Stanyukovich Konstantin Mihaylovich: biography, creativity

Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, lub npe yog inextricably txuas nrog ib hom ntawv nyeem marinistiki. Nws tau ua yuav luag ib yam assertion tias cov Lavxias teb sab kos duab muaj ob tug unsurpassed singer ntawm hiav txwv hais, sib npaug zos nyob rau hauv txuj ci: nrag - Ivan Aivazovsky, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv - Stanyukovich. Konstantin tuaj los ntawm ib tug tsi ntawm roj ntsha seamen. Nws yuav zoo li, dab tsi ntxiv yuav nws sau ntawv, nws ntse pib nws cov hauj lwm raws li ib tug tub rog hiav txwv tub ceev xwm, thaum nws muaj ib tug yees rau kev sau ntawv ua hauj lwm? Meanwhile, nws lub ntsiab kev kawm, nws pom tsis nyob rau hauv ib zaug.

tus tub ntawm Admiral

Nws yug los nyob rau hauv 1843 nyob rau hauv lub nroog, symbolizing lub naval hwjchim ci ntsa iab ntawm Russia - nyob rau hauv Sevastopol. Leej Txiv - Admiral Mihail Nikolaevich Stanyukovich - tau txais kev pab raws li cov tub rog tswv xeev thiab lub commandant ntawm cov tub rog chaw nres nkoj ntawm Sevastopol. "Txaus ntshai, Admiral," raws li hu nws tom qab tus tub-txawj sau ntawv, xam tau tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws marine kev pab ua lag ua luam rau ib tug txiv neej, ib tug nruj tub rog thiaj - lub feem ntau yog txoj kev ntawm Workers lub neej, haum rau cov tsev neeg. Xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm ib tug ancient noble Polish-Lithuanian tsev neeg Stankovichey, nws muaj ib tug hlau yuav thiab ua cim muaj zog. Tubrog nkoj ntaub ntawv no yog ib qho ancient tsev neeg kev lig kev cai: txawm nws tus poj niam Lubov yog tus ntxhais ntawm ib tug tub rog hiav txwv tub ceev xwm.

Dynasty yuav tsum tau mus ntxiv - qhov no yog convinced Admiral Stanyukovich. Konstantin, ib tug qub thaum yau nyob thiab quick-witted tus me nyuam, los ua nyob rau hauv no hwm lub ntsiab kev cia siab ntawm nws tus txiv. Nws tau npaj kom muaj cov thawj tsim ntawm tus tub, muab rau nws raws li ib tug neeg cob thiab pab qhia yog zoo educated, tuaj los ntawm Petersburg intelligentsia Ippolit Matveyevich Debu. Nws twb exiled cov kev pab cuam raws li ib tug dog dig tub rog, tom qab pab mus. Link yog ib tug lwm txoj rau lub txim tuag nyob rau hauv rooj plaub Petrashevists (1949) - lub mas vajvoog ntawm cov tub ntxhais Socialists coj los Michael Butashevich-Petrashevsky qhov twg associate Debu rau lub mug yog F. M. Dostoevsky. Debu tsis txhawb nws kaum-xyoo tub ntxhais kawm ntawv ntawm nws radical views, tab sis instilled nyob rau hauv nws ib tug saj rau zoo cov ntaub ntawv.

Puav pheej rau cov kws muaj txuj ci ntawm Sevastopol

Nyob rau hauv 1853 pib lub Crimean ua tsov ua rog, uas tau ua ib lub cim ntawm Russia sau social teeb meem txuam nrog rau kuag tooj kuag hlau txoj kev autocracy, stifled kev cia siab tshaj khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov neeg rau kho, yuav tsum txawm tom qab lub yeej nyob rau hauv tsov rog ntawm 1812. Ces qhov no yuav ua nyob rau hauv lub revolutionary zog ntawm 1860, uas yuav tsis khiav cov kev cawv thiab Stanyukovich. Konstantin yuav sympathize nrog reformist tswv yim, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub meantime nws 11 xyoo, thiab nws nyob ua si nce Sevastopol Anglo-Fabkis pab tub rog.

Thaum lub sij hawm tiv thaiv ntawm lub nroog yog Constantine nrog nws txiv thiab nws feem ntau ua hauj lwm pab raws li lub courier muab kev kho mob cov khoom siv rau lub hnav khaub ncaws chaw nres tsheb, thiab lwm yam Nws yog lawv ob lub qhov muag saib lub heroism thiab kev txom nyem ntawm Lavxias teb sab sailors nroog me nyuam, pom lub legendary cov thawj coj ntawm tus tiv thaiv - .. Admirals Kornilov thiab Istomin. Thaum twg, tom qab qhov kev khiav tawm los ntawm lub besieged hauv paus ntawm lub Dub hiav txwv Fleet nyob rau hauv 1856, nws enlisted nyob rau hauv lub St. Petersburg Corps ntawm nplooj ntawv, nws tau txais muaj cov puav pheej "Nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm cov sab hnub tuaj ua tsov ua rog" thiab "Rau tus tiv thaiv ntawm Sevastopol." Raws li qhov kev thov ntawm nws tus txiv, uas npau suav ntawm ib tug tub rog hiav txwv ua hauj lwm, nws tus tub, nyob rau hauv 1857 los ua ib tug cadet Stanyukovich Tubrog nkoj Corps.

Qhov kawg ntawm ib tug tub ceev cov hom hauj lwm

Los ntawm thaum ntxov 1860s nws twb kis tus kab mob nrog ib tug mob siab rau rau lo lus creation. Nyob rau hauv 1859 nws luam tawm "North Paj" magazine nrog nws thawj phau ntawv - ib tug paj huam "A retired tub rog." Ib xyoo tom qab, nyob nruab nrab ntawm Konstantin thiab txiv lov cov teeb meem, uas pib lub coldness nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev sib raug zoo, uas yuav xaus tom qab ib co sij hawm ib tug ua tiav so. Tub tshaj tawm nws qhov kev txiav txim mus rau cov hloov mus rau ib tug pej xeem lub tsev kawm ntawv - University of St. Petersburg, uas sharply opposed Admiral Stanyukovich. Konstantin yuav raug yuam mus rau ib qho chaw twg nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv lub corvette "Kalevala", nyob rau hauv uas neeg coob nws yuav tsum tau qhab nia rau ntawm lub insistence ntawm nws txiv nyob rau hauv lub Autumn ntawm 1860.

Laus neeg tsav nkoj vam rau cov muaj zog dej hiav txwv cua lub taub hau ntawm nws tus tub tshem ntawm txawv khoom, thiab naval Stanyukovich dynasty yuav mus ntxiv. Tab sis Constantine txoj kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub peb-xyoo circumnavigation - cia li ib txoj kev los tau tshiab kev paub hab yaam puab paub rau nws sau ntawv ua hauj lwm. Thiab nws twb pib: nyob rau hauv lub nrov tsab ntawm "Maritime Collection" luam tawm cov khoom thiab cov nplooj ntawv los Stanyukovicha midshipman, thiab nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm spare nws tas sau nws impressions ntawm dab tsi nws pom thiab tau hnov.

Nyiaj

Nyob rau hauv 1864, lub midshipman Stanyukovich, rhuav nws txiv lub active sib xws, tso los ntawm cov rog. Pib ib lub neej tshiab tsis yog ib qho yooj yim. Nws pib active kev koom tes nrog rau ntau yam ntaub ntawv - "Lub suab", "Petersburg nplooj", "tswb", lwm yam "Hiav txwv sau" luam tawm zaj dab neeg ntawm Constantine Stanyukovicha "Cua daj" .. Tab sis tsis ntev yuav marrying Lyubovi Nikolaevne Artseulovoy, ces tus me nyuam yug ntawm nws tus thawj tus ntxhais, thiab ua ntej tus hluas txawj sau ntawv muaj ib qho teeb meem uas tsim nyog ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas pab txhawb nqa ntawm tsev neeg. Ua li no ob peb lub sij hawm nws nkag mus hauv cov kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv ntau departments.

Nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim npaj rau Stanyukovicha nrhiav tseem rau cov style thiab lub ntsiab tseem ceeb. Thaum nws impressions ntawm tus naval kev pab cuam, luam tawm raws li ib phau ntawv nyob rau hauv 1867 hu ua "Los ntawm circumnavigation", twb tau ntsib nrog kev txaus siab, nws yog ntau ntau imbued nrog lub siab xav mus sau nyob rau hauv kev thiab kev nom kev tswv ntxhais. Nws pom tau tias qhov tseeb ntawm lub tswv yim uas nthuav qhia qhov masterminds muaj ntau thiab ntau zog ntawm cov revolutionary zog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nws cov radical tis - Populism. Ib lub sij hawm nws txawm ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug kws qhia ntawv nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev tsev kawm ntawv ntawm ib lub zos nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Murom.

Editor ntawm lub magazine "Delo"

Maj mam lub hiav txwv ntsiab yuav ploj mus rau hauv lub keeb kwm yav dhau. Los ntawm 1872 Stanyukovich pib los mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub "ua lag ua luam" magazine, thiab txij li thaum 1877 muaj nyob rau hauv txhua txhua guestroom luam tawm nws cov khoom thiab cov satires. Ntawm lawv, "Cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm ib tug noble foreigner" thiab "Dluab ntawm lub neej kev" uas coj koob meej Stanyukovich nyuaj critic ntawm Lavxias teb sab lub neej tom qab lub kho ntawm 1861. Ib yam li ntawd, cov ntsiab lus mob siab rau mus rau lub novels "yis dej" thiab "Ob tug kwv tij", luam tawm nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 80s.

Nyob rau hauv 1880 Stanyukovich los ua co-editor ntawm "mob", thiab peb xyoos tom qab - nws cov Hmoob editor. Nws twb muaj ib tug tej yam nyhav thiab txoj cai ntawm cov los ntawm UFW ntawm revolutionary kho, thiab cov hauj lwm tub ceev xwm thiab tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm piav raws li "anti-tsoom fwv tus mindset".

Cov raug ntes thiab exile

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 80s cov txawj sau ntawv pheej mus txawv teb chaws vim muaj mob hlob tus ntxhais. Muaj nws muaj raws li nrog ib pab pawg neeg ntawm nom tswv emigrants los ntawm Russia, nrog rau cov feem ntau radical tis, uas muaj cov neeg - qhov ncaj cov neeg tuaj koom thiab organizers ntawm cov neeg ua phem sib cem tawm tsam mas tsarist ua hauj lwm - S. Kravchinskii, V. Zasulich.

Nws yuav tsis tau ploj mus tsis paub los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab lub tib sim Lub peb hlis ntuj 1, 1881 Alexander II ntawm, thiab nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis 1884 Stanyukovich twb puas tau raug ntes thiab muab tso rau hauv lub casemates ntawm lub fortress. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub rov qab los ntawm cov txawj sau ntawv los ntawm txawv teb chaws, kuj poob nthav, thiab cov tsev neeg rau tej lub sij hawm tsis paub txog nws nyob qhov twg. Nws pib ib tug ntev nug, uas twb tsuas ib xyoo tom qab.

ob yug

Nyob rau hauv 1885, tus kws ntawv xa mus rau Siberia rau peb lub xyoo nyob rau hauv cov tub ceev xwm soj ntsuam thiab nyob Tomsk. Ntawm no thiab muaj ib tug tiag tiag yug me nyuam ntawm cov poj txawj sau ntawv-Seascape. Nws ua hauj lwm nyuaj, tsim thiab ua hauj lwm qhia tias Siberian lub neej, tab sis lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm nws novels thiab dab neeg luv luv ua ib tug lub neej ntawm cov neeg tsav nkoj.

Muaj nws nto moo masterpieces los ntawm tus sau los ntawm "Hiav txwv dab neeg" :. "! Txiv neej overboard," "Nyob rau lub pob zeb", "khiav", thiab lwm yam nyeem thiab hnyav critics nco ntsoov tias luag Stanyukovicha fascinating tsis tau tsuas yog marine romance ntsuj plig, neeg thiab kev cia siab nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau qhov chaw me me, tab sis kuj humanistic, muaj siab rau kev ncaj ncees, mloog mus rau cov txiv neej.

"Tsis xwb puas tau nws xav tias nws twb nyob marine lub neej"

Tom qab rov qab los ntawm exile nyob rau hauv 1888 Stanyukovicha xav kom capital siab txais tos los ntawm tus resounding kev vam meej ntawm nws cov "hiav txwv dab neeg". Nws sau hais lus zoo thiab kev tsav nkoj, thiab sau ntawv. Thawj zoo ib yam li ib tug masterful zaub ntawm ib tug yooj yim lub hiav txwv lub neej, ib tug thib ob - ib tug ntshiab thiab intelligible lus, tsab novelty ntawm zajlus tsiv. Tej dab neeg raws li "txiv neej overboard!" "Ntawm cov phooj ywg", "tuag Hawk" thiab al., Twb muab sau rau cov neeg ntawm tus tib neeg tus cwj pwm, txoj kev tseeb ntawm kev ua txhais los ntawm lub complexity ntawm lub neej txoj kev tshwm sim. Lawv yog cov neeg tiag tiag uas yog tsis yig nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm los sis kev kawm.

Zoo tswv yim txog cov dab neeg Stanyukovicha tau muab tso rau hauv Cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv ntawm cov nom tswv views. "Maxim", "American duel," "Muaj tseeb Lavxias teb sab neeg" thiab lwm yam hauj lwm yog to taub los ntawm cov Slavophiles, admired kuaj nyob rau hauv lawv muaj nuj nqis nyob rau hauv lub siab ncaj ncees zoo ntawm Lavxias teb sab sailors. Siab zoo, ua siab loj thiab recklessness ntawm lawv tag nrho ntsuj plig muaj kom meej meej teb chaws qhov chaw rau lawv. "Jack ntawm lub siab lub ntsws", "Nyob rau hauv lub deb pawg neeg thaj av", raws li lwm leej lwm tus, muaj lub siab ntawm ntsuj plig uas muaj universal nqi. Common yog tus saib kev kawm thiab kev kawm muaj nqis Stanyukovicha prose.

Legacy thiab nco

Lub xeem xyoo ntawm tus kws lub neej twb tau sau nrog zog ua hauj lwm, kev sib hwm rau lug txhawb cov miv, txawj nyeem ntawv kev hlub, kev mob thiab kev tsis hlub sawv daws yuav. Konstantin Mihaylovich Stanyukovich, uas nws biography tau tseem zoo txuas rau Russia los ntawm tus thawj rau lub xeem ua tsis taus pa thiab tuag nyob rau hauv Naples nyob rau hauv 1903.

Nws tsis yog ib tug ntse heev ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv theem ntawm Tolstoy, Dostoevsky thiab Chekhov, tab sis tsis penetrated los ntawm hiav txwv cua Stanyukovicha prose, Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua yuav tau poob ntau npaum li cas ntawm nws cov breadth thiab ntau haiv neeg. Thiab nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm nws addicted rau cov neeg laus thiab cov me nyuam, cov dab neeg thiab tales ntawm tus poj marine cov neeg pleev kob rau ua films, thiab niaj hnub no lawv hu mus rau lub hiav txwv ntawm yav tom ntej seafarers.