Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin: biography, daim ntawv teev cov phau ntawv thiab nthuav tseeb

87 xyoo ntawm lub neej ntawm cov neeg ua ke ib tug tag nrho era. Coj mus nyob rau hauv lub sawv ntawm classical ntaub ntawv, nws twb tau sim muaj kev cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv lawv cov phau ntawv, ib tug tshiab hom hero, yug nyob rau hauv sib txawv keeb kwm tej yam kev mob. Nyob rau hauv nws lub ntsiab tshiab, coj mus ob peb tiam, absorbing los ntawm nws tsis yog ib qho ideological cog lus rau tenets thiab ideals ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm kev phooj ywg, rau siab ntso ua tau raws li cov hom phiaj thiab cov decency, uas nws tus kheej Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin tseem loyal thiab cog lus rau cov zajlus ua hauj lwm, thiab nyob rau hauv lub neej.

"Kuv xav tias kuv yog muaj peev xwm ntawm ib tug me nyuam tub ..."

Nws yog tus me nyuam yau tshaj nyob rau hauv ib tug loj tsev neeg ntawm ib tug tub rog tshuab raj Alexander Abramovich Zilber, uas tau txais kev pab nyob rau hauv lub Omsk infantry tso kom muaj kab muaj kev. Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin yug nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1902, thaum feem ntau ntawm cov tsev neeg rau ntau tshaj 5 xyoo nyob rau hauv Pskov. Tau tag nrho cov tub ntxhais ntse me nyuam 6 Zilber, tom qab kho kom sawvdaws xeeb loj heights tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv science. Piv txwv li, Alexander los ua ib tug muaj koob composer thiab neeg xyuas pib, uas coj lub pseudonym ntws tom qab, Elena - musicologist, Leo - tus tsim ntawm tag nrho cov Soviet scientific lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Medical Virology.

Thoroughness ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab tswv yim zoo cuab yeej cuab tam rau lub neej yav tom ntej lub neej ntawm cov me nyuam Kapellmeister Zilber lom zem ntau tiv mus rau nws niam - Anne Grigorevne. Nws yog ib tug pianist, ib tug kawm tiav ntawm lub Moscow Conservatory, yog zoo educated thiab qhib-minded, uas ua rau lawv lub tsev ib tug nrov qhov chaw rau kev sib txuas lus Progressive hluas Provincial Pskov. Nws yog pom tseeb tias nyob rau hauv nws cov cawv lub neej yav tom ntej sau ntawv sai sai nkag tau rau kev nyeem ntawv.

Favorite sau - Stevenson

Nws tau los ua tus knigoglotatelem absorbing loj qhov ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv ntawm cov zog: tales ntawm Andersen thiab Perrault, cov phau ntawv Dickens thiab Viktora Gyugo, tej hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab classics, taug txuj kev nyuaj novels ntawm Fenimore Cooper thiab Aimard, dab neeg ntawm Sherlock Holmes thiab cov tabloid me ntsis phau ntawv hais txog noble tub sab thiab cov detectives. Raws li tom qab rov Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin, nws tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyiam Robert Stevenson, ntaus lub peev xwm yuav mus txeeb ntawm cov xim tsis tseg, los ntawm txoj kev "hwj chim lus clutch, muab yug lub txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm kev kos duab."

Dhau li ntawm tus niam, muab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov me nyuam ib tug ntau ntawm cov xim, ib tug zoo kawg koob npe nrov rau tus tub hluas muaj ib tug tij laug Leo. Ib tug txiv neej uas muaj ib tug yawm cawv rau cov zajlus tastes ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej sau ntawv, thiab instilled nyob rau hauv nws ib tug mob siab rau kev qhia, los ua ib tug phooj ywg thiab classmate ntawm Leo - Yuri Tynyanov - tom qab ib tug naas ej txawj critic thiab txawj sau ntawv, sau ntawm "Ob txhais Lieutenant Kizhe", "Kuchle" thiab "Tuag Wazir-Mukhtar" . Tynyanov ib tug ntev lub sij hawm los ua ib tug yeej muaj tseeb tus phooj ywg thiab Kaverina. Kuv xav li cas nws tom qab sib yuav tus muam ntawm Leo thiab Veni - Elena, thiab nws Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin twb tom qab sib yuav rau nws lub neej ntev ntev rau Tynianov muam - Lydia.

nws universities

Thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub ntsig txog lub xeev Pskov chav xyaum tes taw, qhov uas nws siv 6 xyoo, qhov teeb meem xwb rau Kaverina yog lej. Nrog nws high-tsev kawm ntawv lub sij hawm nws nws sau paj huam, uas nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm yog ntau rau cov tub hluas nrog cov humanitarian mindset.

Kaverina thaum yau twb nyob rau hauv 1918 tom qab lub capture ntawm Pskov los ntawm German pab tub rog, thiab nws tiav lawm high school nyob rau hauv Moscow. Muaj nws nkag mus rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv. Tom qab ntawd nws tau tsiv mus rau lub capital - Petrograd. Muaj, los ntawm Tynianov, txuas uas muaj ntau yam nto moo sau ntawv - Shklovskii, E. Schwartz, hnub Ivanov, li al. Zaug ntaub ntawv, nyob rau hauv particular prosody, Kaverin thiab dreaming. Veniamin Aleksandrovich, uas nws biography tau ua raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ib qho piv txwv ntawm selfless kev pab cuam ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, tau txais thawj nyuaj qhia raws txoj kev. Qhov tseem phem rau nws poetic tsim yaam tshab qhia nws tus kheej Osip Mandelstam: "Los ntawm cov neeg zoo li koj, paj huam yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv!".

Cov paj huam tiav lawm, Kaverin thiab txiav txim siab mus devote nws tus kheej rau science. Nws mus rau lub Istfil Petrograd University thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ib tug Arab ceg ntawm lub koom haum ntawm txoj Sia Nyob Oriental lus.

Tus thawj kev txawj sau ntawv

Thiab tsis tau kov yeej lub yees rau sau ntawv Kaverin twb tsis fated. Muaj ib hnub tom qab qhov kev xeem nplooj siab Lobachevskii kev tshawb xav, nws pom ib tug daim ntawv loj loj ntawm cov zajlus contest, nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm Writers. Kaum feeb, uas coj txoj kev mus rau lub tsev, ces hu ua Kaverin tuag, qhia lub ntsiab nta ntawm nws lub neej. Nws txiav txim siab mus rau lub luag thiab ua zoo xav nws zaj dab neeg, uas nws yuav siv ib feem nyob rau hauv cov kev sib tw.

Tus thawj prosaic kev Kaverina hu ua "thib kaum ib axiom" twb cim xwb peb nqi zog. Lub sum ntawm 3,000 rubles tsuas ntawd kub ntev li rau Toffee - yog li SAIB TSIS MUAJ NQIS nyiaj nyob rau hauv 1920, tab sis nws yog nws thawj phau ntawv sau nqi, nws thawj txoj kev vam meej raws li ib tug txawj sau ntawv. Hais txog nws nco ntsoov txog Kaverin. Veniamin Aleksandrovich - biography, daim ntawv teev cov phau ntawv luam tawm ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, twb muaj pov thawj ntawm siab kwv yees ntawm nws ua hauj lwm thiab txuj ci - mus rau thaum xaus ntawm lub rau hnub nco qab txog Toffee.

"Serapion kwv tij"

Lub ob hlis ntuj 1, 1921, cov thawj lub rooj sib tham ntawm cov zajlus vajvoog, hu ua "Serapion cov kwv tij." Nyob rau hauv tom qab lub rooj sib tham kawm los ntawm ib tug ntau ntawm "sympathizers" thiab adherents, tab sis canonical qauv yog qhov: Lev Luntz, Mikhail Zoshchenko, Ilya Gruzdev Nikolay Nikitin, Elena Polonskaya, Nikolai Tikhonov, Vsevolod Ivanov, Mikhail Slonimsky, Konstantin Fedin. Ib tug ntawm mus tas li cov neeg uas lub koom haum los ua Kaverin. Veniamin Aleksandrovich, uas nws ua hauj lwm pib thaum uas lub sij hawm yuav tshwm sim tsis tu ncua nyob rau hauv xovxwm thiab nquag koom nyob rau hauv lub rooj sib tham. Nws tseem ncaj ncees rau lub "kwv ua tij" thiab lub tswv yim hauv paus ntsiab lus hais tias lawv mus txog thaum kawg - Kaverin thiab tsib caug xyoo tom qab ntawd cim pib ntawm "Serapion chronology" - Feb 1 - raws li qhov tseem ceeb tshaj nyiaj so koobtsheej.

Thiab tej ntsiab cai yog tsis yooj yim dua thaum lub sij hawm. Tus heev lub npe, borrowed los ntawm lub founding txiv ntawm cov voj voog nyob rau tus sau los ntawm dab neeg luv luv classics ntawm German Romanticism Ernest Teodora Amadeya Hoffmann, hais txog ua kom tiav indifference rau kev nom kev tswv. Nyob rau hauv no sau hais kev sau ntawv lub zej lub zos, npe hu ua nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm tus legendary Christian leeb thiab ascetic Serapion, thiab cov lus tshaj tawm txog lub ntsiab tus nqi ntawm cov zajlus ua hauj lwm ntawm nws zoo, tsis muaj kev xav txog ideology thiab kev nom kev tswv views ntawm tus sau, nws yog nyob rau hauv peb lub xyoo ntawm Soviet hwj chim ze li ntawm ib provocation.

siab phem lub sij hawm

Tsis ntev los ntawm lub "kwvtij" los ua tseeb naivete ntawm lawv noble motives. Ideological sib txawv ntawm lawv pib tshwm tag nrho cov ntau kom meej meej. "Lub Westerners" - Luntz, Kaverin, Slonim - muab tso rau saum toj no rau lwm zaj dabneeg, taug txuj kev nyuaj lwm yam, "sab hnub tuaj tis" - Zoshchenko, hnub Ivanov - tended los piav lub neej nrog pej xeem motifs. Qhov txawv nyob rau hauv cov zajlus uas tej chiv tsis tiv thaiv lub preservation ntawm txoj kev sib sau ntawm cov muaj tswv yim thiab nyiam phooj ywg, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub haib blows ntawm official thuam thiab lub neej yam thiab nws tsaus muag.

Lub sij hawm swept "kwvtij" rau txawv sab, ua ib co thawj xib fwb tw. Luntz nyob rau hauv 1924, tragically tuag thaum ntxov; Ivanov, Slonim, Nikitin ua xav mus hu nkauj rau pathos ntawm lub revolutionary nriaj; Tikhonov thiab Fedin tom qab nyob senior txoj haujlwm nyob rau hauv lub Union ntawm Soviet Writers, rigidly tuav lub tog kab, tsis tau cawm tej dissent. Thaum twg, tom qab 1946 nyob rau hauv muaj zog siab ntawm ideological ceev xwm yog Zoshchenko, tsuas yog ib lub "Serapion kwv tij" los pab txhawb nws thiab khaws cia nws sov kev sib raug zoo - Veniamin Kaverin. Nws thaum kawg tsoo kev sib raug zoo nrog Fedin, thaum nws nyob rau hauv 1968 tsis pub cov ntawv "Cancer Ward" Solzhenitsyn.

Zog ua hauj lwm thiab muab siab npuab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus

Nyob rau hauv "serapionovskie" lub sij hawm ntawm tus tsim ntawm proletarian ntaub ntawv Maxim Gorky sau tseg hais tias ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau feemxyuam sau ntawv ntawm cov hluas tiam - Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin. "Ob tug Captains" (1940-1945) - ib tug tshiab, uas mas embodied cov txawj sau ntawv lub npe, - raws li taug xaiv, Stalin yog heev fond ntawm, thiab nws tau pom zoo cov awarding Kaverina nyob rau hauv 1946 Stalin nqi zog, tom qab tso tawm ntawm lub thib ob phau ntawv hais txog lub adventures ntawm Sani Grigorieva. Great chaw enjoyed "Xav" (1935-1936) thiab "Qhib Phau Ntawv" (1953-1956). Thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog, Kaverin yog active nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb Fleet, rau cov uas nws tau txais qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub Red Star.

Tej zaum tag nrho cov no tau pab Kaverin tsis txhob reprisals, xws li cov neeg uas underwent nws tus tij laug Leo, muaj ntau yam ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm virology ua thaum nyob rau hauv lub camps. Stalin ib tsab ntawv nug rau nws tso tawm tau kos npe thiab Kaverin. Official thuam pheej ntaus rau tus sau, accusing nws phau ntawv apolitical thiab kev lom zem.

Dua li no, tus txawj sau ntawv tsis ntxeev siab rau txoj kev ntseeg. Nws tau koom tes nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov anthology "Literary Moscow" (1956), ib tug txwv tog tub ceev xwm. Kaverin laj mej pej xeem tsis kam koom nyob rau hauv lub tsim txom ntawm Boris Pasternak nyob rau hauv 1958, muab ib tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv tiv thaiv ntawm Sinyavsky thiab Daniel, tiv thaiv rau cov ntawv ntawm cov phau ntawv los ntawm Mikhail Bulgakov thiab Solzhenitsyn.

Lub legacy ntawm cov kws ntawv thiab tib neeg

Tej zaum qhov official tub ceev xwm yog yooj yim rau kev pov plob hais nws rooj zaum tiag tes txawj sau ntawv tsis muaj ib tug loj feem nyob rau loj nco qab thiab tus neeg minds ntawm cov txawj nyeem ntawv. Tab sis xws li ib tug lub tswv yim yuav tsis muab suav hais tias txhim khu kev qha, muab lub ntim thiab qhov zoo tshaj ntawm daim ntawv sau Kaverin.

"Ob tug Captains" tsuas yog thaum cov kws ntawv lub neej reprinted ntau tshaj 70 lub sij hawm, thiab lawv "qhib phau ntawv" pheej cia. Nyeem cov neeg paub tej yam xws li "iab, los yog nyob rau hauv lub yav tsaus ntuj nyob rau hauv Vasilevsky Island" (1928), "Tsis paub hais tias cov phooj ywg" (1957), "Xya officers ntawm tsis huv" (1962), "Ob chav Portrait" (1963), "O. Senkovskiy (Baron Brambeus) "(1929, 1964)," Ua ntej rau hauv daim iav "(1972) thiab lwm tus neeg.

Nws yog tus sau ntawm heev heev dab neeg luv luv thiab tsab ntawv, dozens ntawm cov me nyuam txoj kev fairy tales. Ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj kev tshuav nws puas, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov phau ntawv "epilogue" (1979-1989), edited uas nws ua hauj lwm kom txog thaum lub sij hawm ua ntej nws mus tsev, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Tej zaum 1989. Tab sis txawm cov tagnrho yuav tsis qhia rau koj txhua yam hais txog lub neej ntawm Veniamina Aleksandrovicha Kaverina. Qhov tseeb lub ntsej muag ntawm no txawj sau ntawv thiab tus txiv neej yog kev cawmdim thiab cov memoirs ntawm contemporaries xyoo tom qab, thiab nws cov uas duav txhua yam ntawm lub peev xwm, raws li sau tseg los ntawm ntau zajlus critics thiab zoo tib yam kev txawj nyeem ntawv tsis tau rau kev ntsuam xyuas cov tiag tiag.