Raws li lom catalysts yog hu li cas? Cov enzymes li lom catalysts

Cov tib neeg lub cev yog hu ua tus biochemical Hoobkas lig nyob rau hauv vain. Tom qab tag nrho, txhua feeb ntawm nws tshwm sim txhiab, pua pua txhiab tus oxidation, cleavage, rov qab thiab lwm yam tshua. Uas tso cai rau lawv mus nrog xws li ib tug poj ceev, muaj ib cell nrog lub zog, khoom noj khoom haus thiab cov pa?

Lub tswvyim ntawm tus catalysts

Ob inorganic thiab organic Science News for KIDS yog lug siv tshwj xeeb tshuaj uas muaj peev xwm ntawm accelerating tshuaj nyob rau hauv txhiab, thiab tej zaum kuj lab ntawm cov sij hawm. Lub npe ntawm cov tebchaw - "catalysts". Nyob rau hauv inorganic Science News for KIDS hlau oxides, platinum, silver, npib tsib xee thiab lwm tus neeg.

Lawv lub ntsiab txiav txim - lub tsim ntawm ib ntus ceg nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov neeg koom, los ntawm tej lub ua kom lub zog ntawm tus txheej txheem yog nqa tawm ob peb lub sij hawm sai. Tom qab ntawd, lub complex decomposes thiab cov uas muaj peev xwm yuav deduced ntawm cov catalyst nyob rau hauv tib zoo thiab ntau pes tsawg leeg raws li ua ntej pib ntawm tus txheej txheem.

Muaj ob qho kev xaiv rau catalytic tshua:

• homogeneous - tus tsuj roj thiab cov neeg koom nyob rau hauv tib lub xeev ntawm aggregation;
• heterogeneous - tsuj roj thiab cov neeg koom nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv xeev, yog cov interface.

Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov tawm tsam los ntawm lub tebchaw - inhibitors. Lawv tswj tseg cia rau qhov tsim nyog tshua. Piv txwv li, lawv yuav txo tau tus nqi ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm corrosion.

Lom catalysts yog inherently txawv los ntawm lub inorganic, thiab cov khoom ntawm lawv tej. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv uas nyob nruab catalysis lwm.

Enzymes - yog dab tsi?

Nws yog muaj pov thawj hais tias yog cov nyhuv ntawm tshwj xeeb tshuaj uas leeb tej yam dab tsis nqa tawm tsis pub dhau nyob systems, nws yog feem ntau ib tug kua nyob rau hauv lub plab yuav nqis rau txog li ob hnub. Rau cov uas tus nqi ntawm lub sij hawm yuav tau pib cov txheej txheem ntawm lwj thiab lwj zaub mov intoxication. Txawm li cas los, qhov no tsis tshwm sim, thiab lub txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog tag nrho ua lawm thiab ib tug ib nrab teev. Ce yog lom catalysts, uas yog nplua mias rau tam sim no nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm txhua kab. Tab sis qhov lawv muaj thiab yog li cas tiag txiav txim no yog raws li?

Lom catalysts ntawm protein xwm - yog enzymes. Lawv lub hauv paus - lub complex ntxwv lub koom haum, muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej khoom. Cias muab, qhov no cim cov nqaijrog uas muaj peev xwm ntawm tej qhov ua kom zog ntawm dab nyob rau hauv uas muaj sia nyob thiab siv lawv nyob rau ib tus nqi siab tshaj li ib txwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ib tug ob peb lab lub sij hawm.

Muaj ntau cov piv txwv ntawm xws molecules:

• catalase;
• amylase;
• oxidoreductases;
• piam thaj oxidase;
• lipase;
• invertase;
• lysozyme;
• protease thiab lwm tus neeg.

Yog li, peb yuav xaus uas lub enzymes - lom catalysts ntawm ib tug protein xwm, uas ua raws li haib accelerators, enabling txhiab tus dab nyob rau hauv uas muaj sia nyob nrog ib tug heev kev kub ceev. Lawv txiav txim no yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub plab zom mov, oxidation, yuav txo tau.

Zoo sib xws thiab inorganic catalysts protein

Cov enzymes li lom catalysts muaj ib co cov khoom zoo ib yam li lub inorganic. Rau cov neeg muaj xws li cov nram qab no:

1. Thermodynamically tau tsuas yog leeb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
2. Nws tsis cuam tshuam qhov hloov ntawm cov tshuaj equilibrium nyob rau hauv equilibrium systems thiab tus ceev tib yam ob rau pem hauv ntej thiab rov qab.
3. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog cov tsuas cov khoom, lub catalyst yog tsis nrog lawv.

Txawm li cas los, sib nrug los ntawm cov kev zoo sib thooj, tseem muaj nta ntawm lub enzymes.

Txawv nyob ntawm qhov xwm

Lom catalysts muaj ob peb txog kev nta:

1. Lub high degree ntawm selectivity. I.e. ib protein yog tau mus qhib xwb ib lub tshuaj tiv thaiv los yog zoo li cov pab pawg neeg. Feem ntau cov feem ntau ua hauj lwm tswvyim "enzyme - substrate yog ib tug txheej txheem."
2. Cov tsis tshua muaj high degree ntawm kev ua si, vim hais tias ib co hom ntawm cov nqaijrog yog tau leeb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv lab ntawm cov sij hawm.
3. Enzymes no mas nyob rau ntawm ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob. Yog active xwb nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam kub ntau. Nws kuj tau pab los ntawm lub pH. Muaj yog ib tug nkhaus uas qhia qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tus nqi, nyiaj pab ntau tshaj thiab zoo cim rau txhua enzyme.
4. Tshwj xeeb tebchaw hu ua effectors, uas yog tau inhibit qhov kev lom xwm ntawm lub catalyst los yog, conversely, muaj ib tug yam ntxwv zoo rau lawv.
5. Lub substrate nyob rau hauv uas lub enzyme ua hauj lwm, yuav tsum tau nruj me ntsis meej. Muaj yog ib tug kev tshawb xav, uas yog hu ua tus tseem ceeb thiab xauv. Nws piav lub enzyme mechanism ntawm qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv ib tug substrate. Lub catalyst, zoo li ib tug tseem ceeb, yog kos nyob rau hauv lub substrate rau nws active site, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog pib.
6. Tom qab tus txheej txheem lub enzyme yog cov los yog lig lawm.

Yog li, nws yog tseeb hais tias tus nqi yog tsis tshua muaj loj protein catalysts rau muaj sia nyob. Txawm li cas los, lawv cov kev txiav txim yog kev kawm mus rau tej yam kev cai thiab ceev ib puag ncig.

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm catalysis hauv tsev kawm ntawv

Raws li ib feem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kawm kawm raws li catalysts nyob rau hauv lub Science News for KIDS thiab biology. Science News for KIDS zaj lus qhia lawv kawm nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv rau industrial syntheses, kom tau txais ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov khoom. lom catalysts yog suav tias yog nyob rau hauv biology ua hauv chav kawm ntawv. Qib 9 yuav kawm txog cov molecular biology uas thiab biochemistry paus. Yog li ntawd, nws yog nyob rau ntawm no theem ntawm kev kawm ntawv , cov tub ntxhais kawm tau yooj yim kev txawj ntse ntawm yuav ua li cas enzymes ntawm lub active tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub cev uas muaj sia nyob creatures.

Thaum peb zaj lus qhia ua thwmsim lees tias cov tshuaj ua si ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov kev kub thiab pH yog hom twg:

• txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov nyhuv ntawm hydrogen peroxide li cov catalyst rau crude thiab boiled carrots;
• feem nyob rau cov nqaij (thaum tshav kub kub kho thiab nyoos), qos yaj ywm thiab lwm yam khoom.

Cov enzymes nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev

Txhua tus menyuam kawm, uas tuaj koom thiab tsim sufficiently kab nruab nrab txuas tsim paub yuav ua li cas hu ua lom catalysts. Enzymes nyob rau hauv lub cev yog nruj me ntsis kev specialization. Yog li ntawd nws yog tau mus rau npe rau lub catalyzing neeg sawv cev rau txhua txoj kev.

Yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov enzymes ntawm lub cev muaj peev xwm yuav muab faib ua ob peb pab neeg: cov

• oxidoreductase, e.g., catalase los yog haus dej haus cawv dehydrogenase;
• transferase - Kenaz;
• hydrolases tseem ceeb rau cov kev zom: pepsin, amylase, lipoprotein lipase, esterase thiab cov zoo li;
• ligase, e.g., ib tug DNA polymerase;
• isomerase;
• lyase.

Txij li thaum tag nrho cov ntawm cov tebchaw yog protein nyob rau hauv cov xwm, raws li zoo raws li ib tug complex ntawm cov vitamins nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg, tus npaws yog fraught denaturing cov qauv, thiab thiaj li, txiav ntawm tag nrho cov biochemical kev tig cev. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub cev nyob ze rau txoj kev tuag. Yog li ntawd, siab lub cev kub yuav tsum tau coj thaum lub sij hawm muaj mob.

Siv ntawm cov protein catalysts nyob rau hauv kev lag luam

Feem ntau, cov enzymes yog siv nyob rau hauv txawv industries :

• tshuaj;
• textile;
• khoom noj khoom haus.

Nyob rau hauv lub rhawv koj yuav saib tau cleansers thiab detergents nrog enzymes cov ntsiab lus - qhov no yog qhov enzymes uas txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm cov khaub ncaws ntxuav.

Yuav ua li cas yog lom catalysts?

Overestimate lawv tus nqi yog tsis yooj yim. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv tsis tsuas pub muaj sia nyob ua neej nyob, ua pa, noj mov, ib ce muaj zog metabolism, tab sis kuj muab rau peb lub sijhawm ua kom puas lub industrial pov tseg, tau txais tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab khaws cia lawv noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig.