Tej yam yooj yim categorical syllogism, thiab cov piv txwv ntawm nws siv nyob rau hauv kev hais plaub ntug xyaum

Lub logic, raws li koj paub, yog ua los ntawm tau pom zoo, thiab cov lus xaus. Ib qho ntawm nws yooj yim lub tsev blocks - lub categorical syllogism - no xaus, ranked los ntawm txiav, uas yog, qhov xaus ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb txaus qhia ntawm ib co kev. Nws derives los ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus sib cav los yog parcels interconnected generic lub sij hawm. Txij li thaum tej nqe lus tsuas yog ob tug, cov syllogism yog hu ua yooj yim, tab sis vim lub fact tias cov parcels raug pom zoo (los yog tsis kam muab) es categorically, qhov no yooj yim daim ntawv qhia hu ua categorical. Ntawm no yog ib tug piv txwv yooj yim ntawm xws li ib inference. Tus thawj sib cav: 'Tag nrho cov txiv neej yog hauv ntiaj teb no. " Qhov thib ob sib cav: "Ivan - txiv neej." Xaus, nws yog qhov kev txiav txim, yog li ntawd, yog: "Ivan - hauv ntiaj teb no" Raws li peb tau pom, rightly los yog wrongly tag nrho cov parcels tsis yog ntawm no. Peb siv rau kev tso qhov tseeb hais tias tib neeg lub neej yog puas tau tiav, thiab Ivan yuav mus rau cov haiv neeg.

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm no unpretentious cov lus xaus, peb yuav pom tau hais tias ib tug yooj yim categorical syllogism nws muaj nws tus kheej qauv. Nyob rau hauv tej yam inference predicate (lo lus nrog ib co undefined nqi, nyob rau hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv - hauv ntiaj teb no) yog ib txwm wider tshaj cov kawm (Ivan). Yog li ntawd, lub parcels muaj lub predicate yog hu ua ib tug loj, tab sis ib tug uas muaj xws li cov kev kawm - me me. Binds cov nqe lus lub sij hawm intermediary M (nruab nrab) - nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov neeg, tus txiv neej. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov plaub ntug xyaum tsom xam ntawm cov zajlus kom txoj kev xav mus pib nrog nrhiav ib qho chaw nyob rau hauv nws thiab lub predicate ntawm cov kev kawm, raws li zoo raws li lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug Neeg Nruab Nrab ntawm lawv.

Nyob rau hauv no tsom xam, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias ib tug yooj yim categorical syllogism yuav tsum muaj ib qho axiom uas yog tsis qhia, tab sis muaj yog: txhua yam uas yog pom zoo los yog tsis pom zoo rau ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov khoom siv rau txhua yam khoom ntawm no hom. Yog li ntawd, xws li ib tug lub tswv yim yuav tsis ncaj ncees lawm: 1. Tus txiv neej ua poj koob yawm txwv. 2. Petus - txiv neej. 3. Petus - txiv. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev piv txwv, cov axiom ntawm lub syllogism yog tsis hwm vim hais tias leej txiv yog leej yog tsis txuas mus rau tag nrho cov txiv neej. Yog li ntawd, thaum tsim inferences yuav tsum ua raws li nruj me ntsis rau cov kev cai. Tsuas muaj xya: peb ntawm lawv txheeb cov nqe lus, thiab plaub - parcels.

Txoj cai ib: ib tug yooj yim categorical syllogism muaj tsuas yog peb nqe lus. Txhua plaub lub sij hawm - ib zaug. Lub qhia kom paub txog qhov sib txawv tswv yim yuav ua yuam kev. Piv txwv li: 1.Sidorov cog lus tub sab tub nyiag. 2. Sidorov - noun. 3. Cov noun tau ua ib tug tub sab tub nyiag. Ntawm no Sidorov thiab npe muaj ntau lub ntsiab. Txoj Cai ob: Lub sij hawm tso cai yuav tsum tau tam sim no nyob rau hauv qhov chaw zov. Yog hais tias qhov link ntawm lub predicate thiab cov kev kawm muaj peev xwm tsis tsum ntsia los yog nws yog meej, thiab lub syllogism tseem muaj xwm txheej: 1. Ib txhia neeg - killers. 2. Ivan yuav hu ua ib tug tej yam txiv neej. 3. Ivan - killer. Thiab thaum kawg, qhov peb txoj cai. Yog hais tias koj tsis siv lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub predicate sib cav, tab sis nws yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub xaus, nws yuav tsis ncaj ncees lawm syllogism. Piv txwv li ib qho yuam kev yuav qhia raws li nram no: 1. Nyob rau hauv lub Moscow cheeb tsam tua neeg cov ntaub ntawv. 2. St. Petersburg yog nyob rau hauv lub Moscow cheeb tsam. 3. Nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, tsis yog ib tug tua neeg cov ntaub ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev cai yuav tsum ua raws li cov kev cai ntawm qhov chaw zov. Yam tsawg kawg ib tug ntawm lawv yuav tsum tau nqa ib daim ntawv qhia, vim hais tias txhua yam uas yuav tsim kom muaj, peb yuav tsum los ntawm ib yam dab tsi repelled. Yog hais tias ib tug ntawm cov nqe lus muab tso rau pem hauv ntej - tsis kam muab, ces tus xaus yuav tsum yuav tsis zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd mus yooj yim categorical syllogism yog tau txais kom, yam tsawg kawg ib tug ntawm cov nqe lus muab tso rau pem hauv ntej yuav tsum tau ntawm ib tug general xwm ntawm lub categorical kev txiav txim. Thiab lub xeem txoj cai thaj chaw: Yog hais tias tsawg kawg yog ib tug ntawm lawv - private, ces lub xaus yuav tsum private. Piv txwv li: 1. Lub txhaum yuav raug txim (tag nrho cov txiav txim). 2. Ivanov cog lus ib txoj kev txhaum (cov ntaub ntawv). 3. Ivanov yuav tsum raug txim.