Tyuring Alan: biography, duab, ua hauj lwm. Pab mus rau Computer Science

Alan Mathison Turing - ib lub ntiaj teb no-nrov paub txog cov ntse heev, ib tug code breaker, ib tug pioneer ntawm computer science, ib tug txiv neej nrog ib tug amazing destiny, uas tau muaj ib yam teeb meem loj rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub computer technology.

Alan Turing: ib tug luv luv biography

Alan Mathison Turing yug nyob rau hauv London on Lub rau hli ntuj 23, 1912. Nws txiv Yulius Tyuring yog ib tug colonial tub ceev xwm uas tau txi cov kev pab cuam civil nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb. Muaj nws tau ntsib thiab sib yuav mus rau Alan niam - Ethel Sara. Cov niam txiv tau mus tas li nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb raws li cov me nyuam (Alan thiab John, nws tus tij laug) qhia nyob rau hauv private tsev nyob rau hauv ces, qhov uas lawv tau txais ib tug nruj upbringing.

Nws muaj peev xwm mus pes tsawg sciences , Alan tsom ib zaug thaum lub sij hawm ib tug phoj. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tau kev pom zoo los ntawm nws tus txiv, cov me nyuam tub khuav los ntawm kev xav yuav nrhiav tau zwb ntaab. Yuav kom qhov no kawg, nws twb tsis siv cov kab uas tus muv twb ya, thiab cov kev taw qhia ntawm lawv lub davhlau. Ces, lub hlwb txuas rau cov kab, kuv pom lawv taw tes ntawm kev tshuam, qhov uas nws pom ib tug hollow nrog koj niam.

Koj muaj peev xwm rau lub caij nyoog sciences Alan nyob thaum lub sij hawm nws kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov prestigious Shernborskoy tsev kawm ntawv. Nyob rau hauv 1931, raws li ib tug lej kawm me nyuam tub ntxiv nws kev tshawb fawb ntawm King kawm ntawv qib siab, Cambridge University. Nyob rau hauv nws thesis nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub hauv paus txwv theorem ntawm ntau yam, uas yog rediscovered, tsis paub txog lub hav zoov uas zoo xws li yav dhau los ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv, Alan yog nyob rau hauv lub Science College ntawm lub neej, nws tswv yim sib cav twb muab tsub ib tug tshwj xeeb nqi zog. Qhov no muab tus tub hluas ib tug zoo lub sij hawm kom tau ib tug scholarship thiab caum nws tus kheej-ua kom tiav nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm cov caij nyoog sciences.

Turing tshuab

Nyob rau hauv 1935, tus paub txog Alan Tyuring thawj siv lawv qhov peev xwm nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm mathematical logic thiab pib ua kev tshawb fawb, uas pom ib tug xyoo tseem ceeb tau. Nws qhia lub tswvyim ntawm computable muaj nuj nqi, uas muaj peev xwm muab los siv nyob rau hauv qhov thiaj li hu ua Turing tshuab. Cov cua ntsawj ntshab ntawm no ntaus ntawv muaj tag nrho cov ntxwv yooj yim ntawm niaj hnub ua qauv (kauj ruam yog kauj ruam kawg nkaus, nco, tswj software) thiab yog qhov chiv keeb ntawm cov computer, yees kaum xyoo tom qab ntawd. Nyob rau hauv 1936, mathematician Alan Turing tsiv mus rau America thiab tswm curator ntawm Princeton University, nyob rau hauv 1938 twb muab tsub lub degree ntawm tus kws kho mob ntawm philosophy thiab rov qab mus rau Cambridge, tsis kam qhov kev mathematician John von Neumann nyob thiab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv raws li ib qho kev pab.

British lag luam "Ultra"

Nyob rau hauv tib lub sij hawm, teb chaws Aas Kiv tshaj tawm lub community launch txog lub lag luam "Ultra", lub aim ntawm uas yog rau wiretaps German pilots thiab lawv txhais. Qhov teeb meem muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub London chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm tsoom fwv tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cov lis dej num thiab ciphers (encryption Chief ntawm lub British txawj ntse unit), uas yog vim lub kev hem thawj ntawm fascist tawm tsam tau urgently coj mus rau Bletchley Park, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm ces.

Niaj hnub no vaj tse cov tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm coders thiab computer technology. Nws yog nyob rau hauv no tsis pub leejtwg paub qhov chaw cuam tshuam tau txais noj txais kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv ib tug txhua txhua hnub; lub xov tooj ntawm coded lus nyob rau hauv lub phav phav ntawm chav nyob. Rau txhua khoom text Taag: xov tooj cua zaus, hnub tim, lub sij hawm ntawm interception thiab lub preamble. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog kawg no uas muaj lub tawm lawv tus ID ntawm lub network, hu kos npe rau ntawm lub txais qhov chaw nres tsheb thiab lub sender, lub sij hawm ntawm xa lus.

Winston Churchill - British Prime Minister - nws hu ua Bletch Park koj poj qaib uas nteg golden qe. Peb tes num saib xyuas yog Alastair Denniston - ib tug qub tub rog ntawm cov tub rog txoj kev ntse. Cov neeg ua hauj lwm cryptanalysts, nws tau tsis muaj txoj kev ntse thiab cov neeg uas tshwj xeeb ntawm ib tug dav profile: mathematicians, linguists, chess, Egyptologists, Champions nyob rau hauv kev daws crossword learn. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug ntau haiv neeg thiab txawj ntse pab pawg neeg yog ib tug mathematician Alan Turing.

Turing tawm tsam cov "Enigma"

Division Turing twb them ib tug cov hauj lwm: ua hauj lwm nrog cov encrypted ntawv nyeem, tsim ntaus ntawv "Enigma" - tshuab, patented nyob rau hauv lub Netherlands nyob rau hauv 1917 thiab yog Ameslikas tsim los tiv thaiv banking hauj lwm. Cov qauv koom siv rau kis xov tooj cua Wehrmacht nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ua los ntawm cov rog thiab cua quab yuam. Ciphers "Enigma" rau thaum pib ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II yog cov feem ntau haib ntawm cov ntiaj chaw. Nws twb ntseeg txawm hais tias tawg lawv yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua.

Yuav kom nkag siab txog cov encoded ntawv nyeem, yuav tsum tau txais tib yam tshuab, kom paub nws tus thawj cov chaw, kaw cov tsiaj ntawv nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev nyob rau hauv lub sib txuas lus vaj huam sib luag, thiab txhua yam yog khiav nyob rau hauv kev coj rov qab. Nyob rau hauv no tus nqi yuav borne nyob rau hauv lub siab tias tej ntsiab cai ntawm encryption lub lag luam thiab hloov ib zaug ib hnub twg. Encrypting lub Wehrmacht sim cov nyom cov txheej txheem ntawm kis tau tus mob nws tus kheej cryptanalysis: Xov Length yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj 250 cim, thiab muab lawv cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm 3-5 pawg.

Zog ua hauj lwm cryptographers coj los Turing yog ib tug kawm tau zoo: nws tau tsim ib tug ntaus ntawv uas yuav txiav suab ntawm cov Pib ntsais koj teeb "Enigma." Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd rau tag nrho cov xaiv ntawm zauv tricks, raws li lub tswv yim yog siv tib yam stereotyped nqe lus uas tshwm rau hauv lub Germans, thiab tej repetitive ntawv nyeem. Yog hais tias lub tswv yim tsis txaus, tus nrog sib ntaus provoking lawv. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug ntse mined ib tug tej yam seem ntawm lub hiav txwv, thiab ces mloog cov nqe lus ntawm lub Germans rau lub sij hawm no.

Cov kev vam meej ntawm Alan Turing

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm painstaking ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv 1940 nws yog tsim los cryptanalytic Alan Turing Tshuab "foob pob", uas yog ib tug lossis loj txee (hnyav - ib tug ton, pem hauv ntej vaj huam sib luag - 2 x 3 meters, rotor 36 pawg nyob saud). Kev siv cov no ntaus ntawv yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb cov kev txawj thiab yog ncaj qha nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm ntawm cov neeg ua thiab muab kev pab. Nyob rau hauv Bletchley Park nrog lub sij hawm nws yog tsim los pab ntau tshaj li ob puas ntawm cov tshuab uas cia rau decipher txog 2-3 txhiab ib hnub twg.

Tyuring Alan yog zoo siab nrog lawv ua hauj lwm thiab cov kev tshwm sim tau. Nws tsuas khaus lub zos tub ceev xwm thiab mus txiav lawv cov nyiaj. Qhov zoo ces, tom qab ib tug series ntawm npau taws official ntawv project coj tswj ntawm Winston Churchill, kom nws cov nyiaj. "Enigma" encryption thiab lwm yam German tshuab twb tawg, tus phoojywg twb tau yuav tsum paub txog cov smooth ndlwg ntawm cov nqi txoj kev ntse.

Germans ntau tshaj ib xyoo twb tsis muaj lub tswv yim hais txog lub hav zoov ntawm "tej tawg hem", thiab nrhiav tau cov los, tau ua zoo kawg li dag zog los mus maximize lub complexity ntawm encryption.

Txawm li cas los, Turing yog tsis ntshai: nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus rau tiv nrog qhov teeb meem tshiab, thiab tsis pub dhau rau lub lim tiam tus British muaj kev nkag tau mus rau tus yeeb ncuab ntxiv.

Tsis cia siab rau cipher thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog II lub ntiaj teb no yog tsis nyob rau hauv tsis ntseeg, tus Germans, txog rau thaum xaus ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb rau cov yog vim li cas ntawm to ntawm nqi lus nyob qhov twg, cia li tsis nyob rau hauv lub "Enigma". Disclosure of "Enigma" code radically hloov hauv cov chav kawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II. Nqi lus tsis tsuas pab tau tiv thaiv cov British Isles, tab sis kuj mus rau lub uas tsim nyog txoj kev kawm kom loj-scale ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, npaj los ntawm German sab. British cryptographers zoo yog ib qho tseem ceeb pab rau lub yeej tshaj Nazism, thiab Tyuring Alan ncaj qha nyob rau hauv 1946 tau txais qhov puav pheej nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub British faj tim teb chaws.

Eccentricities computer ntse heev

Contemporaries piav Turing raws li ib tug me ntsis eccentric txiv neej, tsis dhau charming, zoo nkauj tsib thiab endlessly industrious.

• Yog tsis haum, Tyuring Alan antihistamines nyiam daim npog qhov ncauj. Nyob rau hauv nws, nws tau mus rau lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag flowering. Tej zaum qhov no piav txog cov kam ntawm strangeness yuav tsum tau los ntawm lub sab los ntawm cov tshuaj - namely, tsaug zog.
• Lwm feature yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv kev kawm txog zauv nyob rau hauv relation mus nws lub tsheb tuam, uas nyob rau tej Team sib ya mus saw. Tyuring Alan, tsis xav nrog nws hom phiaj, kev xav puv pedals ntawm txoj cai lub sij hawm thiab tau txais los ntawm tus tsheb kauj vab saw wires caj npab.
• Tus kheej mug ntawm Bletchley Park, ib tug txawj ntse paub txog tacked rau lub roj teeb Circuit Court, hais tias nws twb tsis tau nyiag.
• Nyob rau hauv Cambridge, Alan tsis muab tso rau ib tug moos rau qhov tseeb lub sij hawm, nws figured nws lub hlwb, kho qhov chaw ntawm ib tug tej lub hnub qub.
• Thaum Alan kawm txog lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub chav kawm British phaus, nws melted cov muaj nyiaj npib thiab faus lub resulting nyiaj bullion qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub tiaj ua si, thiab ces tag tsis nco qab lawm qho chaw.
• Turing yog ib tug zoo neeg ncaws kab taub. Hnov qhov yuav tsum tau yuav tsum tau them, nws khiav mus deb, los mus txiav txim rau lawv tus kheej uas excelled nyob rau hauv kev ua si nawv. Ces, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv lub sij hawm kuv yeej 3- thiab 10-mais deb ntawm cov sibntsib thiab, thiab nyob rau hauv 1947 ranked fifth nyob rau hauv lub marathon.

Eccentricities ntawm Alan Turing, uas nws cov kev pab cuam yog invaluable rau teb chaws Aas Kiv, ob peb tau tshwm sim los bewilderment. Muaj ntau lug txhawb cov miv nco ntsoov lub excitement thiab tej yam txaus siab uas cov computer science ntse heev coj li tej paj nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim. Turing ntshai nrog zoo sib hwm, raws li nws sawv originality ntawm kev xav thiab koj tus kheej txawj ntse. Ib tug ntse mathematician, muaj tag nrho cov makings ntawm ib tug xib fwb, tau daws thiab piav qhia txog yam muaj, txawm lub feem ntau txawv txawv ua hauj lwm.

Alan Turing: tus pab mus rau lub computer science

Nyob rau hauv 1945, Alan tsis kam mus ua hauj lwm lecturer nyob rau Cambridge University, thiab nyob rau qhov kev pom zoo ntawm M. Newman tuaj koom lub National Physical Laboratory, uas nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm tsim ib tug pab rau cov tsim thiab creation ntawm ACE - computer. Tsis pub dhau 3 xyoos (1945 rau 1948) - lub sij hawm ntawm cov hav zoov ntawm cov pab pawg neeg - Turing ua tus thawj sketches thiab ua ib co tseem ceeb cov tswv yim rau nws tsim.

Daim ntawv qhia txog nyob rau hauv ACE paub txog muab lub executive committee ntawm lub NFL Lub peb hlis ntuj 19, 1946. Nyob rau hauv ib tug nrog kev ceeb toom uas txuas mus rau nws hais tias cov ua hauj lwm yog raws li nyob rau hauv EDVAG project. Txawm li cas los, peb tes num muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov nqi lub tswv yim uas sawv daws khoom ib ncaj qha mus rau hauv cov lus Askiv mathematician.

Software rau cov thawj computer kuj sau Alan Tyuring. Xam tsis painstaking ua hauj lwm ntawm no feemxyuam kws yuav tsis tau mus txog xws li ib tug theem li niaj hnub no. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, thiab cov thawj chess kev pab cuam sau.

Nyob rau hauv lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 1948, Alan Turing, uas nws biography yog ib tug lub neej twb txuam nrog kev kawm txog zauv, nws pauv mus rau ua hauj lwm rau lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Manchester. Nominally, nws raug tsa deputy tus thawj coj ntawm lub lab computers, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, tib tooj nyob rau hauv cov zauv department ntawm M. Newman, thiab yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub cajmeem.

Hmoov phem dag

English mathematician, uas txuas ntxiv tom qab tsov rog, ua hauj lwm nrog kev txawj ntse, twb coj mus rau ib tug tshiab ua hauj lwm: decipher Soviet code. Thaum no tus taw tes, hmoo ua si ib lim hiam dag nrog Turing. Muaj ib hnub nws lub tsev twb robbed. Cov tub sab laug ib daim ntawv txog kev ceev faj yog heev undesirable rau tub ceev xwm, tab sis tus rov Alan Turing tam sim ntawd hu mus rau lub site. Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm qhov kev tshawb nrhiav nws twb pom tawm hais tias cov tub sab yog ib tug phooj ywg ntawm Alan tus lover. Thaum lub sij hawm zaj lus tim khawv Turing tau lees lawv homosexual, uas nyob rau hauv cov xyoo yog ib tug txhaum cai nyob rau hauv ces.

Nrov mus sib hais ntawm zoo-paub scholars mus ntxiv rau ib ntev lub sij hawm. Nws raug caw mus rau ib tug ob-xyoo lub tsev loj cuj cov ntsiab lus, los yog hormone txoj kev kho kom tshem tau ntawm kev sib deev.

Alan Turing (yees duab saum toj no xyoo tas los) xaiv tus tom kawg. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov kev kho mob ntawm cov feem ntau haib tshuaj, uas ntawd kub ntev li rau ib lub xyoo, thaum lub Turing tsim impotence, thiab gynecomastia (mis o). Taug raws kev txhaum tsim txom Alan raug tshem tawm los ntawm daim card ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub British ntshai tsam hais tias homosexuals yuav recruited los ntawm Soviet tshuaj tebchaws xwb. Tus paub txog liam ntawm spying tsis yog, tab sis txwv tsis pub los ntawm tham txog nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau ntawm lub Bletchley Park.

Kua Alan Turing

Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Alan Turing tus tu siab rau tus tub ntxhais: cov zauv ntse heev tso los ntawm kev pab thiab txwv tsis pub mus qhia. Nws lub koob npe nrov tau mus tas li lawm. Thaum 41 tus tub hluas twb ces muab pov tseg overboard lub cev suab ntawm lub neej, sab laug yam tsis nws tus hlub ua hauj lwm, nrog rau ib tug bruised psyche thiab puas noj qab haus huv. Nyob rau hauv 1954, Alan Turing, uas nws biography thiab tam sim no los ntsib qhov tseeb lub minds ntawm ntau tus neeg, twb pom tuag nyob rau hauv nws lub tsev, thiab nyob rau hauv nightstand ntawm ib sab ntawm lub txaj pw ib tom kua. Raws li nws muab tawm tom qab, nws twb tau ntim nrog cyanide. Txij li thaum Alan Turing recreated ib tug scene ntawm koj nyiam fairy taleas "Daus dawb" nyob rau hauv 1937. Raws li ib co lus ceeb toom, qhov no yog vim li cas lub txiv hmab txiv ntoo tau ua ib lub cim ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto moo "Kua" computer lub tuam txhab. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov kua yog tseem muaj ib tug cim ntawm txoj kev txhaum, biblical paub.

Cov hauj lwm version ntawm txoj kev tuag ntawm ib tug txawj ntse mathematician - yus tua yus. Alan niam ntseeg hais tias cov tshuaj lom yog ib qho kev huam yuaj, vim hais tias Alan yeej ib txwm mej ua hauj lwm nrog tshuaj. Muaj yog ib tug version uas Turing txhob txwm tshaj tawm tau xaiv txoj kev no ntawm escaping los ntawm lub neej, cia leej niam tsis ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv yus tua yus.

Rehabilitation ntawm cov lus Askiv mathematician

Qhov zoo mathematician twb rehabilitated posthumously. Nyob rau hauv 2009, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown tau laj mej pej xeem apologized rau lub kev tsim txom raug kev txom nyem los ntawm lub computer science ntse heev. Nyob rau hauv 2013, Turing twb officially raug rau nqi ntawm kev phem qias Elizabeth II - poj huab tais ntawm Great teb chaws Aas Kiv.

Alan Turing lub chaw ua hauj lwm cov lus dag xwb tsis nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv technology: nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub neej ntawm ib tus paub txog mob siab nws tus kheej rau cov lus nug ntawm biology, namely - nws pib tsim tshuaj xav ntawm morphogenesis, uas tau muab tag nrho cov kev ua si rau lub ua ke ntawm cov muaj peev xwm kom meej thiab ntse mathematician, philosopher, tag nrho uas yog thawj lub tswv yim. Tus thawj sketches ntawm cov kev tshawb xav piav nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm luag daim ntawv qhia nyob rau hauv 1952 thiab ib daim ntawv qhia nyob tom qab tus paub txog tus tuag.

Qhov tseem prestigious puav pheej nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm lub computer science yog qhov "Turing puav pheej". Nws cov puav pheej yog ua txhua xyoo Association rau xam Machinery. Sponsored no puav pheej, tus nqi ntawm cov uas tam sim no sawv ntawm 250, 000, Google li thiab Intel. Tus thawj ntawm xws li ib qho tseem ceeb puav pheej nyob rau hauv 1966 twb muab tsub lub Alan Perlis rau tsim compilers.