Tus me tshaj particle yog electrically nruab nrab tshuaj caij: muaj pes tsawg leeg, qauv, cov khoom

Tag nrho cov nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, los ntawm lub depths ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab mus rau lub txheej chaw, nws muaj ib tug infinite tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom, txhua tus uas yog cov ntaub ntawv uas. Zaum ntseeg tau hais tias qhov teeb meem yuav tsis raug puas tsuaj los yog tsim, nws yog infinite thiab nyob mus ib txhis. Tsab ntawv tsa suab yog ib tug ntawm cov qualities inherently txog teeb meem. Qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog ib tug spatial xaav ntawm lub cev lawv tus kheej, tab sis kuj hloov lawv lub xeev, zog, thiab thiaj li nyob.

Teeb meem thiab nws cov system

Space thiab lub sij hawm yog xav tau ib daim ntawv ua mus os. Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb ntawm nws cov khoom no muaj peev xwm yuav tsum tau reflected nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub siab.

Nyob rau hauv science hnub no yog raws li nram no theem ntawm teeb meem thiab nws cov system:

• elementary hais;
• atoms;
• molecule;
• teb;
• macroscopic lub cev;
• geological systems;
• lub ntiaj chaw;
• hnub qub;
• galaxy;
• system ntawm galaxies;
• universes;
• universes system.

Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv uas lub nruab muaj li ntawm nyob teeb meem, xws li qhov sib txawv kab mob uas, tsis zoo li lwm tus neeg, yuav tau muaj me tub. Ib hom ntawm lub tsev thaiv rau qhov teeb meem yog elementary hais. Qhov no tej zaum yuav tsawg tshaj plaws particle yog electrically nruab nrab tshuaj caij uas muaj ib tug xwb.

elementary hais

Tag nrho cov elementary hais, uas yog qhib rau lub caij, muaj txog peb caug. Yog hais tias lub particle muaj ib tug xwb, muaj yuav tsum muaj ib tug antiparticle. Tsuas yog ib tug yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws particle yog electrically nruab nrab tshuaj caij.

Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog muab faib mus rau hauv:

• hadrons, uas yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev sib tshuam, lawv muab faib ua baryons (nucleons thiab hyperons) thiab mesons;
• leptons muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev sib tshuam tsuas yog muaj zog (cov uas muaj electrons, neutrinos thiab muons).

Tsuas yog photons tsis yog ib yam ntawm cov pab pawg neeg.

Lub division yog ua raws li cov yuav tsum muaj kev sib tshuam, uas yog muaj zog los yog tsis muaj zog, electromagnetic thiab gravitational. Muaj zog sis yog ntau npaum li cas electromagnetic (ib puas lub sij hawm). Effect nyob rau hauv lub heev luv luv mus - 10ˉ¹⁵ meters. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tus tsis muaj zog electromagnetic tsawg npaum li cas, tab sis ntau dua qhov gravitational ntau lub sij hawm.

Qauv thiab stability zog

Clear kab uas muaj qhov tsawg tshaj plaws particle yog electrically nruab nrab tshuaj caij thiab lwm yam elementary hais, tsis muaj. Piv txwv li, nws yog lub npe hu hais tias lawv muaj ib tug complex qauv, uas muaj xws li lub thiaj li hu ua quarks.

Yog hais tias peb xav txog lub zog ntawm cov sij hawm, tus hais muaj lawv ruaj khov los yog tsis ruaj tsis khov. Ntawm cov thawj sawv photons, muon thiab electron neutrinos, protons thiab electrons thiab lawv antiparticles. Lwm yam elementary hais yuav lwj ntawm 10³ rau neutrons uas yog nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb lub xeev, mus 10ˉ²²-10ˉ²⁴ rau cov neeg hais hu ua resonances.

Electrons, protons thiab neutrons

Elementary hais, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub cev cov khoom, hu ua electrons, protons thiab neutrons.

Cov yav tas los muaj ib tug ruaj khov tsis zoo xwb thiab loj 9 * 10ˉ³¹ kilograms. Lawv yog cov leptons, raws li kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tag nrho tab sis tus muaj zog cov kev sib tshuam. Protons kuj muaj ruaj khov zog, tab sis lawv loj yog ntau tshaj e nyob rau hauv 1836. Nws baryon los ntawm lub nucleus ntawm lub teeb isotope ntawm lub hydrogen atom. Neutrons raws li lub npe implies - yog tsis hais nrog ib tug loj saum toj no ib tug proton. Nws kuj baryons. Lawv yog cov tsis ruaj tsis khov thiab muaj ib lub neej expectancy ntawm mus txog kaum feeb. Protons thiab neutrons rau nuclei ntawm atoms.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub atom

Tus me tshaj particle yog electrically nruab nrab tshuaj caij no yog hu ua ib tug atom. Nyob rau hauv nws cov centre cov tub ntxhais, uas yog yuav luag tag nrho loj. Lub keeb yog zoo them raws li nws muaj nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg xwb protons thiab neutrons. Tus nab npawb ntawm protons yuav txiav txim los ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm lub caij thiab lub Periodic lus: lawv muaj pes tsawg ntais ntawv cov naj npawb.

Tsiv electrons nyob ib ncig ntawm lub keeb, tus xov tooj uas yog tib yam li hais tias ntawm lub proton. Tus me tshaj electrically nruab nrab particle muaj peev xwm ntawm tso electrons los yog, conversely, muab rau lawv. Nyob rau qhov no atom acquires ib tug tsis zoo los yog zoo xwb. Tshuaj zog muaj qhia nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm electrons uas yuav tsum tau npaj los ntawm cov tub ntxhais ntawm ntau ncua kev thiab tsiv mus nyob rau txawv orbits, nrog txawv speeds, energies.

Schematic nruab nrab elementary particle tsis tau graphically qhia. Physicists hnub no xav txog tej yam lub atom raws li ib tug hnyav nucleus nrog electrons nyob ib ncig ntawm ib tug khoom huab. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los mus txiav txim qhov chaw ntawm lub electron, raws li muaj yog tsis muaj khoom uas tsimnyog siv, tab sis kuj vim lub fact tias lawv muaj ob yoj zog.

Vim quantum mechanics, nws twb muaj pov thawj hais tias txhua tus hluav taws xob tsis elementary hais yuav ua tau mus ob peb pab pawg ntawm cov electrons uas tsim hluav taws xob kheej kheej plhaub, lub siab tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus uas yog xya.

Tig mus rau ib tug tob theem, lub electron emits ib photon - photon. Txhua electron, cov lwm yam, puv nws axis. Cov cuab yeej tau raug hu ua "kiv." Nws yog ntseeg hais tias no tus nqi yog tsis tu ncua, nws yuav tsis nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev hloov.

ib tug sau ntawm atoms

Yuav ua li cas yog electrically nruab nrab particle kawm nrog kev pab los ntawm lub spectrum. Lub atom emits los yog absorbs teeb kab. Qhov no yog tau vim tias lub zog uas yuav siv sij hawm discrete qhov tseem ceeb coj atomic lub xeev thiab hloov nyob rau hauv quantum zaus.

Ib tug plurality ntawm atoms muaj ib zaug xwb xwb ua tshuaj lub caij. Niaj hnub no nws yog lub npe hu ntawm 107, thiab 19 tau Ameslikas tau los ntawm dag txhais tau tias, thiab xwb ces qhib nyob rau hauv lub ntuj.

Cores muaj ib tug hnyav hnyav, yog tsis ruaj tsis khov, thiab yog li ntawd americium nram qab no tshuaj ntsiab tau xwb nyob rau hauv nuclear kev tig cev.

Thaum ib tug particle yog electrically nruab nrab tshuaj caij kev cob cog rua rau lwm yam (tus xov tooj ntawm atoms nyob rau tib lub sij hawm yuav tag nrho mus txog rau ob txhiab), nws cov ntaub ntawv ib tug qauv uas yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws particle tshuaj nrog tag nrho nws cov tshuaj zog. Tab sis hais tias yog ib lub npe rau ib tsab xov xwm.