Yuav ua li cas yog ib qho ultrasound? Kev siv ntawm ultrasound technology, thiab tshuaj

Xyoo pua 21st - lub xyoo pua ntawm electronics, atomic, qhov chaw tshawb kawm thiab kev ultrasound. Tus hluas niaj hnub no qhov kev kawm ntawm ultrasound. Nyob rau hauv lub lig puv 19 xyoo pua P. N. Lebedev, ib tug Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij, physiologist, siv nws thawj cov kev tshawb fawb. Muaj ntau mas zaum tau pib ua tom qab no ultrasound.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib qho ultrasound?

Ultrasound - yog kis tus kab mob nyob rau hauv tsis oscillating tsab ntawv tsa suab, uas ua rau hais ntawm qhov nruab nrab. Nws muaj nws tus yam ntxwv, uas yog txawv los ntawm lub audible ntau yam ntawm lub suab. Kuj yooj yim kom tau lub ultrasonic ntau directional tawg. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog zoo teem, thiab raws li ib tug tshwm sim, tsub kom qhov kev siv ntawm lub deeg ua. Rau hais tawm nyob rau hauv khib nyiab, dej thiab nkev, ultrasound tsim nthuav tshwm sim, uas tau pom cov tswv yim daim ntawv sau npe nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb ntawm technology thiab science. Hais tias yog dab tsi tus ultrasound, uas nws lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntau spheres ntawm lub neej niaj hnub no yog heev.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ultrasound nyob rau hauv qhov kev kawm thiab xyaum

Ultrasound nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los pib mus ua si nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb qhia ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm. Seb thiab theoretical kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm acoustic currents thiab ultrasonic cavitation muaj tau ntse nqa tawm, uas tso cai rau zaum los tsim dab uas tshwm sim thaum raug ultrasound nyob rau hauv cov kua theem. Nws yog ib tug haib txoj kev rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm ntau yam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv koj daim teb no ntawm kev txawj ntse, xws li physics. Ultrasound yog siv, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv semiconductor physics thiab khoom. Niaj hnub no tsim ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib cheeb tsam ntawm Science News for KIDS, hu ua "ultrasonic Science News for KIDS". Nws daim ntawv tso cai rau kom tau ib tug ntau ntawm cov tshuaj hauj dab. Nws sawv li tus molecular acoustics - ib tug tshiab seem ntawm acoustics uas kawm cov molecular sis raug zoo nrog cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw ntawm lub suab tsis. Muaj cov ntawv tshiab ntawm ultrasound: holography, introscopy, Acoustoelectronics, ultrasonic fazomeriya, quantum acoustics.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub sim thiab theoretical ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub teb, niaj hnub no twb nqa tawm ntau tswv yim. Thiab tsim tshwj xeeb-lub hom phiaj ultrasound machines, sib uas khiav lag luam nyob rau hauv siab zoo li qub siab, thiab lwm tus neeg. Tswvcuab nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm ultrasonic automatic chaw muaj nyob rau hauv cov kab, uas yuav ho nce tsim tau.

Yog xav paub ntxiv nyob rau hauv ultrasound

Qhia rau peb txog dab tsi yog ultrasound. Peb twb tham txog qhov tseeb hais tias qhov no elastic tsis thiab deeg. Tus zaus ntawm ultrasound yog 15-20 kHz. Subjective thaj chaw ntawm peb lub rooj sib hais txiav txim qis txwv ntawm cov ultrasonic zaus, uas cais nws los ntawm qhov zaus ntawm audible suab. Qhov no ciam, yog li ntawd, yog nyob ntawm, thiab txhua tus ntawm peb nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev txiav txim seb ultrasound. Lub sab sauv txwv qhia los ntawm elastic tsis, lawv lub cev xwm. Lawv faib xwb nyob rau hauv ib cov ntaub ntawv nruab nrab, hais tias yog, tus wavelength yuav tsum tshuam ntau dua qhov phem free txoj kev ntawm cov roj molecules tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub qub los yog interatomic mus nyob rau hauv cov khib nyiab thiab cov kua. Thaum ib txwm siab nyob rau hauv gases sab sauv txwv zaus ultrasonic - 10 ⁹ Hz, thaum khib nyiab thiab cov kua - 10 ¹² -10 ¹³ Hz.

qhov chaw ultrasound

Ultrasound pom lawm kuj raws li Cheebtsam ntawm tej yam ntuj tso suab nrov (dej tsaws tsag, cua, los nag thiab pebbles, surf yob, raws li zoo raws li nrog lub suab thiab ntswg sij hawm t. D.), Thiab raws li ib feem ntawm cov tsiaj ntiaj teb no. Lawv yog ib co ntawm cov hom siv rau orientation rau hauv qhov chaw, ntes obstacles. Nws yog ntxiv lub npe hu hais tias kev siv ultrasound nyob rau hauv cov xwm dolphins (mas frequencies ntawm 80 rau 100 kHz). Heev loj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no tej zaum yuav lub hwj chim ntawm lub txim liab radar Pib ntsais koj teeb. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias dolphins yog tau los xyuas shoals ntawm ntses, uas yog nyob rau ntawm ib tug deb ntawm txog rau ib tug kilometer tam sim ntawd.

Emitters (qhov chaw) ntawm ultrasound yog muab faib ua 2 pab pawg. Thawj - ib tug generator nyob rau hauv uas lub oscillations muaj siab vim muaj cov cov obstacles, ntsia rau ntawm txoj kev uas lub qhov txaus - roj los yog kua dav hlau. Qhov thib ob pab pawg neeg, uas yuav tsum tau ua ke los ntawm cov ultrasound, - electroacoustic transducers uas hloov predetermined tam sim no los yog voltage oscillation mus rau hauv cov neeg kho tshuab oscillation cog lus khoom lub cev emitting acoustic tsis mus rau hauv ib puag ncig.

ultrasound receivers

Thaum nruab nrab thiab tsawg frequencies receivers ntawm ultrasound yog cov feem ntau piezoelectric hom electroacoustic transducers. Lawv yuav muaj me tub tus duab ntawm lub resultant acoustic teeb liab, uas muaj tuaj raws li ib tug lub sij hawm nyob tos ntawm lub suab siab. Cov pab kiag li lawm yuav tsum yog broadband los yog resonant - nyob ntawm seb lawv yog npaj rau cov pej xeem chaw daim ntaub ntawv. Thermal detectors siv rau kev npaj lub suab teb yam ntxwv sim thaum lub sij hawm. Lawv yuav them rau suab-absorbing cov ntaub ntawv uas thermistors los yog thermocouples. Lub acoustic siab thiab siv yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam kuj los ntawm kho qhov muag txoj kev xws li diffraction ntawm lub teeb los ntawm ultrasound.

Qhov twg ultrasound yog siv?

Muaj ntau ntau teb ntawm daim ntawv thov, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ntau cov yam ntxwv ntawm ultrasound. Cov chaw no muaj peev xwm yuav muab faib conditionally rau hauv peb cheeb tsam. Cov Thawj zaug ntawm lawv yog kev cob cog rua nrog, li no muab cov ultrasonic tsis sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov thib ob kev taw qhia - active ntxim rau nws cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Ib tug thib peb yog txuam nrog teeb liab kis tau tus mob thiab teeb liab ua. Los ntawm ib tug ultrasonic zaus band yog siv nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub. Peb mam li tsuas ib co ntawm cov ntau qhov chaw nyob rau hauv uas nws tau pom nws daim ntawv thov.

Ntxuav nrog ultrasound

Qhov zoo tshaj ntawm xws kev kho mob yuav tsis muab piv nrog rau lwm cov kev. Thaum muab yaug cov khoom, piv txwv li, nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawd yog khaws cia kom txog rau thaum 80% ntawm cov kab mob, hais txog 55% - thaum Vibratory tu, hais txog 20% - nyob rau hauv phau ntawv thiab nrog ultrasound yog tsis ntau tshaj li 0.5% impurities. Qhov chaw uas muaj txoj kev rho los, yuav zoo meej rau cov kev pab los ntawm ultrasound. Ib qho tseem ceeb kom zoo dua ntawm siv nws yog ib tug muaj kev kawm siab, thiab tsis tshua muaj nqi ntawm kev ceev zog. Ntxiv mus, nws yog tau los hloov kim thiab inflammable organic solvents pheej yig thiab zoo aqueous dlaws thov ib tug kua freon thiab lwm tus neeg.

Ib tug loj teeb meem - paug cov pa soot, haus luam yeeb, hmoov av, hlau oxides, thiab lwm yam tej zaum yuav siv ib tug qauv ntawm cov ultrasonic tu ntawm huab cua thiab roj mus rau lub qhov quav txawm yog yus cov av noo thiab kub ... Yog hais tias lub ultrasound transducer muab tso rau hauv cov hmoov av chamber, pua pua ntawm lub sij hawm mus kom cov hauj lwm zoo ntawm nws ua. Yuav ua li cas yog lub essence ntawm qhov kev kho no? Cia li mus plua tshauv hais nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ntau thiab ntau sib tsoo nrog txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ultrasonic deeg. Txawm li cas los, lawv loj yog nce los ntawm lub fact tias lawv hauj lwm ua ke. Coagulation yog tus txheej txheem ntawm enlarging lub particle. Tshwj xeeb lim cuab hnyav thiab aggregated lawv tej pab tsiaj.

Machining ntawm nkig cov ntaub ntawv thiab superhard

Yog hais tias koj nkag mus rau ntawm lub workpiece thiab cov ua hauj lwm nto ntawm lub cuab tam siv ultrasound, abrasive khoom, cov abrasive hais thaum lub sij hawm kev lag luam ntawm lub radiator yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qhov chaw ntawm ib sab. Thaum zoo li no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog kev puam tsuaj thiab muab tshem tawm, raug ua los ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm qhia mikroudarov. Kinematics ntawm kev kho mob muaj cov ntsiab lus tsa suab - txiav lub cuab tam uas yog ua los ntawm longitudinal oscillation thiab theem nrab - pub tsab ntawv tsa suab, uas yog tus apparatus.

Ultrasound yog peev xwm ua tau txawv cov hauj lwm. Rau abrasive nplej lub zog qhov chaw yog longitudinal deeg. Lawv rhuav tshem cov ntaub ntawv ua lawm. pub tsab ntawv tsa suab (accessory) yuav ua tau yeej, transverse thiab longitudinal. nrog ultrasound kev kho mob muaj ntau dua kev raug. Nyob ntawm seb dab tsi hom grain yog abrasive, nws yog los ntawm 1 mus rau 50 microns. Siv cov cuab yeej sib txawv ntawm cov rho los, nws yog ua tau kom tsis tsuas lub qhov tab sis kuj complex txiav, nkhaus axes, engraving, sanding, raug matrix thiab txawm pob zeb diamond laum. Siv raws li ib tug abrasive khoom - Corundum, pob zeb diamond, quartz xuab zeb, pob zeb uas tawv.

Ultrasound nyob rau hauv electronics

Lub ultrasound txheej txheem yog siv nyob rau hauv electronics. Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no, feem ntau muaj ib tug xav los tuav ib tug hluav taws xob lub teeb liab txheeb ze rau ib co lwm yam. Zaum tau pom ib tug zoo tshuaj, pom tias kev siv ntawm ultrasonic ncua kab (abbreviated - LZ). Lawv txiav txim no yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov hluav taws xob impulses yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ultrasonic txhua yam deeg. Yuav ua li cas no tshwm sim? Lub fact tias cov ultrasonic tshaj tawm yog tshuam tsawg tshaj li uas uas tsim electromagnetic vuag. Lub voltage mem tes tom qab qhov rov qab transformation mus rau hauv hluav taws xob txhua yam oscillations yuav raug ncua txheeb ze mus rau lub tso zis kab ntawm lub tswv yim mem tes.

Piezoelectric thiab magnetostrictive transducers yog siv los hloov hluav taws xob rau cov neeg kho tshuab oscillation thiab rov qab. LZ raws li muab faib mus rau hauv piezoelectric thiab magnetostrictive.

Ultrasound hauv tshuaj

Ntau hom ntawm ultrasound yog siv los cuam tshuam rau muaj sia nyob. Nyob rau hauv kev kho mob xyaum, nws siv yog tam sim no heev nrov. Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv cov teebmeem uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lom ntaub so ntswg thaum lawv kis tau los ntawm cov ultrasound. Cov tsis ua oscillations hais ntawm qhov nruab nrab, uas tsim ib tug zoo ntawm micro-zaws ntaub so ntswg. Ib tug ultrasound haum ua rau nws lub zos cua kub. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lom kua tshwm sim tej yam physico-tshuaj transformations. Cov phenomena yog tshwm sim los nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ntsis siv suab irreversible kev puas tsuaj. Lawv tsuas ua kom metabolism, thiab yog li ua rau kom lub tseem ceeb heev functions ntawm tus kab mob raug rau nws. Tej phenomena yog siv nyob rau hauv ultrasonic nqov txoj kev kho.

Ultrasound nyob rau hauv phais

Cavitation thiab muaj zog cua sov dua intensities ua rau cov ntaub so ntswg kev puas tsuaj. Cov nyhuv no yog siv niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv kev phais. Focal ultrasound yog siv rau kev phais ua hauj lwm, enabling lub zos havzoov nyob rau hauv lub sib sib zog nqus lug (e.g., lub hlwb) tsis muaj ua kom cov nyob ib ncig. Lub ultrasonic phais seev yog siv nyob rau hauv uas ua hauj lwm kawg muaj rau hauv daim ntawm pom hniav, riam phais neeg, koob. Hloov mus hloov los yuam rau lawv, muab tshiab yeeb yam zoo rau cov pab kiag li lawm. Cov uas yuav tsum tau dag zog yuam yog zoo heev txo, yog li zuj zus lawm kev poob plig phais. Tsis tas li ntawd qhia analgesic thiab hemostatic los. Tej yam uas ib tug blunt ntsuas uas siv cov ultrasound yog siv rau cov kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub cev nyob rau hauv ib co hom hlav.

Los rau lom ntaub so ntswg yog ua li cas yuav ua kom puas kab mob thiab siv nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kom tsis muaj menyuam ntawm pharmaceuticals thiab kev kho mob seev.

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm hauv nruab nrog cev

Yeej, nws yog ib txoj kev kawm ntawm lub plab kab noj hniav. Rau lub hom phiaj no yog ib tug tshwj xeeb ntaus ntawv. Ultrasound yuav siv tau los ntes thiab paub qhov txawv ntau yam anomalies ntawm ntaub so ntswg thiab anatomical lug. Qhov teeb meem feem ntau yog tias: yog lub sijhawm twg los ntawm malignancy thiab yuav tsum tau paub qhov txawv nws los ntawm tsim ntawm ib tug benign los yog kab.

Ultrasound yog pab tau nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm daim siab thiab rau lwm yam kev pab raws qib, uas muaj xws li cov pab nrhiav kom paub muaj dab tsi thaiv thiab biliary cov kab mob, raws li tau zoo raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub gallbladder los xyuas txog cov muaj nyob rau ntawd ntawm lub pob zeb thiab lwm yam pathologies. Tsis tas li ntawd, tej zaum nws yuav tsum muaj ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb mob npuas paug thiab lwm yam benign diffuse daim siab mob.

Nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm Gynecology, tsuas yog nyob rau kev tsom xam ntawm lub zes qe menyuam thiab lub tsev me nyuam, daim ntawv thov ntawm ultrasound yog rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm, lub ntsiab kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv uas nws yog nqa tawm tshwj xeeb vam meej. Feem ntau, muaj yog yuav tsum tau ntau yam zoo ntawm benign thiab phem hlav, uas feem ntau yuav tsum tau qhov zoo tshaj plaws tau zoo thiab spatial kev daws teeb meem. Zoo li cov uas nrhiav tau tej zaum yuav pab tau nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm lwm yam hauv nruab nrog cev.

Kev siv ntawm ultrasound nyob rau hauv kev kho hniav

Ultrasound kuj pom muaj nws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv kev kho hniav qhov twg nws yog siv rau tshem tawm tartar. Nws tso cai rau ceev ceev, bloodless thiab tsis mob kom tshem tau cov quav hniav thiab cov pob zeb. Yog li qhov ncauj mucosa yog tsis raug mob, thiab "twb" kab noj hniav tsau tsis tau tshuaj. Es tsis txhob mob ib tug neeg mob muaj kev ib tug kev xav ntawm warmth.