Thawj lub dav hlau tsheb ciav hlau nyob rau hauv lub USSR: lub keeb kwm, yam ntxwv, cov duab

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov '70s ua ntej lub All-Union Scientific Research lub koom haum ntawm railcar (VNIIV) thiab Yakovlev tsim Bureau neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm kev tsim ib domestic hluav taws xob u twb xa, muaj peev xwm ntawm speeds ntawm 200 km / h. Txawm li cas los, ua ntej cov tswv yim nrog rau cov siv ntawm xws li ib tug nquag project thaum lub sij hawm, yuav tsum kom huv si kawm tag nrho cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus sis ntawm wagon log thiab ntsia thaum lub sij hawm kev lag luam tas xws li high speeds.

Lub sim tsheb-foob pob ua ntxaij

Yuav kom qhov xyaum ua tej thiab lub dav hlau tsheb ciav hlau twb tsim, yuav tsum tau ntau leej, lub tsheb-kuaj uas tau tsav nws fortified lub aircraft engine. Xws li ib tug tsim tsis tsuas pub kom ua tau yuav tsum tau ceev, tab sis yuav raug txo distortions qhia los ntawm tus tsav lub log, thaum rotating pushes deb ntawm lub ntsia.

Lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim ib lub tsheb ciav hlau nrog ib tug dav hlau engine tsis yog tus thawj, txij thaum lub 60s ib tug zoo xws li cov xyaum ua tej yam twb tau soj xyuas nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States thiab dav qhia nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no xovxwm. Cov kev ntawm American lug txhawb cov miv twb siv los ntawm Soviet designers ua raws li tag nrho cov los ua ke ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub khw ntawm cov Kalinin (tam sim no Tver) Carriage Works. Qhov no yog qhov chaw uas tus thawj dav hlau tsheb ciav hlau USSR yog tsim los pab.

Tsheb ciav hlau dav hlau

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias cov creation ntawm Ameslikas los tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb tshem ciav hlau uas muaj raws li tag nrho cov uas yuav tsum tau ntawm cov uas yuav tsum tau yuav tsum tau ntawm lub tsheb-laboratory. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm pib, nws twb txiav txim siab mus rau ib qho yooj yim txoj kev rau qhov no kawg, siv ib txwm electric tsheb lub taub hau ER 22 manufactured los ntawm Riga Carriage Works. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua lub commuter lub tsheb ciav hlau txoj kev dav hlau tsheb ciav hlau, xav kom nws nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm ib co kev hloov, tab sis nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub nws yog ntau npaum li cas pheej yig dua thiab sai dua txoj kev kom ib tug tshiab qauv.

Noj qhov kev paub ntawm American tshwj xeeb, designers VNIIV thiab Yakovlev tsim Bureau pom nws pab tau mus ntxiv dag zog tshaj lub tsheb tav xis, ob dav hlau tshuab. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, raws li nyob rau hauv lub qhov teeb meem ntawm ib tug tshem ciav hlau nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lawv ntsib ib tug teeb meem seb ─ tsim ib yam dab tsi tshiab los yog siv ib tug npaj txhij-ua xyaw siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub aviation? Tom qab lengthy kev sib tham twb nyiam mus rau lub thib ob embodiment.

Tshiab lub neej decommissioned xyaw

Ntawm tag nrho cov kuaj muaj rau lub creators ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau-powered, raug xaiv los ntawm ob decommissioned engine neeg caij dav hlau yak-40 (nws yees duab yog nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm), tsim los pab rau lub zos airlines. Thaum sab sab lawv lub davhlau kev pab, ob leeg xyaw yog nyob rau hauv zoo heev mob thiab nws kuj tseem pab rau hauv av. Lawv siv yog cov uas tsis muaj thiab tsim nyog tov.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug muaj kev vam meej xyaum ua tej yam nrog rau lawv cov installation rau ib lub dav hlau tsheb ciav hlau, nws yuav tsum daws ib tug ntau yam tseem ceeb heev rau lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag teeb meem txuam nrog rau txuas ntxiv siv cov sau-off lub dav hlau xyaw yog tsis haum rau aircraft, tab sis nws yog heev haum rau hauv av lub lag luam. Raws li hais nyob rau hauv cov xyoo L. I. Brezhnev: "Cov kev khwv nyiaj txiag yuav tsum yog yig."

Tej yam yooj yim thiab tsim nyog tov

Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem, lub tsheb ciav hlau creators dav hlau yuav tsum tau daws tau ib qho tseem ceeb heev teeb meem ─ yuav ua li cas muab lub taub hau-carriage tsheb ciav hlau aerodynamic zog yuav tsum tau rau high-ceev nrog kev pab los ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas. Qhov teeb meem yog nyob rau hauv nws lub cev, tsis tsim kom kov yeej lub zog sibtshuam airflow. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug yooj yim thiab npaum tshuaj nyob.

Tsis hloov rau tus txheej txheem tsheb tsim, lub creators ntawm peb tes num siv tshwj xeeb los, yuav tsum vov lub taub hau, tus Tsov tus tw thiab undercarriage ib feem ntawm nws. Lawv loj thiab zoo tau xam nyob rau hauv lub MSU raws li nyob rau hauv laboratory cov ntaub ntawv tau raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm thwmsim, nyob rau hauv uas qhia tshwj xeeb uas tau tshuab rau tus qauv tsheb nyob rau hauv ib tug cua qhov.

Ntse lub qhov ntswg, thiab tshav kub-resistant ru tsev

Tom qab engineers kuaj li 15 kev sim qauv, lawv kuj muaj peev xwm mus nrhiav tau cov pom daim ntawv nyob rau hauv uas lub dav hlau taub hau tsheb ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau los ua ntau streamlined. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws taw lub qhov ntswg yog tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li ib lub phaj mounted nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ib feem thiab yuav tsim tau lub tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv uas lub machinists ntsia rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm lub ob lub khob ─ lub Fairing thiab cab.

Ib qho tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm twb ntsuas kom tsis txhob overheating ntawm lub-ru tsev raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kis tau tus kub gases ntws nws, escaping los ntawm lub dav hlau xyaw. Rau lub hom phiaj no, nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub tsheb lawv tam tshav kub-resistant steel los xij, uas yog muab tso rau hauv lub insulating txheej.

Tsim ntawm lub tsheb txhim kho

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, Soviet dav hlau tsheb ciav hlau, los yog es, lub sim lub tsheb yog cov khoom ua si nrog tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov khoom, ua rau nws tau tsis tsuas yuav ua rau cov tsim nyog ntsuam thaum lub sij hawm xyaum ua tej yam, tab sis kuj yuav xyuas kom meej muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm nws txav nyob rau hauv xws siab speeds. Nws yuav tsis yog ua tau ib tug exaggeration hais tias tsis muaj qhov tsim nyog txhim kho tsis tshuav tsis muaj leej twg ntawm lub Cheebtsam ntawm lub tsheb, vim hais tias cov huab tej yam kev mob ua tshwj xeeb xav tau rau tag nrho cov tshuab, nrog rau feem ntau cov chassis thiab brakes.

Tag nrho infrastructure ntawm tus ceev tshaj ─ dav hlau - lub tsheb ciav hlau twb tau hloov vim muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kev vim li cas. Suffice nws hais tias yog nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob lub cev muaj zog lub ntsiab lub log, ua rau lawv saws thiab, lub tsev nyob rau kev tsheb ciav hlau lem, txav mus, ces tus siv ntawm lub dav hlau thrust, yuav tsav thiab ntsia plays lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib daim ntawv qhia hais tuav lub tsheb nyob rau hauv ib predetermined txoj kev.

Nres thiab sab oscillation teeb meem

Muab hais tias, raws li cov lus teb ntawm designers, lawv cov offspring tau mus cuag ib tug ceev ntawm 360 km / h, nws tsim nyog tshwj xeeb xim nres system uas muaj peev xwm siv ceev xwmphem ib tug khiav tawm hauv tsev tsheb ciav hlau, yog tias tsim nyog. Vim li no, tshiab kiag li cov qauv ntawm cov disk thiab sib nqus rail brakes tau raug tsim.

Raws li rau lub sab oscillations ntawm lub carriage uas inevitably tshwm sim thaum uas tsav tsheb nyob rau hauv railway, lawv vam mus tua vim hais tias ntawm cov roj dav hlau emanating los ntawm lub dav hlau engine. Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, cov suav tau kiag li tsis txhaum.

Qhov ntev-awaited debut

Thaum kawg, tag nrho cov kev npaj ua hauj lwm tiav lawm, thiab nyob rau hauv Tej zaum 1971 nyob rau hauv suburban railway seem Golutvin ─ Ozery thawj Soviet lub tsheb ciav hlau nrog dav hlau xyaw dhau qhov kev xeem. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, nws muaj ib tug ntev ntawm 28 m thiab 59,4 m tus kheej yuag. Yuav kom qhov no yuav tsum tau ntxiv tus luj ntawm 4 tons ─ ob dav hlau tshuab, thiab 7.2 m ─ aviation kerosene, tau txais kev pab rau lawv cov roj.

Thaum lub sij hawm ua ntej mus xyuas nws twb tsau ceev ntawm 180 km / h ─ siab txaus rau lub sij hawm, tab sis nws yog nyob deb ntawm cov xam 360 km / h. Yog vim li cas rau tej neeg txom nyem tau yog tsis muaj kev shortcomings, thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm nkhaus seem ntawm khiav uas, rau cuab yog vim li cas, nws yog tsim nyog los pib dua lub ceev.

Cuaj kaum, cov tsos ntawm cov thawj domestic dav hlau tsheb ciav hlau, nws tau sau nyob rau hauv xovxwm raws li ib tug tseem ceeb tshwm sim. Cov nram qab no tsab xov xwm pib ua tus hau ntawm lub nrov magazine "Technology ntawm cov hluas", uas mob siab rau nws zoo siab tsab xov xwm.

ntxiv kev ntsuam xyuas

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tshem tawm tej zaum obstacles, cov nram qab kev ntsuam xyuas nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm 1971─1975 xyoo., Nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug ncaj seem ntawm khiav lub cev Dnieper railway ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb thiab Novomoskovsk Dneprodzerzhinsk. Nws yog muaj nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj 1972 turbojet tsheb ciav hlau los ntawm lub Soviet Union rau lub ntiaj teb no cov ntaub ntawv rau kev ceev rau lub railway khiav 1520 hli, amounting mus 250 km / h. Niaj hnub no, cov no yog cov tsis muaj dab tsi tshiab, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov xyoo zoo xws li cov tshwm sim yog ib tug zoo kawg li kawm tau ntawv zoo.

Xws li ib tug zoo tshwm sim muab rau peb cia siab hais tias nyob rau hauv lub tuaj xyoo, lub teb chaws yuav pib loj zus tau tej cov high-ceev tsheb nqaj hlau u, powered los ntawm lub dav hlau thrust. Engineers muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm cov thawj ntse dhau qhov kev xeem ntawm tus qauv, twb npaj txhij yuav pib txoj kev loj hlob ntawm high-ceev trohvagonnogo muaj pes tsawg leeg. Txawm li cas los, lawv cov kev npau suav thiab twb destined los ua ib tug kev muaj tiag.

Kev, unsuitable rau high-ceev tsheb nqaj hlau

Yog vim li cas yog vim li cas lub turbojet xyaw nrog thrust yog tsis muaj nyob rau hauv cov huab hwm coj zus tau tej cov ib ob peb. Ntawm lawv, cov tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm ua si los ntawm inertia thiab sluggishness ntawm lub Soviet economic systems. Tab sis sib nrug los ntawm hais tias, muaj tseem ceeb heev lub hom phiaj yam tau tiv thaiv no innovation.

Lub ntsiab lub chaw khuam siab nyob Soviet railways lub tsev nyob rau hauv raws li cov kev uas yuav tsum tau ntau xyoo dhau los. Lub radii ntawm curvature ntawm lawv twb npaj los ntawm designers heev dua lwm yam nyob rau hauv raws li cov topographical tej yam kev mob thiab struts rau feem ntau ib feem raws li lawv kis tau yuav tsum tau ceev yuav txo tau 80 km / h los yog tsawg dua. Yuav kom muab tso rau hauv lub lag luam high-ceev tsheb nqaj hlau yuav tau tsim txoj kev tshiab uas yuav tsum tau tseem ceeb kev nqis peev uas, los yog mus rau mitigate curvature rau cov laus, muaj leej twg paub hais tias inefficient. Tsis muaj leej twg cov kev xaiv twb paub li pheej nyob rau hauv lub USSR.

Reactive tsheb ciav hlau attendant teeb meem

Ntse dhau qhov kev ntsuam xyuas muab teev rau hauv lub meantime ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov teeb meem muaj feem xyuam rau kev tsheb nqaj hlau infrastructure. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no peb yuav tham txog qhib lub chaw nres tsheb platforms uas yog nruab nrog tag nrho cov teb chaws tsis muaj kev zam noj. Tsheb ciav hlau khiav dhau lawv nyob rau hauv ib tug ceev ntawm 250 km / h, yuav tau ua kom ib tug huab cua yoj uas yuav cheb nyob rau hauv lub blink ntawm ib lub qhov muag tag nrho cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub platform. Raws li, los xyuas kom meej txaus kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lawv coob leej ntau tus yuav tsum tau Modernization, uas yuav tau yuav tsum tau loj loj cov nyiaj.

Ntawm cov teeb meem yog xws li ib tug keeg puab me me tshaj plaws, zoo li gravel uas npog tag nrho railways nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Tsheb ciav hlau nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau-powered tsav tsheb yav tas los noj thiab kev tsheb ciav hlau hla, nyob ib ncig ntawm lub aerodynamic ndlwg ntawm huab cua inevitably tsa nyob rau hauv ib tug lossis loj npaum li cas ntawm tej ntaub ntawv uas, xa nws mus ua zoo hais zoo sib thooj shrapnel. Ib xaus ─ rau kev siv ntawm tej tebchaw yuav yuav tsum tau concreted tag nrho railway kab.

Tsis txhob lub xyaum ua tej yam

Kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias nyob rau hauv lub 70 xyoo feem ntau ntawm railways tso cai rau Soviet Union los tsim rau lawv tshaj plaws ceev ntawm 140 km / h. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tej cheeb tsam nws yuav muab ntau zog rau 200 km / h tsis ua teeb meem. Yog li, ntxiv ua speeds ntawm dov Tshuag tau raug lees paub tias nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm pab tsis tau yus vim hais tias inevitably yuav tsum tau loj loj kev nqis peev.

Raws li rau cov kev ceev ntawm lub tsheb-kuaj, ces qhov kawg ntawm lub thwmsim nyob rau hauv 1975 nws tau xa mus rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Kalinin Hoobkas. Raws li cov kev tshwm sim tau nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nqa tawm, tau ua kom cov qhov yam ntxwv hloov nyob rau hauv lub tshiab Hoobkas uas xws li cov RT 200 tshem ciav hlau thiab tsheb ciav hlau ER 200.

Qhov tu siab laus

Yuav kom ua tiav nws lub hom phiaj, thiab tsis muaj ib tug ces xav, lub tsheb-dav hlau rau kaum xyoo yog nyob rau hauv ntau yam Hoobkas sidings, rusting, thiab raug looting. Thaum kawg, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-80s enterprising cov me nyuam los ntawm ib lub zos YCL Committee tuaj nrog rau lub tswv yim los mus ua kom nws ib tug fashionable nyob rau hauv cov xyoo, video chav tsev, siv rau lub hom phiaj no ib lub cev uas ntsia txawv heev mounted nrog ib tug lub cev muaj zog.

Nws hais tias ─ ua li cas. Uas tsheb twb dragged los ntawm cov sump rau lub Hoobkas pem teb, thiab kho nyob rau hauv raws li nws tes haujlwm tshiab. Tag nrho cov qub txuj lom ncaws tawm ntawm nws, thiab nyob rau hauv liberated chaw tsim nrig txog kev pom cov khoom thiab rooj rau neeg saib. Nyob rau hauv lub yav tas los cab thiab nyob ib sab vestibule txheej txheem bar. Nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm tag nrho cov tshem tawm cov txheej xeb thiab pleev xim rau nws dav hlau video chav tsev nyob rau hauv xiav thiab dawb tones.

Nws yuav zoo li, nyob ntawm no thiab nws pib ua lub neej tshiab, tab sis nyob rau hauv coj mus muag ntsiab lus uas Komsomol crept tsis muaj hmoo teeb meem ─ ua tsis tau tejyam yuav pom zoo nrog lub zos gangsters rau ib tug siv tau npaum li cas pullback los ntawm cov nyiaj. Thiab nws rov qab mus rau nws lub tsheb txom nyem ib tug tuag thaum xaus, qhov uas nws siv li 20 xyoo, nws thiaj li ua ib tug tso rau ntawm tej log.

Kuv nco ntsoov txog nws xwb nyob rau hauv 2008, thaum npaj mus nquam paj nquam nruas 110th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Nws streamlined thiab tsim ib zaug rau tag nrho cov kev cai ntawm aerodynamics ntawm ib lub qhov ntswg txiav, ntxuav, pleev xim rau thiab siv los mus ua ib tug memorial phab ntsa, ntsia nyob ze ntawm lub Hoobkas nkag. Nws daim duab sau peb tsab xov xwm.