Yas technology, hom, ntau lawm thiab kev siv

Polymeric cov ntaub ntawv - ib tug siab molecular tshuaj tebchaw uas muaj heev heev malomolekulyarnyh monomers (units) ntawm tib cov qauv. Feem ntau cov polymers yog siv rau qhov siv thiab cov nram qab no monomer Cheebtsam: ethylene, yas chloride, vinildenhlorid, yas acetate, propylene, methylmethacrylate, tetrafluoroethylene, styrene, urea, melamine, formaldehyde, phenol. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav sib tham txog nyob rau hauv kom meej li cas polymeric cov ntaub ntawv, raws li tau zoo raws li lawv cov tshuaj thiab lub zog, kev faib thiab hom.

hom ntawm polymers

Ib tug feature ntawm lub lwg me me ntawm cov khoom no yog lub loj molecular ceeb thawj, yog uas sau raws nkaus Ii nram qab no tus nqi: M> 5 * 103. Tebchaw nrog ib tug tsawg dua theem ntawm no parameter (M = 500-5000), xa mus rau raws li oligomers. Thaum lub uas tsis muaj-molecular yuag tebchaw yog tsawg tshaj li 500. Cov nram qab no hom ntawm polymeric ntawv uas siv: hluavtaws thiab tej yam ntuj tso. Cov yav tas feem ntau yog raug xa mus ntuj roj hmab, mica, wool, asbestos, cellulose, thiab t. D. Txawm li cas los, qhov yooj yim hluavtaws polymers nyob qhov chaw cim uas yog tau ua los ntawm tus txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj synthesis ntawm tebchaw ntawm tsawg molecular theem. Nyob rau cov qauv ntawm cov raug high-molecular cov ntaub ntawv, yog distinguished polymers uas yog los yog los ntawm polycondensation, los yog los ntawm tas li ntawd cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

polymerization

Qhov no tus txheej txheem yog ib lub koom haum ntawm tsawg molecular yuag Cheebtsam nyob rau hauv lub siab molecular yuag muab ntev chains. Cov nuj nqis ntawm polymerization theem - yog tus naj npawb ntawm "ntau" nyob rau hauv lub lwg me me ntawm lub nyob tus yeees. Feem ntau cov feem ntau, tus polymeric ntaub ntawv muaj los ntawm txhiab mus rau kaum ntawm txhiab ntawm chav nyob. Los ntawm polymerization, cov nram qab tebchaw yog feem ntau siv: polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl tshuaj dawb, polytetrafluoroethylene, polystyrene, polybutadiene, thiab lwm tus neeg.

polycondensation

Qhov no tus txheej txheem yog ib kauj ruam teb, uas yog ib tug compound los yog ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm zoo xws li cov monomers, los yog ib tug khub ntawm cov pab pawg (A thiab B) nyob rau hauv polycondensors (macromolecule) nrog simultaneous tsim ntawm cov by-cov khoom: methyl cawv, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, ammonia, dej thiab et al. Siv cov tau polycondensation silicones, polysulfones, polycarbonates, aminoplasts, phenolics, polyesters, polyamides thiab lwm yam polymeric cov ntaub ntawv.

polyaddition

Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem no to taub lub tsim ntawm polymers nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntxiv tshua ntawm monomeric Cheebtsam uas muaj reactive koom haum txwv, cov monomers ntawm unsaturated pawg (active mus los yog ob daim ntawv cog lus). Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub polycondensation, polyaddition cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw tsis muaj paug by-khoom. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj ua hauj lwm ntawm no technology ntseeg tua epoxy resins thiab polyurethanes txais tos.

kev faib ntawm polymers

Nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg, tag nrho cov polymer ntaub ntawv raug muab faib ua inorganic, organic thiab organometallic. Tus thawj ntawm cov (silicate iav, mica, asbestos, ceramics, thiab lwm yam) Tsis txhob muaj atomic carbon. Lawv yog lub hauv paus ntawm txhuas oxide, magnesium, silicon thiab cov zoo li. D. Organic polymers comprise cov feem ntau uas nws kim heev hauv chav kawm ntawv, lawv muaj cov pa roj carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen thiab halogen. Organometallic polymeric cov ntaub ntawv - yog tebchaw uas yog tsim los ntawm cov loj chains lwm tshaj li cov neeg uas muaj npe, thiab silicon atoms, txhuas, titanium, thiab lwm yam hais tias yuav muab tag nrho nrog rau cov organic radicals. Qhov xwm ntawm xws ob peb ua ke tsis tshwm sim. Nws yog ib hom hluavtaws polymers. Raug cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no pab pawg neeg yog lub tebchaw nyob silicone hauv paus, uas lub ntsiab saw ua tau los ntawm cov pa thiab silicon atoms.

Yog xav tau kev polymers nrog xav zog yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv lub kos duab yog tsis "dawb huv" yeeb tshuaj, thiab ob peb ua ke ntawd nrog organic los yog inorganic yam. Ib tug piv txwv zoo yog cov polymer tsev ntawv uas siv: hlau-yas, fiberglass, polymer qhob.

Tus qauv ntawm lub polymers

Lub peculiarity ntawm lub thaj chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv vim lawv cov qauv uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog muab faib mus rau hauv lub nram qab no: linear-branched, linear, lub ntsig txog molecular pawg nrog loj thiab heev geometric lug thiab staircase. Cia peb xub xyuas txhua yam ntawm lawv.

Polymeric ntaub ntawv nrog linear-branched qauv tshaj lub caj qaum molecules muaj sab ceg. Tej polymers xws li polypropylene thiab polyisobutylene.

Ntaub ntawv nrog ib tug linear qauv muaj ib tug ntev zigzag los yog cov mus rau hauv ib tug helix saw. Lawv macromolecules feem ntau yus repetitions ntawm av nyob rau hauv ib tug yam ntxwv tsev los yog pab pawg neeg ntawm cov chav nyob ntawm cov tshuaj saw. Polymers nrog linear qauv tsiag ntawv los ntawm xub ntiag ntawm ntev heev macromolecules nrog ib tug ntau yam pauv loj sib txawv nyob rau hauv qhov xwm ntawm bonds raws saw thiab nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Peb txhais hais tias yog intermolecular thiab tshuaj bonds. Macromolecules tej khoom yog saj zawg zog heev. Thiab cov cuab yeej no yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub polymer chains, uas ua rau yus qualitatively yam ntxwv tshiab: siab elasticity, raws li zoo raws li qhov uas tsis muaj brittleness nyob rau hauv lub kho lub xeev.

Thiab tam sim no peb kawm tau hais tias xws polymeric ntaub ntawv nrog ib tug spatial qauv. Cov tshuaj tsim los ntawm combining rau txhua lwm yam macromolecules muaj zog tshuaj bonds nyob rau hauv lub transverse kev taw qhia. Cov no ib tug net qauv, uas muaj ib tug uas tsis yog-uniform spatial daim phiaj moj khaum. Polymers ntawm no hom muaj ib tug ntau dua thaum tshav kub kub kuj thiab rigidity tshaj linear. Cov ntaub ntawv yog lub hauv paus rau ntau uas tsis yog-metallic siv cov ntaub ntawv.

Molecules ntawm polymer ntaub ntawv nrog ib tug ntaiv qauv tsim ntawm ib tug khub ntawm chains uas yog kev cob cog rua ntawm ib tug tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus. Cov no muaj xws silicone polymers uas yus muaj los ntawm ntau zog rigidity, Thaum tshav kub kub kuj, tshaj tej ntawm, lawv tsis nrog organic solvents.

Cov theem muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub polymers

Cov ntaub ntawv yog systems uas muaj amorphous thiab crystalline cheeb tsam. Tus thawj ntawm cov pab txo nruj, ua elastic polymer uas muaj peev xwm ntawm loj deformations ntawm ib tug reversible xwm. Lub crystalline theem txhawb kom lawv lub dag lub zog, hardness, elastic modulus, thiab lwm yam tsis, thaum nrhiav molecular yooj substance. Qhov ratio ntawm qhov ntim ntawm tag nrho cov chaw rau tag nrho cov ntim no yog hu ua cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm crystallization, nyob rau lub qib siab tshaj plaws (80%) yog polypropylenes, fluoropolymers, kev kub ceev polyethylenes. A theem sab lub degree ntawm crystallization muaj polyvinylchlorides, polyethylenes ntawm tsawg ceev.

Nyob ntawm seb tus cwj pwm ntawm polymeric ntaub ntawv raws li qhov cua kub, lawv yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv thermosetting thiab thermoplastic.

thermosetting polymers

Cov thawj ntaub ntawv muaj ib tug linear qauv. Thaum rhuab, lawv muag, tab sis cov qauv kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub ntsig txog thiab cov khoom yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib tug khoom raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm to nyob rau hauv tshuaj tshua. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, qhov no zoo khaws cia. Nyob rau txoj ntsiab cai no polymeric puas cov ntaub ntawv. Lawv tom ntej cua kub tsis muag cov khoom, thiab tsuas yog ua rau nws cov degradation. Npaj thermosetting sib tov tsis yaj los yog yaj, li ntawd, nws yog tsis tsim nyog rau ub. Los ntawm no hom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj xws li epoxy silicones, phenol-formaldehyde thiab lwm yam resins.

thermoplastic polymers

Cov ntaub ntawv thaum rhuab, thawj muag thiab ces yaj thiab tom ntej txias solidifies. Thermoplastic polymers thaum xws ua tsis undergo tshuaj hloov. Qhov no ua rau cov txheej txheem kiag reversible. Tshuaj ntawm no hom yog linear los yog branched linear qauv ntawm macromolecules, cov uas muaj ib tug me me dag zog yuam, thiab muaj yog kiag li tsis muaj tshuaj lom bonds. Cov no muaj xws polyethylene, Polyamide, polystyrene, thiab lwm tus neeg. Cov cuab yeej ntawm polymeric ntaub ntawv xws li thermoplastic muab rau lawv siv thiab los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj molding nyob rau hauv dej-cua txias ntaub ntawv molding, extrusion, tshuab molding, thiab lwm txoj kev.

tshuaj zog

Lub polymers yuav tau hu ua nyob rau hauv cov nram no tej yam kev mob: khoom, kua, amorphous, crystalline theem, thiab heev elastic, khov txaus thiab deformation iav. Lub thoob plaws siv ntawm polymeric ntaub ntawv vim lawv cov qib high kuj mus rau ntau yam corrosive xov xwm, xws li feeb meej acids thiab alkalis. Lawv yog cov tsis raug rau electrochemical corrosion. Tsis tas li ntawd, nrog ua molecular yuag khoom yog ib tug thawj ntawm solubility nyob rau hauv cov organic solvents. Thiab polymers muaj spatial qauv, feem ntau tsis raug hais tias kua.

lub zog

Feem ntau cov polymers yog insulators, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv yog cov uas tsis-sib nqus cov ntaub ntawv. Ntawm tag nrho cov siv ntxwv cov ntaub ntawv tsuas lawv muaj tus nqi qis tshaj thermal conductivity thiab siab tshaj plaws thaum tshav kub kub muaj peev xwm, thiab thermal shrinkage (txog nees nkaum lub sij hawm ntau tshaj li uas ntawm cov hlau). Yog vim li cas txoj kev poob ntawm ceev ceev ntawm txawv sealing cov rooj sib txoos tsis sov yog lub thiaj li hu ua vitrification roj hmab, raws li zoo raws li ib tug ua txoj kev sib txawv ntawm cov coefficients ntawm expansion ntawm hlau thiab roj hmab nyob rau hauv vitrified lub xeev.

txhua yam khoom

Polymeric ntaub ntawv muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov txhua yam khoom uas yog heev nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv. Sib nrug los ntawm qhov chaw, ib tug zoo kawg cawv rau tus neeg kho tshuab thaj chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tej zaum yuav muaj ib tug ntau yam ntawm lwm yam. Cov no muaj xws :. Kub, zaus, ntev, los yog tus nqi ntawm cov chaw thau khoom, lub hom nyuab siab lub xeev, siab, xwm ntawm qhov chaw, Thaum tshav kub kub kev kho mob, thiab lwm yam Lub peculiarity ntawm tus neeg kho tshuab thaj chaw ntawm polymeric ntaub ntawv yog lawv kuj siab zog tom heev tsawg nruj (raws li muab piv rau co).

Lub polymers yuav tau muab faib mus rau hauv cov khoom, uas sib raug mus rau lub modulus ntawm elasticity E = 1.10 GPA (fiber, zaj duab xis, yas), thiab mos Elastomeric khoom, lub elasticity modulus yog E = 1-10 MPa (roj hmab). Thiab mechanism ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm ob leeg yog sib txawv.

Rau polymeric ntaub ntawv yus muaj los ntawm ib tug qhia tau anisotropy ntawm lub zog, raws li zoo raws li yuav txo tau ntawm lub dag lub zog, nkag txoj kev loj hlob yog muab heev loading. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lawv muaj ib tug ncaj high kuj mus qaug zog. Nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog co, lawv muaj ntau zog dependence ntawm txhua yam khoom nyob rau hauv lub kub. Ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab yam ntxwv ntawm polymeric ntaub ntawv yog ib tug deformability (ductility). Raws li qhov no parameter nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm kub saws los soj ntsuam lawv cov kev ua hauj lwm thiab hauj zog.

Polymeric cov ntaub ntawv rau hauv pem teb

Tam sim no, xav txog ib tug embodiment ntawm lub tswv yim daim ntawv thov ntawm polymers, raws tag nrho cov tau ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Cov tshuaj tau pom ntau daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv cov kev siv thiab kho thiab finishing ua hauj lwm, nyob rau hauv kev nyob rau hauv lub txheej ntawm plag tsev. Cov loj loj tej chaw yog vim tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv lo lus nug: lawv yog cov resistant mus puas, maloteploprovodny, muaj me ntsis dej haum, muaj zog txaus thiab khov kho, muaj siab zoo ntawm cov xim muaj hlau. Siv thiab ua cov polymeric ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv peb pab neeg: linoleum (yob), daim ntawv cov khoom thiab mixtures ntaus Screed. Tam sim no cia peb xub saib txhua ntawm lawv.

Linoleum los ntawm ntau hom ntawm fillers thiab polymers. Lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg kuj muaj xws li plasticizers, ua aids, thiab pigments. Nyob ntawm seb lub hom polymer khoom, paub qhov txawv polyester (Gliphtal), polyvinyl tshuaj dawb, roj hmab, kolloksilinovye thiab lwm yam coatings. Ntxiv mus, lawv structurally muab faib mus rau hauv baseless thiab nrog sound-, insulating foundation unilamellar thiab multilamellar, nrog tus, corrugated thiab fleecy nto thiab single- thiab multi-xim.

Tiling ntaub ntawv ua raws li nyob rau hauv polymeric Cheebtsam, muaj tsawg heev puas kuj, tshuaj kuj thiab durability. Nyob ntawm seb lub hom raw khoom, qhov no hom ntawm polymer khoom raug muab faib ua kumaronopolivinilhloridnye coumarone, PVC, roj hmab, fenolitovye, bitumen vuas, raws li zoo raws li particle board thiab fiberboard.

Ntaub ntawv rau screeds yog cov feem ntau yooj yim thiab tu siv, lawv muaj siab muaj zog. Cov mixtures yuav tau muab faib mus rau hauv Polymer-, polymer vaj tse thiab polyvinyl acetate.