Triticale - yog dab tsi? Classification thiab pab tau zog

Hom thiab ntau yam ntawm grain nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tso tawm kom pom ib tug lossis loj npaum li cas. Qe ua hauj lwm nrog cov nqi cov qoob loo yog tu ncua. Ntawm tag nrho cov ntau ntau yam tau txais tshwj xeeb xim nyuam qhuav tsim nyog triticale. Yuav ua li cas nws yog li cas thiab nws yog siv cov qoob loo, tag nrho cov tham nyob rau hauv kom meej nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

Ib me ntsis ntawm kev tshawb xav

Thim nplej thiab rye hybrid uas combines qhov zoo ntawm ob leeg ntawm cov qoob loo, biologists tau sim txij li thaum lub 19th caug xyoo. Txawm li cas los, hmoov tsis, ua rau nws rau ib ntev lub sij hawm yam tsis zoo. Yog vim li cas yog heev yooj yim. Qhov tseeb yog tias ntawm lub chromosomes mog thiab rye yog tsis tuaj kiag li kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic relatedness.

Tus thawj hybrid ntawm ob hom ntawm grain twb ua los ntawm cov pa hla heev ib tug ntev lub sij hawm - nyob rau hauv 1875, Txawm li cas los, muab kab lis kev cai yog menyuam tsis taus. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob tiam neeg txog qhov uas ua hybrid yog tsuas cleaved rau niam txiv hom. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nws yog tsis tau loj hlob.

koob hmoov zaum

Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm noob caj noob ces thiab yug me nyuam biologists tswj kom paub tseeb seb yog dab tsi coj rye thiab hom qoob mog fertile hybrids ua tau tsuas yog los ntawm ob npaug chromosomes nyob rau hauv thawj tiam. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm kev npaj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev qhov no zoo ntawm cereal, oddly txaus, twb muaj. Nws twb bred los ntawm ib tug German tus paub txog V. Rimpau nyob rau hauv 1888. Lub doubling ntawm lub chromosomes nyob rau hauv lub hybrid tau txais los ntawm nws tshwm sim nthawv.

Qhov no yog thawj kab ntawm ib tug tshiab kab lis kev cai nrog nws tus yam ntxwv nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej zus nyob rau hauv tej liaj teb ntau tshaj li ib puas xyoo. Nyob rau hauv hauv paus ntsiab lus, nws yog nws hais tias yog cov lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm triticale - yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog ib qho txawv txawv lub npe rau ib yam tshiab ntawm kev cereal twb tsis tau xaiv los ntawm lub caij nyoog. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv thawj ib feem ntawm Latin cov npe ntawm cov nplej (Triti) thiab ib tug thib ob yog ib feem - rye (cale).

kev faib

Tam sim no, cov kev xaiv ua hauj lwm nrog triticale (ib tug yees duab ntawm no kab lis kev cai muaj peev xwm yuav pom nyob rau sab) yog ua nyob rau hauv ob lub ntsiab lus qhia. Biologists yog kev txhim kho:

• pub qib;
• cereals.

Tus thawj ntawm ntau yam triticale zus earing lub sij hawm thiab ces mowed ntsuab pub thiab silage. Ib tug txawv feature ntawm cov ntau ntau yam yog siab.

Ntxuav grain triticale hom nqa tawm nyob rau hauv cov mis nyuj-ciab siav lawm. Cov uas ua sau yog xa mus rau ib tug ntau dua raws li nyob rau hauv lub tuam txhab uas muag muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov feed rau ua liaj ua teb cov tsiaj.

Scope

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tus tsiaj husbandry tsis yog cheeb tsam ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag, uas yog siv triticale. Yuav ua li cas yog nws peb pom. Qhov no yog ib fundamentally yam tshiab ntawm kev grain, uas ua ntawv thov, ntawm chav kawm, nws yog ua tau rau zus tau tej cov hmoov. Yog li ntawd, lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub kev khwv nyiaj txiag, uas yog dav siv triticale, yog cov zaub mov kev lag luam.

Heev feem ntau qhov no kab lis kev cai hmoov yog siv, piv txwv li, raws li ib tug additive rau ci ncuav mog. Nws siv yuav ua rau kom qhov feem pua ntawm cov protein cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv qhov kawg khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd, triticale hmoov, yus muaj los ntawm tej khoom, yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv lub confectionery kev lag luam. Vim lub fact tias nws yog ib yam uas zoo heev zoo gluten, ua los ntawm nws yog heev zoo muffins, ncuav thiab pies.

Dhau li ntawm tus tiav lawm cov khoom zoo heev tsw thiab ib tug siab cov ntsiab lus ntawm yooj yim digestible cov nqaijrog, triticale hmoov thiab muaj lwm yam tseem ceeb zoo dua. Mov ci, ncuav, pastries thiab thiaj li nyob. E., Ci rau nws siv rau ib ntev lub sij hawm tsis tawv.

Heev lug siv grain ntawm lub kab lis kev cai thiab nyob rau hauv lub brewing kev lag luam. Malt npaj therefrom muaj ib tug high enzymatic. Tritikalevoe wort li txawv dog dig ib tsos tsaus tsawv xim tshaj barley, thiab npias tau therefrom tsawg zog.

Nta ntawm sau qoob

Dua li ntawm qhov loj loj tus naj npawb ntawm pab zog, muaj Vocabulary ntawm "nplej" triticale tau txais nyuam qhuav xwb. Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm no zoo ntawm daim teb ntawm grain tau cog xwb nyob rau hauv xyoo 1970 nyob rau hauv Canada, Teb Chaws Asmeskas thiab Hungary. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, triticale pib loj hlob nyob rau hauv 1976 (nyob rau hauv Ukraine).

Tu siab, cov txheej txheem ntawm plaug no qoob loo nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb ntau lawm tseem yog qeeb heev. Yog vim li cas cov kws txawj saib tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ib co teeb meem ntawm cov sau qoob rau ntawm no qoob loo. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj tseeb ntawm nog triticale ntau ntau yam.

Nyob rau silage no zoo txiav nyob rau theem ntawm earing - uas yog, thaum nws yog tseem heev tsis tshua muaj. Thaum cov mis nyuj-ciab kom loj hlob ntawm kab lis kev cai tau ib tug heev kav, thiab yog li Lodge. Thiab yog li ntawd sau lub noob ntawm triticale yog nyuaj heev rau cov tswv teb. Agricultural neeg ua hauj lwm yuav tsum tau txais iskhitryatsya thiab cog khoom, siv ib tug tshwj xeeb, technically heev nyuab txoj kev.

Cereal ntau ntau yam ntawm no kab lis kev cai raws li ib tug tshwj xeeb paub tsis tau txais. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov teeb meem yog feem ntau rau conservatism thiab ib tug tej yam feem ntawm illiteracy Lavxias teb sab teb. Farmers tsuas tsis xav tias muaj lub siab xav kom loj hlob triticale. Yuav ua li cas nws yog lawv, ntawm chav kawm, lawv paub. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lawv lub chaw nyob nws yog tseem lug ntseeg tias tus thib ob tiam yog phua rau hauv triticale niam txiv cov ntaub ntawv. Lub fact tias qhov no qoob loo teb yog heev rye thiab hom qoob mog nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb huv daim ntawv.

Txawm li cas los, split, los yog txawm nrog niam txiv pereopylilis grain triticale tsis tau los ntawm txhais. Rye thiab hom qoob mog nyob rau hauv nws cov liaj teb loj hlob thiaj tau tuaj vim hais tias ntawm lub mixing ntawm cog cov ntaub ntawv uas thaum tu. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tiv thaiv no los ntawm tshwm sim, tsuas muab kom huv si ntxuav ua ntej cog.

zoo ntawm triticale

Tus nqi ntawm no tshiab cereal ntau ntau yam lus dag nyob rau hauv feem ntau lub fact tias nws combines qhov zoo tshaj plaws zoo ntawm cov qoob loo xws li cov nplej thiab rye. Triticale los ntawm cov thawj cov niam txiv daim ntawv "coj" txawv grain yam ntxwv, thiab nyob rau lub thib ob - lub caij ntuj no hardiness thiab simplicity ntawm txij nkawm. Nyob rau qhov no qoob loo loo, ua tsaug rau ntau-flowered (xws li nplej) thiab tillering (raws li nyob rau hauv rye), yog superior rau tag nrho ob niam txiv cov ntaub ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib tug kom zoo dua triticale muaj xws li:

• ib tug zoo-tsim paus system;
• muaj peev xwm rau nws tus kheej-pollination.

Nws muaj no kab lis kev cai thiab lwm nthuav feature. Nws muaj peev xwm yuav zus nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam uas muaj ib tug ncaj high degree ntawm kab mob sib kis. Yog vim li cas tsis yog yooj yim. Qhov tseeb hais tias triticale tsis yog yuav siv sij hawm los ntawm cov av radionuclides.

pab zog

Yuav kom loj hlob no qoob loo nyob rau hauv lub pub thiab zaub mov kev lag luam nws yog advisable mus thawj ntawm tag nrho vim hais ntawm nws cov high protein cov ntsiab lus. Los ntawm qhov ntsuas no triticale grain nplej ntau tshaj 9.5%, thiab barley, thiab pob kws - 40%. Ntawm lwm yam, ib tug protein ntawm no kab lis kev cai no kuj zoo heev amino acid muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Dhau li zoo protein tritikalevaya hmoov muaj pab microelements xws li poov tshuaj, phosphorus, tooj liab, manganese, lwm yam Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj xws li vitamin PP pab pawg neeg B, E. Kev noj haus thaj chaw ntawm lub hmoov ua rau nws ib tug heev haum khoom rau cov neeg laus, ncaws pob thiab tag nrho cov neeg uas siv los saib nws daim duab.

Ci no pab tau khoom yuav siv tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, tiam sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub tsev. Muaj ntau housewives pom qhov tseeb hais tias lub ncuav, muffins, ncuav thiab biscuits los ntawm cov hmoov tau tritikalevoy ntau npaum li cas lush tshaj li ib txwm nplej. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, koj muaj peev xwm cub ntawm no semi-tiav lawm cov khoom thiab qhob scones los yog qhob cij. Ib tug txawv feature ntawm cov khoom no yog ib tug qab ntxiag Sweet saj ntawm lub ib qho kuam me me. Tab sis cov kaub puab los ntawm cov mov uas tritikalevoy hmoov puv ib me ntsis ntxhib thiab tawg. Yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov ci khoom qab zib ntau ntau cov khoom siv.

Siv nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb

Pub grain triticale feem ntau npua thiab nqaij qaib. Nws tsim lub fact tias cov kev hloov ntawm 40% ntawm lawv tej pub tsub kom qhov hnyav nce, piv txwv li, npua mus 18-30%. Txij li thaum pob ntseg triticale pib heev lig, nws yog ua tau los thaiv lub "qhov rais" ntawm mowings ntawm lub caij ntuj no rye thiab perennial grasses.

Qhov zoo ntawm cov no tsi khoom noj khoom haus, cov lwm yam, xws li lub fact tias nws yog noj los ntawm ua liaj ua teb cov tsiaj zoo npaum li cas tshaj rye thiab hom qoob mog. Qhov no yog piav feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv grain thiab ntsuab loj triticale tshuaj xws li carotenoids thiab suab thaj.

Tej zaum beveled nyob rau hauv kauj ruam earing triticale thiab siv los mus pub nyuj. Nws tso cai rau kom cov mis nyuj tawm los ntawm 15-17%. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov kev muaj nuj nqis rau cov tsiaj pub yog sau los ntawm lub teb, nyob qhov twg cov qoob loo tau zus ib txhij nrog vetch los yog rape. Qhov no sau qoob txoj kev tso cai rau kom muab tau zoo balanced nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov protein ntau cov ntsiab lus, cov vitamins thiab lw ntsiab pub.

Triticale: ntau ntau yam zus nyob rau hauv Russia thiab Ukraine

Rau tag nrho lub sij hawm ntawm sau qoob ntawm no tshiab kab lis kev cai tau rho ob peb ntawm nws cov high-yielding ntau yam. Mus rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws muaj xws li:

• ADM 8 thiab 11.
• Kiev zernokormovoe.
• Kiev ntxov ntxov.
• Valentin 90.
• Tornadoes.
• Zenith Odessa.

Tsis tas li ntawd nrov heev lub caij ntuj no triticale yog nruab nrab-qib siab Papasuevskoe, nyob rau ib siab tsis kam mus chaw thiab shattering. Nrhiav lub noob ntawm nrov ntawm ntau yam triticale niaj hnub no nws yog ib qho yooj yim los ntawm hauv Internet. Lawv sawv ntsug txog 16-18 p. ib kilogram.