Tseeb thiab lies nyob rau hauv tus yeebyam "Lub Lower Depths" Gorky

Gorky twb yeej ib txwm attracted rau txoj kev sib sau thiab tawm tsam ntawm opposites (tsis muaj zem nws yog ib tug Marxist): lub neej thiab tus cwj pwm, wealth thiab cov neeg txom nyem, zoo thiab phem, qhov tseeb thiab falsehood. Nyob rau hauv tus yeebyam "Lub Lower Depths" sau tswj feem ntau kom meej meej qhia cov unbearable heaviness ntawm qhov tseeb thiab txuag hwj chim ntawm ib tug dag rau cov uas qaug zog, tawg txiv neej. Muaj ntau teeb meem Lavxias teb sab hauj lwm twb luam tawm tsis nyob hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws. Kuv tsis muaj kev zam, thiab cov ua yeeb yam "The Lower Depths". Gorky sau nws nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm 1901 - pib ntawm 1902. Original title: "Tom qab ntawm lub neej", "Sunless", "Doss tsev", "hauv qab".

Cov kev ua si tsuas pub thaum lub Moscow Art ua yeeb yam, qhov chaw uas nws thawj staged 18 Hlis ntuj nqeg 1902 tus directors ntawm cov Stanislavsky thiab Nemirovich-Danchenko twb nqa tawm. Nyob rau hauv 1904 nws tau txais qhov puav pheej Griboyedov.

ntiaj teb no slums

Thawj nyob rau hauv lub scene neeg "hauv qab" - tub sab, prostitutes, gamblers thiab drunkards, uas tus sau tau sau nyob rau hauv ib tug nightmarish flophouse.

Sad teeb meem thim mus rau nws heroes Maxim Gorky - rau hauv qab ntawm cov haiv neeg yuav tsum tau ntshai, "hauv lub qab daus, zoo li ib lub qhov tsua," ib tug tsis tshua muaj qab nthab ntawm hnyav, "unpainted thiab qias neeg" rooj tog. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, muaj reigns debauchery, haus, kev twv txiaj, sib ntaus sib tua, kev txom bickering, neeg txom nyem thiab indifference. Tus sau tsis spare dub xim - lub heroes ntawm tej hauj lwm yog raws li zoo raws li lawv qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev.

Lub inhabitants ntawm lub "hauv qab"

Lub rooming tsev nyob ib tug hluas tub sab Tshauv niam ntiav Nastia, ib tug puas nobleman (Baron), uas nyob rau Nastya tus them, locksmith txiaj xu thiab nws tuag tus poj niam, actor-alcoholic, card tricksters Satin, kartuznik Bubnov thiab lwm leej lwm tus kom phim lub twb lub npe. Nws muaj no qhoc chaw nkaum ntawm siab hlob thiab qias neeg nyob rau hauv nws ostentatious piety Kostylev ua tsaug ntseeg tias "lub siab zoo ntawm lub plawv yuav tsis tau equated nrog cov nyiaj." Yog li ntawd nws kua muag li cov neeg pluag los ntawm lawv cov qhua peb tawv, uas yog ib yam dab tsi mus yuav roj nyob rau hauv cov roj teeb. Peb yuav hais tias nyob rau hauv no ua yeeb yam Gorky tsim ib tug style "noir" - Txawm li cas los, muaj ntau yam Lavxias teb sab ua yeeb yam kev txhaum exaggerated hopelessness.

Thaum xub thawj, cov kev ua si cim endlessly squabble rau txhua hnub txog tej yam - lub Baron tsis xav cheb lub tsev, ces zuam snarls nyob rau hauv cov lus teb rau accusations ntawm indifference rau nws mob tus poj niam, lub peddler kneading tham txog lub feasibility ntawm kev sib yuav. Thaum muaj ib tug taug qub rooming tsev Lukas tham nws regulars mam li nco dheev tau ib tug philosophical tig. Qhov no yog qhov twg nws yeej thiab sib ntaus sib tua rau qhov tseeb thiab falsehood nyob rau hauv tus yeebyam "Lub Lower Depths".

Qhov cim tseg ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm

Lub newcomer stands ntawm mus tas li cov neeg nyob "kostylevskih chorus" hais tias nws tseem nyob ib lub tsev rau cov tib neeg. Ib txhia critics cam hais tias Lukas - ib tug tsis zoo tus cwj pwm, thiab txawm nws lub npe derives los ntawm "lub siab phem ib". Tab sis thaj no tsis yog cov ntaub ntawm lub lem ntawm lub puas tawm thiab thib nees nkaum centuries. Gorky yog ib tug follower ntawm Vajtswv-tsev kev tshawb xav, uas sim rau reconcile Marxism thiab cov ntseeg Vajtswv, raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug kev zoo sib thooj ntawm philosophies.

Tseeb thiab lies nyob rau hauv tus yeebyam "Lub Lower Depths" yog lub feem ntau intricately intertwined nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm Lukas, uas yog theej ib tug tug cim. Nws lub tswv yim kev lom zem ntau Christian: nws yog tiag tiag ua rau lub siab lub grieving (thiab tejzaum nws, nyob rau hauv no iab thiab pom lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntseeg). Cov txiv neej laus laus tu ib tug tuag Anna, sympathetically mloog ib zajlus hlub zaj dabneeg phem niam ntiav, qhia cov dej actor nyob rau hauv lub tsev kho mob, uas yog yuav tsum tau kho ntawm, sim kom koj yaum tau cov tub sab Vaska mus rau Siberia, thiab pib ib tug tshiab kev ncaj ncees lub neej.

Lukas ntseeg hais tias tsis muaj kev cia siab rau txim rau txoj kev tuag, thiab qhia ib zaj lus piv txwv txog ib tug txiv neej, ib tug lub neej npau suav mus rau "lub teb chaws ntawm kev ncaj ncees." Thaum kev kawm uas nws tsis muaj, nws dai li (cia li xaus nrog ib tug tsis ntawm txoj kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub zoo ntawm ib tug dej actor, dab tsi, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, cov kev ua si Gorky thiab xaus).

Yog li ntawd tag nrho cov tib: muaj tseeb los yog cuav? Respect los yog hlub?

Nws tsis yog lub npe hu hais tias tus neeg sau qhia txog vam thiab cia siab nrog illusion txhob txwm tshaj tawm, yog li tig nws mus rau hauv ib cov lus dag, tab sis nws yog nyob rau lub sij hawm no ib hom ntawm polemics nrog Luca yuav siv sij hawm Satin. Nws yog ib tug me nyuam tub kuv nyeem ib tug ntau, thiab ces tua ib tug txiv neej los tiv thaiv nws tus muam nyob rau hauv tsev rau txim addicted rau phaib thiab pib mus ua ib tug nyob kws txuj ci dag. Satin ironic, ntse tsim. Nws outlook dog dig coincides nrog cov views ntawm Lukas: Ob leeg ntseeg tau hais tias qhov chaw ntawm lub ntug - ib tug txiv neej thiab nws free xaiv. Tab sis, yog hais tias Lukas hu ua "lub sij hawm ntawm tib neeg pity," ib yam dab tsi rau ib tug ib tug hlub tsis tsim nyog: "Peb yuav tsum hwm tib neeg ... kom tsis txhob poob ntsej muag rau nws ... pity."

Thaum roommates liam tus txiv neej laus ntawm lub falsity, lub gambler-kev txawj ntse passionately defends nws: "Muaj ntau ntau cov neeg uas pw tawm ntawm pity rau cov neeg nyob ze ... Muaj nplij nws lub siab dag, dag soj." Nws tus kheej, txawm li cas los, hais tias nws unambiguous phem, tab sis pom tau tias qhov inevitability ntawm ib co: "Leej twg yog tsis muaj zog ntsuj plig ... thiab lwm cov neeg uas nyob kua ... lub dag yog tsim nyog."

Literary critic thiab sau phau ntawv lub hom phiaj

Tseeb thiab lies nyob rau hauv tus yeebyam "Lub Lower Depths" nyob rau hauv kev tawm tsam tsis tsuas yog ntawm lub tswv yim heroes. Lub ntsiab contradiction yog, raws li ib txwm, nruab nrab ntawm lo lus thiab puav pheej, lub tswv yim thiab cov kev muaj tiag. Satin ntau ntawm tham txog qhov tseeb hais tias cov neeg "suab zoo" - nws, txawm li cas los, tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li ib daim ntawv sharpie, despising lub chaw ua hauj lwm: "ua hauj lwm? Vim li cas? Yuav tsum tau ua satiated? ". Tsis yog, ntawm hoob no koj yuav tsum tau "ntau dua satiety." Ua hauj lwm, yog li ntawd, yog reprehensible, thiab tsis ncaj ntawm daim ntawv teev lus - tsis muaj.

Nws yog zoo uas peb muaj tam sim no pub dawb los ntawm lub socialist ideology, uas tau ua ib tug neeg raug txhom ntawm Maxim Gorky. "Nyob rau hauv lub qab" - ib tug ua yeeb yam interesting thiab sib sib zog nqus, nws yog tsis zoo li nws yuav tsum tsuas yog noj raws li ib tug thuam ntawm capitalist zej zog. Nws yog tau hais tias tus neeg sau sim kom paub qhov txawv tsis tsuas yog ntawm yeej muaj tseeb thiab cuav, tab sis kuj yog ib tug txiv neej uas suab zoo, thiab cov neeg nyob rau hauv uas nws qub greatness los ntawm tsis muaj dab tsi nyob.

Saib mus rau hauv lub abyss

Ib tug ntawm cov cim nyob rau hauv cov kev ua si yog kom meej meej heev txog yog vim li cas rau nws nyob "rau hauv qab": "Raws li kuv pib sau - tag nrho prop, ib daim tawv nqaij tseem ... Thiab tsis tau - kuv tub nkeeg. Mob siab rau raws li kuv tsis nyiam mus ua hauj lwm. "

Nyob rau hauv lub xeem ua Nastya formulates no kab thaum kawg: "... koj yuav tsum cheb kom deb li rubbish ... qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub qhov taub." Qhov no suab zoo li ib tug es tsis kaj siab lub tswv yim tias "superfluous cov txiv neej" yuav raug puas tsuaj, thiab tsis nplij siab zoo dag, tab sis yog txhua tus tib neeg lub neej - tsis nyob rau hauv vain. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, txoj kev tuag ntawm cov actor, thaum kawg pom tau hais kom txhob nws lub neej, yog heev leb.