Utility muaj nuj nqi thiab nws tus yam ntxwv

Los ntawm kev yuav khoom ib tug khoom, tus neeg yog ua los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej hauv paus ntsiab, lub ntsiab uas yog ib tug muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub chaw tso dej ntawm cov khoom. Piv txwv li, thaum ib tug neeg tshaib plab, nws xav tias nws yuav noj 10 biscuits. Tus thawj haum hmoov khoom nkawd incredibly qab, tshiab thiab tayaschim lub qhov ncauj. Qhov thib ob confectionery txuj ci tseem ceeb tseem ua luaj cua, tab sis tsis yog li ntawd mos. Peb bun me ntsis deflating, thiab cov plaub no twb tsim nyog rau dilute dej los sis tshuaj yej. Ncav lub thib kaum bakery, ib realizes hais tias tag nrho cov yob nws noj - tsis heev six thiab heev tshiab. Uas yog, nrog txhua noj confectionery khoom ntawm nws cov usefulness yog txo. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav confidently hais tias muaj neeg tsawg tsawg uas siv cov yob, lub siab dua qhov tseem ceeb thaj chaw ntawm lawv txhua txhua tus. Txawm li cas los, lub ntsiab lub hom phiaj - namely, nyem ntawm kev tshaib kev nqhis, muaj tau mus txog, nws txhais tau tias cov khoom tau muaj pov thawj pab tau. Nyob rau tib lub nqi zog ntawm cov thawj yob twb ntau tshaj lub xeem.

Qhov no txoj cai yog yus muaj los ntawm cov ntsiab lus raws li cov nqi hluav taws xob muaj nuj nqi. Nws qhia tau hais tias nrog qhov kev nce rau hauv tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom rau lub lag luam ntawm nws cov nqi zog uas poob lawm, thiab zej zog tsis xav mus yuav ib yam dab tsi uas yog ib qho nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau. Uas yog, yog ib tug ncaj qha kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ob ntsiab, qhov kev thov thiab nqi hluav taws xob. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub tswv yim no kuj zoo kawg thiab tseem ceeb. Lub siab dua theem ntawm kev thov rau ib qho kev khoom muag, cov ntau dua nws usefulness. Yog hais tias cov khoom mov tshaj paj nyob rau hauv nws nrhiav tau, nws tseem ceeb cov qualities yog txo. Qhov twg muaj yog xws li ib tug tshaj plaws raws li ib tug nqi hluav taws xob muaj nuj nqi?

Nyob rau hauv Austria, thaum lub sij hawm muaj ib tug tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Economics, uas muaj kev thawj sim mus nrhiav kom tau ib tug kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus xws li tus nqi ntawm cov khoom thiab cov kev thov rau nws, raws li tau zoo raws li nyob nruab nrab ntawm tus nqi ntawm qhov khoom thiab nws cov lus nug.

Qhov tseem ceeb zaum nyob rau hauv no cov kev taw qhia nyob Menger, Böhm-Bawerk thiab Wieser. Lawv tau muaj pov thawj hais tias muaj yog ib tug ncaj nyob tos ntawm tus nqi ntawm ntau npaum li cas cov khoom yog nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam, qhov yooj yim tej yam kev mob yog tsis muaj nyiaj txiag. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev kawm ntawv no tau qhia hais tias muaj yog ib tug qauv ntawm cov kev pab thiab nqi hluav taws xob ntawm lub kom muaj nuj nqis noj los ntawm tus txiv neej. Nws yog thawj los qhia cov Austrians, uas nws muaj nuj nqi khoom txo nrog ua nqi ntawm tau. Qhov nov yeej yog muab raws li ib qho piv txwv saum toj no. Zuag qhia tag nrho tag nrho nqi hluav taws xob nce heev maj mam, thiab cov marginal nqi hluav taws xob decreases. Raws li nyob rau hauv no soj, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Austrian tsev kawm ntawv coj ib tug loj tshaj influencing tus nqi. Thiab nws yog ib lub marginal nqi hluav taws xob. Cov mis rau xam ntawm qhov ntsuas no yog raws li nram no:

MU = du / dQ, qhov twg

U - nqi hluav taws xob muaj nuj nqi,

Q - kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm cov khoom.

Vim lub delimitation ntawm lub marginal thiab tag nrho cov nqi hluav taws xob, peb pom cov lus teb mus rau lub paradox hais tias cov economists hu ua "paradox ntawm dej thiab diamonds." Lub essence ntawm cov nqe lus nug raws li nram no. Dej yuav tsum tau ib tug zoo nqi rau ib tug txiv neej tshaj diamonds vim hais tias tsis muaj nws, cov haiv neeg yuav tsis muaj nyob, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau qhov tseem ceeb minerals. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv kev xyaum nws mus rau lwm txoj kev nyob ib ncig ntawm. Cov lus teb cov lus dag nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm cov kev pab: raws li cov dej reserves yog lossis loj, thiab tus nqi yog correspondingly qis. Ib tug pob zeb diamond deposits yog tsis tshua muaj, yog li tus nqi yog heev siab heev.