Raws li txoj cai kev cai hais txog rau cov lus qhia. cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv

Cov successes ntawm scientific thiab hauj kev kawm nyob rau tam sim no theem ntawm kev loj hlob qhia nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv technology ntiaj teb no tau ntawm noob neej. Ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj discoveries nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no, tsis muaj tsis ntseeg, yuav tau ua lub rov tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub Internet, cov kev pab thiab muaj peev xwm uas yog tas li loj hlob.

Zoo thiab tsis zoo sib nrauj ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv technology nyob rau hauv cov haiv neeg

Qhov zoo luag hauj lwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv haiv neeg yog undeniable thiab tsis yog yuav tsum tau clarified, tiam sis peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias tag nrho cov tau ntawm scientific thiab hauj kev kawm, raws li ib tug txoj cai, puav leej muaj qhov zoo thiab tsis zoo sab. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib qhov teeb meem yog cov kev cai lij choj kev cai hais txog cov ntaub ntawv.

Nrog kev xav txog cov ntaub ntawv haiv neeg, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb yuav tau nco ntsoov hais tias cov kev loj hlob thiab kev txhim kho ntawm lub system ntawm kev sib txuas lus mus rau cov neeg tsis tau tsuas yog optimizes txoj kev txais cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis kuj tsim tshiab schemes ntawm kev sib txuas lus. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no tau ua txhaum tej yam tus kheej ib thaj tsam. Muaj yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm khaws cia tus kheej nyob rau hauv cov tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv haiv neeg, lub tsev nyob rau cov kev cai ntawm kev cai lij choj hais txog rau cov lus qhia.

Cov tshwm sim ntawm loj kab lis kev cai thiab kev nkag tau mus rau cov lus qhia "hwjchim"

Nyob rau hauv qhov ntsiab lus teb nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb yog qhov tseeb hais tias txoj kev loj hlob ntawm thiaj li hu ua loj kab lis kev cai - qhov socio-cultural nam nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej tsis meej xwm. Raws li cov kev tshawb xav ntawm muaj Toffler, tej zaum nws yuav muab sau tseg tias kis ntawm loj kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv Western haiv neeg ntawm lub XX xyoo pua yog vim, nyob rau hauv ib tes, yam tseem ceeb xws li cov kev loj hlob ntawm urbanization, loj nyeem ntawv, cov loj hlob ntawm loj xov xwm, thiab nyob rau lwm yam - txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub hlwb tsis xis nyob thiab kev nyuaj siab, txuam nrog lub intensification ntawm feem ntau hom ntawm kev ua hauj lwm, raws li zoo raws li lub loj hlob ntawm cov neeg siv qhov tseem ceeb nyob hauv zej zog.

Yog li, nrov kab lis kev cai yog ncav ib theem tshiab ntawm lub koom haum, kis kev paub tshiab, muaj cov lus tshiab qhia rau muab ntau dua kev nkag mus rau cov kev pab thiab tej cib fim ntawm cov haiv neeg. Ua tau, lub masses muaj kev nkag tau rau cov kev pab uas twb hu ua lub cib fim ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm cov haiv neeg. Raws li, mastering cov kev pab ntawm no zoo, nrov kab lis kev cai, thiab tau txais ib tug tshiab tsoom fwv, nrog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tej yam kev mob ntawm lub hwj chim yuav cov muaj cov lus qhia, raws li zoo raws li cov lus qhia kev ruaj ntseg.

Mobility thiab cuag

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias teev thiab cov kev mus ncig ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, uas tam sim no yus tus kheej (thiab yuav muaj feem tuav) qhov loj neeg, yog tsis tshua muaj siab. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog tsis txaus niaj hnub no. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los ua tim nyob rau hauv lub siab hais tias cov nyob rau ntawm tej ntaub ntawv tej zaum yuav tsis yeej ib txwm yuav tsum tau siv nrog zoo intentions. Tu siab, cov kev sib raug thiab ncaj ncees kab lis kev cai ntawm cov niaj hnub ntaub ntawv tau txais kev pab nyob deb ntawm zoo meej. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, sharply seb puas tsimnyog tau rau lo lus nug tsis tsuas yog ntawm tus tau muab cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis kuj hais txog lawv cov kev txwv thiab kev ceev ntiag tug, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv tus neeg mob qhov twg cov nyob rau ntawm tus neeg tau ua txhaum cov cai rau kev ceev ntiag tug thiab yog qhov tseem ceeb kev cai lij choj kev cai hais txog cov ntaub ntawv.

Qhov teeb meem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub neej niaj hnub

Ib tug ntawm cov tej yam kev mob rau kev tswj cov kev ceev ntiag tug ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qhov chaw yog cov cuab yeej fwm - embodied los ntawm cov kev cai lij choj ntawm txoj cai cov cuab yeej fwm thiab cov kev loj hlob ntawm txhais tau tias ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv.

Raws li tsab xov xwm 1228 ntawm lub Civil Code, tus neeg sau ntawm cov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev txawj ntse kev ua si yog qhov pej xeem los ntawm uas nws muaj tswv yim ua hauj lwm tsim xws li ib tug tshwm sim. Cuab yeej fwm txoj cai nrog tso siab rau kev cai lij choj kev cai hais txog cov ntaub ntawv teev ib tug monopoly sau phau ntawv siv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab muaj tswv yim ua si nyob rau hauv nws xaiv thiab tso cai rau los yog tsis muab lawv siv rau lwm tus neeg.

Qeb copyright

Tsis tas li ntawd, tej cuab yeej fwm txoj cai muaj xws li muaj feem xyuam rau copyright. Cov lawv - cov cai ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam ua hauj lwm, phonogram producers, los yog cable broadcasting cov koom haum, publishers, database producers, patents, ntau hom ntawm industrial designs, nqi hluav taws xob ua qauv, pauv npe, trademarks, cov cim, cov kev pab qhab nia.

nyob qhov teeb meem

Thaum lub caij, lub mob teeb meem ntawm piracy ntawm cov ntaub ntawv vim lub fact tias cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv, muab txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov niaj hnub ntaub ntawv yees, tsis tau muab nyob rau hauv tag nrho. Qhov teeb meem yog nyuab tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau hom ntawm software, uas muab xam lub caij rau cov networking tub sab. Cov complexity yog tus tsis muaj tseeb rau kev txiav txim kev cai lij choj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv. Ntawm cov hom ntawm txhaum cai siv ntawm lub software yuav qhia tau raws li lub txhaum cai nrhiav thiab zus tau tej cov ntaub ntawv khoom. Cov ntaub ntawv Protection Act thiab hais tias, thiab lwm regards raws li ib tug cuam tshuam ntawm copyright.

txhaum cai nrhiav

- Softlifting ( "ntsiag to tub sab tub nyiag") - nrhiav tau ntawm ib tug ntawv tso cai daim ntawv ntawm cov software thiab txhim kho nws rau ntau computers nyob rau hauv yuam cai ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm daim ntawv tso cai pom zoo.

- Unlimited Client Access - yuav koom haum ntawv tso cai software yuav tsum tau ntsia rau ntawm ib los yog ntau tshaj computers (los yog yuav tsum tau ntsia rau neeg rau zaub mov rau ib tug tsawg tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg neeg network), tab sis lub sij installation ntawm lub tuam txhab neeg rau zaub mov thiab qhib nkag tau mus rau nws ntau tshaj cov neeg siv tshaj teev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv tso cai daim ntawv cog lus.

software Faib

- Internet piracy - tso ib co coj mus muag software khoom nyob rau hauv Internet (kom cov neeg siv ntawm tus web muaj lub peev xwm mus download los yog luam cov software), raws li zoo raws li qhib nkag tau mus rau pirated software (los yog ib tug muag khoom ntawm ib tug thoob plaws cheeb tsam network).

- cuav los yog counterfeiting - yog muab los ntawm replicating lub txhaum cai daim qauv ntawm daim ntawv tso cai software (nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no xws li ib tug daim ntawv ntawm daim ntawv tso cai yog muab thiab tau kev tso cai).

- Txhaum cai luam ntawm software rau lwm xov xwm (disks, nco phaib) rau cov ceevxwm (los yog muag), tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no luam ib daim yuav tsum tsis txhob muab rau cov thawj.

- Luam thiab muag khoom ntawm software qhov chaw rau lawv tom ntej siv nrog cov kev kho vajtse (los yog bundled nrog rau lwm cov kev pab cuam).

- Muag ntawm tus kheej computers ntsia unlicensed software.

- Cov kev siv uas tsis yog-coj mus muag software rau coj mus muag hom phiaj. Needless software yuav nrog ib qho kev kawm ntawv tso cai los yog daim ntawv tso cai nrog ib tug tsawg coj mus muag siv (nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no tau ua txhaum lub daim ntawv tso cai cov lus). Nyob rau qhov nyiaj them yug, nyob rau cov tsev kawm ntawv, raws li ib tug txoj cai, tshwj xeeb nyiaj cheb.

- Hoobkas piracy - rau cov muag khoom unaccounted rau surpluses thiab "kev puas tsuaj" sau cov nroj tsuag txoj kev tso zis. Qhov no hom ntawm piracy tshwm sim thaum cov nroj tsuag ua ib tug ntau dua tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntawv luam ntawm cov khoom, dua li muaj txoj cai (los yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm extinguishing lub remnants consignment). Tej khoom uas yog tsis suav tom qab illegally muag.

Raws li txoj cai hauv paus ntawm kev ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv

Kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raws li hauv qab no kev cai:

- "Kev tiv thaiv ntawm tsis tau tso cai nkag tau mus rau cov lus qhia thiab txhais cov ntsiab ntawm cov lus.". Chairman ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev Technical Commission kev txiav txim siab (30.03.1992).

- "Automated Systems Technology Information tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tsis tau tso cai nkag tau mus rau ib tug cia li faib system thiab cov lus qhia kev ruaj ntseg uas yuav tsum tau ..." Chairman ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev Technical Commission kev txiav txim siab (30.03.1992).

- "Computer khoom firewalls Tiv thaiv tiv thaiv tsis tau tso cai nkag tau mus tiv thaiv ntsuas tiv thaiv tsis tau tso cai nkag tau mus rau cov lus qhia ...." Chairman ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev Technical Commission kev txiav txim siab (25.07.1997).

- "tiv thaiv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv system muaj feem xyuam rau tsis tau tso cai nkag tau mus rau software cuab yeej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev ruaj ntseg kev faib theem ntawm kev tswj ntawm kev qhaj ntawv ntawm undeclared nta ..." Chairman ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev Technical Commission kev txiav txim siab (04.06.1999).

Nws yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov tias kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no yog tsis zoo muaj kev ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, lub tom kawg twb tsis muaj formal txoj kev daws niaj hnub no.

Tseem muaj teeb meem nyob rau hauv Workers qhov kev tiv thaiv

- Qhov loj tus naj npawb ntawm yam uas feem xyuam rau txoj kev tsim kho ntawm ib tug zoo lus qhia kev ruaj ntseg.

- Teeb meem nyob rau hauv kev tsim kom muaj lub caij nyoog thawj tswv yim ntaub ntawv.

- Teeb meem nyob rau hauv lej txoj kev kom tau zoo tshwm sim rau lub sau ua ib pawg tswv yim ntaub ntawv.

lub ntsiab txhais ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm tej cuab yeej fwm teeb meem

Anchored los ntawm cov cai txoj cai ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov cuab yeej fwm txoj cai tej zaum yuav tsis txaus tswj lawv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub elementary dag muaj tej lub sijhawm uas ib tug tov rau khaws cia txoj cai no nyob rau hauv tag nrho yog cia li tsis tau vim hais tias ntawm nws cov ambiguity.

Piv txwv li, yog ib lub problematic tej teeb meem uas txiav txim kev cai lij choj raws li cov kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog ib tug rov qab engineering software ethics (kev pab cuam kev hloov kho, uas tau txais lub lag luam, siv cov algorithms thiab export, thiab lwm yam cov ntaub ntawv). Nyob rau hauv ib tes, rov qab engineering software ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib tug pab tau kev pab, nyob rau lwm yam - nws yog ntshai ua ib kev cuam tshuam ntawm copyright rau software code. Rau hnub tim, tsis muaj ntaub ntawv txog lub sim los ua pov thawj nyob rau hauv lub tsev hais plaub lub validity ntawm cov foob ntawm rov qab engineering. Cov kev tsis sib haum yog daws tsis tau nyob rau hauv lub tsev hais plaub, thiab ntev li ntev raws li qhov teeb meem no tsis hloov, kev sis caav txog lub legality thiab ethics ntawm tswv yim software txoj kev loj hlob yuav mus ntxiv.