsab xov xwm yog mob siab rau lub ntsiab ntawm lub absorbed tawg koob tshuaj (thiab-kev), ionizing tawg thiab lawv hom. Nws muaj cov lus qhia txog lwm haiv neeg, qhov, qhov chaw, txoj kev xam, chav tsev ntawm kev ntsuas ntawm absorbed tawg koob tshuaj thiab tshaj.

Lub tswvyim ntawm absorbed koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob

tawg koob tshuaj - ib tug nqi, uas yog siv los ntawm xws li sciences li physics thiab radiobiology, nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim rau kev ntsuam xyuas tej yam uas ionizing tawg rau lub hom ntawm cov nqaij mos uas muaj sia nyob, lawv metabolic dab, raws li tau zoo raws li substance. Yuav ua li cas yog hu ua tus absorbed koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob, dab tsi yog nws muaj nqis, daim ntawv thiab tej yam uas ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas? Mas nws yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev sis raug zoo ntawm qhov nruab nrab thiab cov ionizing tawg, thiab yog hu ua ib tug ionization nyhuv.

Absorbed koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob muaj nws tus kheej txoj kev thiab units, thiab cov complexity thiab ntau yam ntawm cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv tawg kom muaj ib tug ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv ntaub ntawv absorbed koob tshuaj.

Ionizing tawg daim ntawv

Ionizing tawg - ib tug kwj ntawm cov sib txawv ntawm cov elementary hais, photons los yog cov tawg tsam generated raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm nuclear fission thiab lub peev xwm mus ua ionization ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Ultraviolet hluav taws xob, raws li zoo raws li qhov pom hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub teeb rau no hom ntawm hluav taws xob tsis siv, raws li lawv tsis muaj xws li cov infrared tawg tawm txim liab los ntawm lub hom thiab xov tooj cua bands, vim lawv me me ntawm lub zog yog tsis txaus los tsim kom tau ib tug atomic thiab molecular ionization nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lub xeev.

Ionizing daim ntawv ntawm hluav taws xob, cov xwm thiab qhov chaw

Lub absorbed koob tshuaj ionizing tawg yuav ntsuas nyob rau hauv txawv units ntawm lub SI, thiab nyob rau qhov xwm ntawm cov tawg. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj yam ntawm hluav taws xob: gamma rays, beta hais thiab electrons, positrons, neutrons, ionic (xws li alpha hais), X-ray, electromagnetic vuag nrog luv luv (siab zog photons) thiab cov muon.

Xwm ionizing tawg qhov chaw yuav ua tau heev ntau haiv neeg, rau Piv txwv li, nthawv tshwm sim radionuclide lwj cim thermonuclear cov tshuaj tiv thaiv qhov chaw ntawm rays dag radionuclides hom nuclear reactors, tsuj roj ntawm elementary hais, thiab txawm ib tug apparatus npaj rau X-ray.

Yuav ua li cas yog raug tus kab mob rau ionizing tawg

Nyob rau hauv lub mechanism ntawm uas tus sib tham neeg saib xyuas thiab ionizing tawg, yuav cais ncaj qha them hais ntws hom thiab tawg sib sib zog tsa kov, nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, ib tug photon los yog ib tug proton beam, nruab nrab hais ntws. tsim ntaus ntawv tso cai rau xaiv ib tug thawj thiab ib tug thib ob daim ntawv ntawm ionizing tawg. Absorbed koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob yog txiav txim nyob rau hauv raws li cov hom ntawm hluav taws xob uas tus yam khoom uas yog raug rau, piv txwv li, tej yam zog zoo koob tshuaj rays los ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb nto, sab nraum lub hau, yog 0,036 mSv / h. Nws yuav tsum tau yuav tsum to taub hais tias hom thiab koob tshuaj ntsuas-tion thiab nws tus nqi nyob rau hauv lub sum ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam, kev hais lus ntawm cosmic rays, nws kuj yog nyob ntawm latitude geomagnetic hom thiab txoj hauj lwm voj kaum ib xyoo hnub ci kev ua si.

Ionizing particle zog ntau yog nyob rau hauv ntau los ntawm ib tug ob peb indicators puas eV thiab los txog rau indicators 10 ^15-20 electron volts. Txoj kev ntev thiab allergic muaj peev xwm tej zaum yuav txawv lug, thiab kev ntsuas pib ntawm ob peb micrometers rau txhiab tus kilometers los yog ntau tshaj.

Familiarization nrog lub raug tshuaj

ionization nyhuv yog suav tias yog ib tug yooj yim cov yam ntxwv ntaub ntawv ntawm kev sis raug zoo nrog cov ib puag ncig lub teeb. Nyob rau hauv lub pib lub sij hawm ntawm tsim ntawm hluav taws xob dosimetry mas kawm thiab-teev, lub electromagnetic vuag uas pw nyob rau hauv lub ultraviolet index ntawm thiab gamma tawg, vim lub fact tias nws yog dav kis nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. Yog li ntawd, ib tug ntau ntsuas rau cov tawg teb yog theem ntawm huab cua ionization. Qhov kev ntsuas no yog lub hauv paus rau creation ntawm lub raug tshuaj txiav txim los ntawm ionization ntawm huab cua nyob rau hauv ib txwm atmospheric siab, huab cua nws tus kheej yuav tsum qhuav.

Raug tawg absorbed koob tshuaj ua hauj lwm pab los mus txiav txim lub peevxwm ntawm ionizing tawg ntawm X-rays thiab gamma-ray radiant zog qhia tau hais tias tau nyiaj dhau los cov hloov dua siab tshiab los ua tus kinetic zog ntawm them hais nyob rau hauv ib tug luj kev faib ua feem ntawm atmospheric cua.

Unit ntawm kev ntsuas ntawm absorbed tawg koob tshuaj raug hom - yog ib tug pendant SI tivthaiv muab faib los ntawm kilograms (C / kg). Hom off-system unit - X-ray (R). Ib pendant / kg coj mus rau 3876 X-ray.

adsorbed nqi

Lub absorbed koob ntawm cov-kev raws li ib tug ntshiab txhais, nws tau ua tsim nyog rau cov txiv neej nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog ib tug ntau yam uas tau ntaub ntawv ntawm cov raug ntawm ib tug tawg ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm nyob quavntsej thiab txawm tswg lug. Nthuav paub ntau hom thiab ionizing-kev pom tias cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm lub hwj thiab tej yam yuav ua tau heev ntau haiv neeg thiab yog tsis raug mus rau hauv lub niaj zaus txhais. Muab ntxiv rau tshuaj thiab lub cev hloov nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw raug irradiation, kuj tsuas ib tug nqi ntawm absorbed zog ionizing tawg hom. Lub sheer tooj yuav tsum tau pib cov kev hloov nyob raws li qhov lub hom ntawm hluav taws xob. Absorbed koob-tion thiab muaj rau qhov no vim li cas. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, no lub zog tus nqi uas yog raug mus rau lub haum tsev thiab lub substance sau raws nkaus Ii ib tug ionizing hom ntawm lub zog uas twb absorbed thiab tus luj ntawm cov kev kawm los yog khoom uas absorbs tawg.

Measure absorbed koob tshuaj siv lub tsev txho (gy) - ib feem ntawm lub SI system. Ib tug grey - yog tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj uas yuav hloov tau ib tug Joule ntawm ionizing tawg 1 kilogram ceeb thawj. Zoo siab - off-system unit ntawm kev ntsuas ntawm tus nqi ntawm 1 gy sau raws nkaus Ii 100 rad.

Lub absorbed koob hauv ib

Dag irradiation tsiaj thiab cog ntaub so ntswg kom meej meej pom hais tias ntau hom ntawm hluav taws xob, thaum nyob rau tib lub absorbed koob tshuaj tej zaum yuav txawv muaj feem xyuam rau lub cev thiab tag nrho cov lom thiab tshuaj dab tshwm sim nyob rau ntawd. Qhov no yog tshwm sim los ntawm ib tug txawv npaum li cas ntawm ions generated los ntawm ib lub teeb thiab hnyav hais. Rau ib tug thiab tib txoj kev raws li cov proton ions cov ntaub so ntswg muaj peev xwm tsim ntau tshaj ib tug electron. Lub denser hais sau los ntawm ionization, lub zog yuav tsum yog tus tawg ntsoog loj heev ua rau ntawm lub cev, nyob rau hauv tib absorbed koob tshuaj. Uas yog raws li no tshwm sim, qhov txawv nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm tej yam ntawm ntau hom ntawm hluav taws xob rau cov ntaub so ntswg, twb tau ua tswvcuab nyob rau hauv kev siv cov ntawv sib npaug koob tshuaj. Equivalent absorbed tawg koob tshuaj - yog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tawg tau txais los ntawm lub cev qhov taw qhia muab xam lub absorbed koob tshuaj thiab kev coefficient, hu ua coefficient ntawm txheeb ze lom hauj lwm zoo (RBE). Tab sis raws li nws yog feem ntau xa mus rau raws li qhov zoo tshaj qhov zoo tshaj.

Unit ntawm absorbed tawg koob tshuaj sib npaug hom ntsuas nyob rau hauv SI, namely nyob rau hauv sievert (Sv). Ib Sv yog sib npaug zos rau cov coj koob tshuaj ntawm tej tawg uas yog absorbed los ntawm ib tug kilogram ntawm lom keeb kwm thiab cov nqaij mos ua ib cov nyhuv sib npaug zos rau 1 gy hluav taws xob kis ntawm lub photon hom. Rem - siv raws li extrasystematic ntsuas lom qhia (sib npaug) ntawm absorbed koob tshuaj. 1 Sv raws li ib tug puas beram.

Lub koob tshuaj daim ntawv

Lub koob - ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm tus nqi, uas yog siv raws li ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm kev pheej hmoo ntawm ntev-ntau los ntawm tib neeg raug tus kab mob, nws ib tug neeg qhov chaw hauv lub cev los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab xaus nrog cov tub ceev xwm. Qhov no yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account nws ib tug neeg radiosensitivity. Lub absorbed tawg koob tshuaj sib npaug zos rau cov khoom ntawm tus kab koob tshuaj tom tej qhov chaw ntawm lub cev ntawm lub weighing coefficient.

Ntau yam tib neeg ntaub so ntswg thiab kabmob muaj ntau tawg nyhav. Ib txhia lub cev tau nyob rau hauv ib tug nqi sib npaug absorbed koob qhia raug yuav tshwm sim mob cancer dua lwm tus, piv txwv li, lub sij hawm ntawm ib tug kab mob ntawm lub qog me tshaj nyob rau hauv lub ntsws. Vim hais tias cov neeg siv tsim kev uas yuav tau ntawm hluav taws xob. CRE - yog ib tug txhais tau tias los mus txiav txim lub koob-tion thiab phiaj hloov khoom nruab nrog los yog nqaij. Ntsiab lus exponent cawv rau tus kab mob ib tug zoo koob tshuaj yuav muab xam rau tus xov tooj coj mus rau lub lom koob CRC kev hloov khoom nruab nrog, ntaub so ntswg.

Lub tswvyim ntawm collective koob tshuaj

Muaj yog ib lub tswvyim ntawm tus haum ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm cov pab pawg neeg uas yog lub sum ntawm tus neeg tseem ceeb ntawm cov plurality zoo koob tshuaj ntawm kev pab pawg neeg ntawm kev kawm rau ib tug tej lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm. Suav yuav tsum tau ua rau txhua settlements, mus kom lub teb chaws los yog continents. Rau no nruab nrab yog multiplied los ntawm tus zoo koob thiab tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov kawm raug tawg. Tej index yog ntsuas absorbed koob tshuaj siv tus txiv neej-sievert (Sv pers.).

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau saum toj ntaub ntawv ntawm cov absorbed koob, sib cais dua, kommitmentnuyu, chaw pib, collectively, los mus tiv thaiv, kev txwv, lom koob neutron gamma hom tawg-tuag yam tsawg kawg nkaus.

Tej yam uas koob tshuaj thiab tsev

irradiation siv qhia - cov muab los ntawm ib lub koob ntawm hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv tus ntawm tej yam ntawm lub sij hawm measuring unit. Qhov no tus nqi yog xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv koob tshuaj (sib npaug absorbed li al.) Faib los ntawm lub sij hawm unit. Muaj ntau ntau kev cai tsim units.

Absorbed koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob yog txiav txim los ntawm lub mis thiab ib tug haum hom ntawm absorbed tawg nqi ntawm cov tawg (lom, absorbed, exhibition, etc.). Muaj ntau ntau txoj kev xam xyuas lawv raws li nyob rau txawv zauv hauv paus ntsiab lus, thiab siv ntau qhov kev ntsuas units. Piv txwv ntawm kev ntsuas cov chav nyob yog:

1. Integral daim ntawv - Grey-kilogram nyob rau hauv lub SI system yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv rad-grams.
2. Sib npaug rau hom - sievert nyob rau hauv lub SI system yog ntsuas - nyob rau hauv rems.
3. Raug hom - pendant-kilogram nyob rau hauv lub SI system yog ntsuas - nyob rau hauv X-rays.

Nws muaj lwm yam kev ntsuas units coj mus rau lwm yam ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov absorbed tawg koob tshuaj.

tshawb pom

Cais cov khoom, peb yuav xaus uas muaj ntau ntau hom, thiab ob lub ionizing-kev thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nws tej yam nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj ntawm animate thiab tswg xwm. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog ntsuas raws li txoj cai, nyob rau hauv SI units, thiab txhua yam raws li ib tug tej yam system thiab uas tsis yog-system xab unit. Tau qhov twg los ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm ua tau heev ntau yam, ob yam thiab dag, thiab cov tawg nws tus kheej plays ib qho tseem ceeb lom lub luag hauj lwm.