Yuav ua li cas yog cov kev ua ntawm cov enzyme protein? Lub enzymatic muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog: piv txwv

Lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm peb lub cev - ib tug heev txheej txheem nyob rau hauv uas lab ntawm hlwb muab kev koom tes, txhiab tus txawv tshuaj. Tiam sis muaj ib cheeb tsam uas yog nkaus nyob rau cov kev cov nqaijrog, tsis muaj uas tus tib neeg los yog tsiaj lub neej yuav kiag li tsis yooj yim sua. Raws li koj tej zaum guessed, peb yuav sib tham tam sim no txog lub enzymes.

Niaj hnub no peb yuav xav txog qhov enzymatic muaj nuj nqi ntawm proteins. Qhov no yog ib qho loj cheeb tsam ntawm biochemistry.

Txij li thaum lub hauv paus ntawm cov tshuaj yog feem ntau cov nqaijrog, ces lawv yuav raug xam tias yog los ntawm lawv. Koj yuav tsum paub tias rau cov thawj lub sij hawm enzymes tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, tsuas yog tus zaum coj ntau tshaj li ib xyoo pua, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tuaj txog rau ntawm ib tug ntau dua los yog tsawg niaj hnub txhais rau lawv. Yog li ntawd yog dab tsi muaj nuj nqi yog ua los ntawm cov protein ntau enzymes? Nyob rau qhov no, raws li zoo raws li lawv cov qauv thiab tshua ntawm cov piv txwv koj yuav kawm tau los ntawm qhov tsab xov xwm.

Koj yuav tsum to taub hais tias tsis yog txhua txhua protein yuav ua tau ib qho enzyme, txawm nyob rau hauv kev tshawb xav. Globular cov nqaijrog tsuas tsim muaj peev xwm ntawm seeb catalytic kev ua si nrog hwm mus rau lwm cov organic tebchaw. Raws li nrog rau tag nrho cov natural tebchaw nyob rau hauv cov hoob kawm no, enzymes yog muaj li ntawm amino acid residues. Nco ntsoov tias lub enzymatic muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog (piv txwv uas yuav nyob rau hauv qhov tsab xov xwm) yuav tsum tau ua xwb los ntawm ib tug uas nws hniav puas loj yog me dua 5000.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib qho enzyme, cov niaj hnub txhais

Enzymes - ib tug catalyst kev lom keeb kwm. Lawv muaj peev xwm leeb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, vim lub nyob sib ze ntawm cov reactants (substrates). Peb yuav hais tias qhov enzymatic muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog - ib tug txheej txheem ib co catalysis ntawm biochemical kev tig cev uas yog tshwj xeeb mus rau ib tug sia. Tsuas yog ib tug me me ib feem ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm ua tswv cuab nyob rau hauv cov kev kuaj.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no muaj ib co txhob nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los. Zaum tau maj mam tuaj ze rau tsim dag enzymes uas yuav siv tau tsis yog rau economic cov hom phiaj, tab sis kuj cov tshuaj. Nws yog tsim enzymes uas yuav zoo ua kom puas txawm me me qhov chaw ntawm incipient cancer.

Uas qhov chaw ntawm lub enzyme ncaj qha kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv?

Nco ntsoov tias, nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog lub substrate tsis muaj xws li tag nrho lub cev ntawm lub enzyme, tiam sis tsuas yog ib tug me me seem ntawm uas yog hu ua tus active site. Qhov no yog lawv qhov tseem ceeb cov khoom teejtug uas complementarity. Cov tswvyim no implies hais tias cov enzyme yog hom phiaj haum rau lub substrate nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thiab lawv lub cev thiab tshuaj zog. Peb yuav hais tias cov kev ua ntawm enzymes nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog raws li nram no:

• Lawv cov dej los ntawm lub plhaub nto.
• Muaj yog ib tug tej yam deformation (polarization, piv txwv li).
• Tom qab hais tias lawv yog cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj kev nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, thaum tsiv los ze zog mus rau txhua lwm yam.

Tej yam zoo coj mus rau acceleration ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tam sim no, qhia rau peb ua ib tug sib piv ntawm cov enzymes thiab inorganic catalysts.

Raws li koj tau pom, lub enzymatic muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog yuav tsum tau things. Los ntawm nws tus kheej yuav tau ntxiv hais tias muaj ntau ntawm cov nqaijrog muaj kuj hom meej. Cias muab, tib neeg enzymes tsis yog haum rau ib tug guinea npua.

Ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb hais txog cov qauv ntawm cov enzymes

Tus qauv ntawm cov tebchaw yog cais tam sim ntawd peb theem. Lub hom qauv yuav qhia tau los ntawm cov amino acid residues uas yog ib feem ntawm cov enzymes. Txij li thaum lub enzymatic muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog, piv txwv uas peb tau hais ntau ntau zaus raug nplua nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, yuav nqa tawm tsuas los ntawm tej yam pawg ntawm tebchaw, kom paub tias lawv precisely rau no hauv paus yog heev tiag tiag.

Raws li rau theem ob, lub accessory thereto yog txiav txim los ntawm txoj kev ntxiv yam ntawm bonds uas tej zaum yuav tshwm sim nruab nrab ntawm cov amino acid residues. Qhov no kev sib txuas lus hydrogen, electrostatic, hydrophobic, thiab Van ua dawb Waals kev sib tshuam. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub nro uas ua rau cov kev sib txuas nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub enzyme ua α-helix, lub voj thiab β-strands.

Lub tertiary qauv yog ib tug tshwm sim ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias kuj loj hlob ntawm lub polypeptide saw tsuas quav. Cov uas ua strands yog hu ua thawj. Thaum kawg, qhov kawg tsim ntawm cov qauv no yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw tsuas yog tom qab ib tug ruaj khov kev sis raug zoo tsim sib txawv thawj. Nws yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov tias tsim ntawm lub thawj lawv tus kheej mus nyob rau hauv ib tug kiag li ywj siab yam los ntawm txhua lwm yam.

Ib txhia sau cov yam ntxwv

Feem ntau, cov polypeptide saw los ntawm uas lawv tsim, muaj kwv yees li 150 amino acid residues. Thaum thawj nrog txhua lwm yam, tsim globule. Txij li thaum cov nuj nqi yog ua los ntawm cov enzymatic active chaw raws li rau lawv, yuav tsum to taub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev no.

Tus sau nws tus kheej yog yus muaj los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov amino acid residues nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv muaj ntau heev heev cov kev sib tshuam. Lawv tus xov tooj yog ntau dua rau cov neeg tshua ntawm lawv tus kheej thawj. Yog li, cov kab noj hniav nruab nrab ntawm lawv kuj "lam tau lam ua" los ua ntawm ntau yam organic kuab tshuaj. Lub volume ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm 20-30 nyhav angstrom uas fits ob peb dej lwg me me. Txawv thawj feem ntau muaj ib tug kiag li cim peb-dimensional qauv, uas yog txuam nrog rau cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm nkaus txawv zog.

active chaw

Raws li ib tug txoj cai, lub active chaw nyob nruj me ntsis ntawm thawj. Raws li, txhua tus uas plays ib tug tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Vim li no cov kev kho ntawm lub thawj pom loj yooj, muaj nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub enzyme. Qhov no yog tsis tshua muaj ib qho tseem ceeb, txij thaum lub enzymatic muaj nuj nqi yog ua tau tsuas yog cov neeg tebchaw uas yuav suitably hloov nws spatial txoj hauj lwm.

Ntawm polypeptide daim ntawv cog lus ntev nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm lub enzyme, thiab los ntawm yuav ua li cas txoj kev khiav dej num lawv ua, yog ib tug ncaj qha kev txuas. Yam tab kaum luag hauj lwm ob leeg tiav los ntawm txoj kev ua lub active site ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub catalytic sau thiab vim tus tsim ntawm nkaus tshiab thawj.

Ib txhia cov nqaijrog, enzymes (piv txwv - lysozyme thiab glycogen) yuav txawv heev nyob rau hauv loj (129 thiab 842 amino acid residues, ntsig txog), txawm hais tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tshwmsim cleavage ntawm tshuaj bonds rau tib yam. Qhov txawv yog hais tias lub ntau loj heev thiab loj enzymes yog tau zoo dua tswj nws txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, uas saib kuas ntau dua stability thiab ceev ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Lub ntsiab kev faib ntawm enzymes

Tam sim no txais thiab ntau nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog tus txheej txheem cais. Raws li nws, nws stands rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv, nrog rau cov subclasses. Peb xav txog xwb qhov yooj yim. Ntawm no lawv muaj li no:

1. Oxidoreductases. Cov kev ua ntawm enzymes nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no - stimulation redox tshua.

2. Transferases. Tej zaum ua cov hloov mus rau substrates ntawm cov hauv qab no pab pawg:

• Ib-carbon units.
• Seem ntawm aldehydes thiab ketones.
• Acyl thiab glycosyl Cheebtsam.
• Alkyl (raws li ib qho kev zam tsis tau dais CH3) residues.
• Nitrogenous bases.
• Cov pawg lwm uas muaj phosphorus.

3. Hydrolases. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub enzymatic muaj nuj nqi yog muab siab npuab cov proteins ntawm lub nram qab no ntawm lub tebchaw:

• Esters.
• Glycosides.
• Esters, thiab thioesters.
• Peptide hom bonds.
• Kev sib raug zoo yam CN (tsuas yog ntawm tib peptide).

4. Lyases. Yog muaj peev xwm ntawm disengaging pawg tom tsim ntawm ib tug muab ob npaug rau daim ntawv cog lus. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj tej zaum yuav ua rau hauv lub rov qab txheej txheem: koom xaiv pawg rau ob npaug bonds.

5. Isomerases. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub enzymatic muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog yog nyuab isomeric catalysis tshua. Qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li cov nram qab no enzymes:

• Racemase, epimerase.
• Tsistransizomerazy.
• Intramolecular oxidoreductases.
• Intramolecular transferases.
• Intramolecular lyase.

6. Ligases (tsis paub li synthetase). Lawv yog siv rau cov splitting ntawm ATP thaum txoj kev ib co kev sib txuas.

Nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus pom hais tias enzymatic muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog yog incredibly tseem ceeb, raws li lawv yog ib co twg tswj zoo tag nrho ntawm lub tshua noj qhov chaw txhua txhua ob nyob rau hauv koj lub cev.

Yuav ua li cas seem ntawm lub enzyme tom qab sis nrog lub substrate?

Feem ntau, cov enzyme yog ib tug protein globular keeb kwm, lub active chaw uas yog sawv cev los ntawm nws tib amino acid residues. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lwm yam mob, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ib feem nrees kev cob cog rua nrog nws prosthetic pab pawg neeg los yog Coenzyme (ATP, piv txwv li), lub kev sib raug zoo yog npaum li cas weaker. Ib tug catalyst hu ua ib tug holoenzyme, thiab nws residue, tom qab tshem tawm ntawm lub tsim ATP apoenzyme.

Yog li, raws li qhov no feature enzymes txwv kom muab zais rau hauv cov nram no pawg:

• Tej yam yooj yim hydrolase, lyase, thiab isomerase, uas feem ntau tsis muaj Coenzyme puag.
• Enzyme cov nqaijrog (piv txwv - ib co transaminase) muaj ib tug prosthetic pab pawg neeg (lipoic acid, piv txwv li). Qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li ntau yam ntawm peroxidase.
• Enizmy uas yuav tsum tau Coenzyme lwm. Cov no muaj xws kinases, raws li zoo raws li feem ntau ntawm cov oxidoreductases.
• Lwm yam catalysts, muaj pes tsawg leeg uas yog tsis tau tag nrho to taub.

Tag nrho cov tshuaj uas yog ib feem ntawm thawj pab pawg neeg, yog lug siv nyob rau hauv lub lag luam ua noj. Tag nrho lwm cov catalysts yuav tsum tau meej heev tej yam kev mob rau nws ua kom, thiab yog li ntawd xwb ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub cev, los yog nyob rau hauv ib co kuaj thwmsim. Yog li, lub enzymatic muaj nuj nqi - qhov no yog ib tug heev cov kev tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas muaj nyob rau hauv stimulating (catalysis) tshua nyob hauv tej hom zoo-txhais tej yam kev mob ntawm tib neeg los yog tsiaj lub cev.

Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub active site, los yog vim li cas enzymes ua hauj lwm thiaj li zoo?

Peb tau hais ntau ntau zaus hais tias tus yuam sij rau kev nkag siab ntawm enzymatic catalysis yog cov creation ntawm lub active chaw. Nws yog muaj hais tias cov kev losis tswvyim dabtsi ntawm lub substrate, uas nyob rau hauv xws tej yam kev mob yog cov ntau ntau yam kom nquag plias hnov mob. Nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim rau koj to taub txog cov complexity ntawm lub tshua raug nqa tawm muaj, muab ib tug piv txwv yooj yim tshwm sim zib fermentation, nws yog tsim nyog ib zaug 12 enzymes! Attendance nyuaj sis ua tau xwb vim lub fact tias ib tug protein uas ua lub enzymatic muaj nuj nqi muaj lub siab tshaj plaws degree ntawm things.

Hom ntawm enzymes tseem

Nws tsis yog. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub tseem yog qhia tsuas yog ib, nruj me ntsis txhais hom enzyme. Yog li, urease ua num ua ke nrog urea. Nrog lactose mis nyuj raws li nws nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob. Hais tias yog dab tsi muaj nuj nqi yog ua los ntawm cov nqaijrog, enzymes nyob rau hauv lub cev.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov pab pawg neeg yog tsis yooj yim dua tsis things. Raws li yuav tsum to taub los ntawm cov npe, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog "receptivity" nruj me ntsis mus rau ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov organic tebchaw (esters, xws li txoj alcohols los yog aldehydes). Piv txwv li, pepsin, uas yog ib qhov tseem ceeb enzymes ntawm lub plab, tsuas qhia tau hais tias tseem rau hydrolysis ntawm peptide bonds. Haus dej cawv dehydrogenase ua num ua ke heev dua lwm yam nrog alcohols thiab laktikodegidraza tsis phua dab tsi lwm yam tshaj li alpha-hydroxy kua qaub.

Nws tshwm sim kuj hais tias tus enzymatic muaj nuj nqi cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug tej pab pawg neeg ntawm cov tebchaw, tab sis nyob rau hauv tej yam tej yam kev mob, lub enzymes yuav ua rau txawv heev los ntawm lawv cov ntsiab "lub hom phiaj" ntawm ib yam khoom. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub catalyst "nyhav" mus rau ib tug tej yam hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm tshuaj, tab sis nyob rau hauv tej yam tej yam kev mob nws yuav muab siab npuab thiab lwm yam sib txuas (tsis tas sib npaug). Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav mus ntau npaum li cas maj mam.

Lug paub rau cov muaj peev xwm ntawm trypsin ua rau peptide bonds, tab sis ob peb cov neeg paub hais tias qhov no protein uas ua cov kev ua ntawm cov enzyme nyob rau hauv lub mob huam, tej zaum yuav zoo li cas nrog txawv ester tebchaw.

Thaum kawg, muaj cov tseem ntawm tus kho qhov muag. Cov enzymes yuav nrog ib tug ntau yam ntawm tshuaj sau nkaus, tiam sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov mob uas lawv muaj ib tug zoo-txhais kho qhov muag zog. Yog li, lub enzymatic muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev txiav txim yog tsis enzymes, catalysts thiab inorganic keeb kwm.

Yuav ua li cas yam txiav txim seb lub efficiency ntawm catalysis?

Niaj hnub no, nws yog ntseeg hais tias yam uas txiav txim ib tug tsis tshua muaj high degree ntawm efficiency ntawm enzymes yog:

• ywm nyhuv.
• spatial orientation nyhuv.
• Lub versatility ntawm lub active tshuaj tiv thaiv chaw.

Nyob rau hauv kev, cov nyhuv ntawm yeeb tshuaj concentration tsis txawv los ntawm hais tias nyob rau hauv lub inorganic catalysis tshua. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug concentration ntawm xws substrate, uas yog ob peb lub sij hawm ntau tshaj ib tug zoo li tus nqi rau tag nrho cov lwm yam hauv lub ntim ntawm tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub active chaw. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv chaw xaiv xaiv molecule tshuaj uas yuav tsum hnov mob nrog txhua lwm yam. Nws tsis yog nyuaj rau twv hais tias qhov no ua rau ua rau ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi ob peb kev txiav txim ntawm qhov ntau.

Thaum ib tug qauv tshuaj txheej txheem yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw, nws yog tsis tshua muaj ib qho tseem ceeb, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub interacting molecules yuav tsoo nrog txhua lwm yam. Cias muab, lub substance ntawm lub molecule nyob rau ntawm lub lub sij hawm ntawm lub kev sib tsoo yuav tsum tau nruj me ntsis taw qhia kom paub txheeb ze rau txhua tus lwm yam. Vim lub fact tias yog ua nyob rau hauv compulsion, ces tag nrho cov muab kev koom tes yam cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam kab, qhov catalysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ceev los ntawm hais txog peb kev txiav txim ntawm xws li ib tug tig nyob rau hauv lub active site ntawm lub enzyme.

Nyob rau hauv multifunctionality nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws yog hais txog ib tug ntawm tag nrho cov Cheebtsam ntawm lub active site nyob rau tib lub sij hawm (los yog nruj me ntsis hauj lwm ua ke) ua raws li cov qauv "kho" substance. Wherein ib (molecule) yog tsis tsuas suitably tsau nyob rau hauv qhov chaw (saib. Saum toj no), tab sis kuj zoo heev hloov nws tus yam ntxwv. Tag nrho cov no ua ke ua rau lub fact tias cov enzyme yog ua yooj yim npaum li mus ua rau lub substrate raws li xav tau.