Quantum teleportation: tus poj discoveries ntawm physicists

Quantum teleportation yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv kev cai quantum ntaub ntawv. Raws li lub cev kev pab ntawm tsis meej pem, nws yog lub ntsiab keeb ntawm cov ntau yam ntaub ntawv kev pab raws qib thiab nruab nrab yog ib qho tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm quantum technologies ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm quantum xam, networking thiab kev sib txuas lus.

Los ntawm science ntawv tseeb rau scientific discoveries

Nws tau tshaj ob xyoo lawm txij li thaum lub foundations ntawm quantum teleportation, uas yog tej zaum ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau nthuav thiab exciting txim ntawm "strangeness" ntawm quantum mechanics. Ua ntej cov no twb tau zoo discoveries, lub tswv yim no sawv daws khoom ib mus rau lub realm ntawm science ntawv tseeb. Thawj yees nyob rau hauv 1931 los ntawm Charles H. Fort sij hawm "teleportation" tau txij li thaum raug siv los piav cov txheej txheem los ntawm cov uas lub cev thiab cov khoom yog kis los ntawm ib qhov chaw mus rau lwm lub, nws tsis yog tiag tiag kov yeej qhov kev ncua deb nruab nrab ntawm lawv.

Nyob rau hauv 1993 nws luam tawm ib tsab xov xwm piav txog cov txheej txheem ntawm quantum ntaub ntawv, hu ua "quantum teleportation", uas qhia ib co ntawm cov tsos mob uas muaj npe saum toj no. Nws tsis paub hais tias lub xeev ntawm lub cev system yog ntsuas thiab tom qab dua, los yog "rov-mus" nyob rau hauv tej thaj chaw deb qhov chaw (lub cev ntsiab ntawm cov thawj system nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw hloov lwm lub tsev). Qhov no txoj kev yuav tsum tau cov classical txhais tau tias kev sib txuas lus thiab yuav rhuav tshem superluminal kev sib txuas lus. Nws yuav tsum tau ib lub neej ntawm tsis meej pem. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, teleportation yuav tau saib raws li ib tug raws tu qauv ntawm quantum cov ntaub ntawv uas feem ntau kom meej meej qha qhov xwm ntawm tus tsis meej pem: tsis muaj tus xub ntiag ntawm ib lub xeev ntawm lub hloov lwm lub tsev yuav tsis tau tsis pub dhau lub moj khaum ntawm cov kev cai uas piav txog cov quantum mechanics.

Teleportation tau ua si ib tug active luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm qhov kev kawm ntawm cov lus qhia. Nyob rau hauv ib tes, qhov no yog ib tug conceptual raws tu qauv, uas plays ib tug tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug formal quantum ntaub ntawv kev tshawb xav, thiab nyob rau hauv lwm yam nws yog ib qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ntau technologies. Lub quantum repeater - ib tug tseem ceeb ntawm long-deb kev sib txuas lus. Teleportation quantum keyboards, le caag raws li ntsuam thiab quantum network - yog tag nrho cov derivatives thereof. Nws yog siv raws li ib tug yooj yim cuab tam rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm "huab" ntawm physics, nyob rau ib ntus curves thiab evaporation ntawm dub qhov.

Niaj hnub no quantum teleportation paub tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no siv ib tug ntau yam ntawm substrates thiab technologies, xws li photonic qubits, nuclear magnetic resonance, optical hom, ib pawg ntawm atoms, cov trapped atoms thiab semiconductor systems. Koj tau muaj tau tiav nyob rau hauv lub teleportation ntau tuaj thwmsim nrog satellites. Ntxiv mus, cov me nyuam tau ua rau teev txog ntau systems.

teleportation ntawm qubits

Quantum teleportation twb xub piav rau ob-theem tshuab, qhov thiaj li hu ua qubits. Raws tu qauv xav ob tej thaj chaw deb ob tog, hu ua Alice thiab Bob, uas qhia qubit 2, A thiab B yog nyob hauv cov ntshiab entangled lub xeev, kuj hu ua Tswb khub. Thaum tus nkag mus rau Alice muab lwm qubit thiab nws mob ρ yog tsis paub. Nws ces ua ib tug sib koom quantum ntsuas, hu ua lub foundations ntawm Tswb. Nws yog ib tug thiab ib tug nyob rau hauv ib qhov ntawm plaub Tswb lub xeev. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub tswv yim lub xeev ntawm cov qubit thaum ntsuas Alice disappears thiab Bob B qubit ib txhij npaj rau P ^† _k ρP _k. Nyob rau hauv lub xeem kauj ruam raws tu qauv Alice hau ib classical tshwm sim ntawm nws txoj kev ntsuas Bob, uas siv Pauli P _k teb xov tooj yuav rov qab kho cov thawj ρ.

Lub xeev pib ntawm ib tug qubit Alice yog suav tias yog anonymous, vim hais tias txwv tsis pub tus raws tu qauv yog txo mus rau nws tej thaj chaw deb ntsuas. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tej zaum nws yuav nws tus kheej yuav tau ib feem ntawm ib tug loj puas system, muab qhia rau ib tug thib peb tog (nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no kev vam meej teleportation tag nrho yuav tsum tau playback correlations pawg thib peb no).

Ib tug raug xyaum ua tej yam ntawm quantum teleportation yuav siv sij hawm ntshiab thawj lub xeev thiab teej tug mus rau ib tug txwv ntawv, piv txwv li, rau ncej ntawm lub Bloch kheej. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm decoherence zoo tshaj ntawm cov reconstructed lub xeev yuav tsum qhia tias quantitatively tseeb teleportation F ∈ [0, 1]. Qhov no yog cov neeg ntawm lub xeev ntawm Alice thiab Bob, sim tag nrho lub nrhiav kom tau kev tshwm sim ntawm lub tswb thiab cov thawj tsiaj ntawv. Rau me me qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg ntawm txoj kev nyob ua ib ke, uas yog neeg txhaum teleportation tsis intricate kev pab. Piv txwv li, Alice yuav ncaj qha ntsuas nws cov thawj lub xeev los ntawm kev xa Bob rau qhov kev npaj ntawm resultant lub xeev. Qhov no ntsuas-kev cob qhia zoo xa mus rau raws li "classical teleportation." Nws muaj ib tug tshaj plaws yog cov neeg ntawm F _class = 2/3 rau tej tswv yim lub xeev, qhov sib npaug alphabetical daws kawm tej yam kev mob xws li cov tub txib kheej rau tug.

Yog li, ib tug ntshiab hais txog ntawm txoj kev siv cov quantum kev pab yog ib tug precision nqi F> F _{chav kawm ntawv.}

Tsis muaj ib qubit

Raws li quantum physics, teleportation ntawm qubits yog tsis txwv, tej zaum nws yuav muaj xws li ib tug multi-dimensional system. Rau txhua finite ntsuas d yuav formulated zoo tagnrho tswvyim teleportation siv hauv paus maximally entangled xeev vectors uas tej zaum yuav muab tau los ntawm ib tug muab maximally entangled lub xeev thiab ib lub hauv paus {U _k} unitary tswv satisfying ^{_{tr (U † j U k)}} = dδ j, k . Xws li ib tug raws tu qauv yuav raug ua lub tsev rau tej finite-Hilbert chaw r. N. discrete nce mus nce los tshuab.

Tsis tas li ntawd, quantum teleportation yuav thov tau mus nruab nrog infinite Hilbert qhov chaw, hu ua tujtaws-nce mus nce los tshuab. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, lawv yuav pom tau hais los kho qhov muag boson hom, cov hluav taws xob field uas yuav piav tau quadrature tswv.

Ceev thiab uncertainty hauv paus ntsiab lus

Yuav ua li cas yog cov kev ceev ntawm quantum teleportation? Cov ntaub ntawv yog kis tau ntawm ib tug ceev zoo xws li cov kev ceev ntawm kis tau tus mob ntawm tib tus naj npawb ntawm classic - tejzaum nrog cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb. Raws, nws yuav yog li yuav siv tau, yuav ua li cas classical tsis tau - piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv quantum xam, nyob qhov twg cov ntaub ntawv yog muaj rau cov neeg tau kev pab.

Puas quantum teleportation txhaum lub meej hauv paus ntsiab lus? Nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm, lub tswv yim ntawm teleportation yog tsis tshua npaum li cas tiag los ntawm kws tshawb fawb, vim hais tias nws twb ntseeg tau hais tias nws tau ua txhaum tus cai hais txog txwv tsis pub tej xab los yog PP txheej txheem los mus extract tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv atom los yog lwm yam khoom. Nyob rau hauv raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab ntawm uncertainty, qhov ntau leej cov kwv yog luam, qhov ntau nws yog los ntawm lub PP txheej txheem kom txog thaum ib tug taw tes yog mus txog thaum tus thawj lub xeev ntawm cov kwv ntxhov rau xws li ib qhov kawg hais tias ntau tsis tau txaus ntaub ntawv los ua ib tug replica. Nws suab pov: yog hais tias ib tug neeg muaj peev xwm tsis extract ntaub ntawv los ntawm tus kwv los mus tsim meej luam, lub tom kawg yuav tsis tau ua.

Quantum Teleportation rau Dummies

Tab sis rau zaum (Charles Bennett, Zhil Brassar, Claude Crépeau, Richard Dzhosa, Asher Peres, thiab Uilyam Vuters) pom ib txoj kev nyob ib ncig ntawm no logic, siv ib tug ua kev zoo siab thiab paradoxical feature ntawm quantum mechanics lub npe hu ua lub Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen. Lawv nrhiav tau ib txoj kev rau luam theej duab cov ntaub ntawv teleported khoom A, thiab cov seem uas yuav pab ua feem ntawm cov nyhuv ntawm hloov lwm lub tsev lwm yam khoom nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog ib tug yeej tsis ua raws li.

Tom qab, uas tso npe thov rau C raug nyob luam ntaub ntawv yuav tsum muab ntaus rau hauv lub xeev A luam theej duab. Thiab nws tus kheej yog tsis nyob rau hauv tib lub mob raws li cov ntxeev PP txheej txheem, yog li tiav yog teleportation, tsis replication.

Cov tawm tsam rau txoj kev khwv

• Tus thawj quantum teleportation coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 1997 yuav luag ib txhij los zaum ntawm lub University of Innsbruck thiab lub University of Rome. Thaum lub sij hawm xyaum ua tej yam yog ib photon qhov chaw muaj ib tug polarization, thiab ib tug ntawm ib khub entangled photons tau hloov kom lub thib ob thawj polarization photon tau txais. Yog li ob photons yog spaced los ntawm txhua lwm yam.
• Nyob rau hauv 2012, muaj ib tug tsis tu ncua quantum teleportation (Tuam Tshoj University of Science thiab Technology) los ntawm lub alpine pas dej ntawm ib tug deb ntawm 97 km. Ib pab neeg zaum los ntawm Shanghai coj los Juan Iinem tswj los tsim ib tug Muab mechanism uas tau tso cai precisely targeted beam.
• Nyob rau hauv lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj, ib cov ntaub ntawv quantum teleportation rau 143 km twb nqa tawm hauv tib lub xyoo. Austrian zaum los ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm Austria thiab lub University of Vienna nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm Antona Tsaylingera tau ntse kis quantum lub xeev ntawm ob Canary Islands ntawm La Palma thiab Tenerife. Lub xyaum ua tej yam siv ob kho qhov muag sib txuas lus kab nyob rau hauv lub qhib, kvantumnaya thiab classical, zaus uncorrelated polarization hma khub ntawm photons qhov chaw, sverhnizkoshumnye ib leeg-photon detectors thiab clutch moos synchronization.
• Nyob rau hauv 2015, kev soj ntsuam los ntawm cov US National Institute of Standards thiab Technology rau thawj lub sij hawm ua qhov kev hloov ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshaj ib tug deb ntawm ntau tshaj li 100 km ntawm optical fiber. Qhov no twb ua tau ua tsaug rau lub koom haum tsim photon ntes siv superconducting nanowires ntawm molybdenum silicide.

Nws yog tseeb hais tias cov zoo tagnrho ntawm ib tug quantum system los yog technology tsis tau nyob ua ib ke thiab cov poj discoveries ntawm yav tom ntej yog tsis tau tuaj. Cuaj kaum, peb yuav ua tiag taw tau sib tw rau tej daim ntaub ntawv ntawm teleportation. Haum hybridization lawv muab raws lub hauv paus thiab cov hau kev yuav muab koj cov feem ntau pheej yav tom ntej rau quantum teleportation thiab nws daim ntaub ntawv.

luv luv mus

Teleportation ib tug luv luv deb (1 m) raws li ib tug quantum le caag subsystem pheej semiconductor pab kiag li lawm, qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas yog ib daim duab ntawm QED. Nyob rau hauv kev, superconducting qubits transmonovye yuav tau lees tias deterministic thiab mas tseeb teleportation nti. Lawv kuj tso cai rau ib tug ncaj qha khiav ntawm real-lub sij hawm, uas nkawd problematic rau photonic chips. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv muab ib tug ntau scalable architecture, thiab zoo dua kev koom ua ke ntawm uas twb muaj lawm technologies raws li muab piv rau yav dhau los le caag, xws li daig ions. Tam sim no, tsuas drawback ntawm cov tshuab thaj yog lawv txwv coherence lub sij hawm (<100 ms). Qhov teeb meem no yuav daws tau los ntawm kev siv QED kev koom ua ke nrog semiconductor circuits saws khaub ncaws ntau nco hlwb (nitrogen-pawg nrog txhob los yog siv lead ua doped nrog tsawg lub ntiaj teb hais), uas muaj peev xwm muab ib tug ntev coherence lub sij hawm rau cov quantum ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cia. Tam sim no, qhov no yuav ua raws li yog ib tug teeb meem rau ntau dua kev siv zog ntawm lub scientific lub zej lub zos.

Lub nroog link

Peb teleport mus rau lub nroog teev (ob peb kilometers) yuav tsum tsim siv cov kho qhov muag hom. Thaum sufficiently uas tsis muaj tsis tau, cov tshuab muab kev kub ceev thiab bandwidth. Lawv yuav raug ncua los ntawm desktop implementations rau nruab nrab-ntau systems kev khiav hauj lwm tshaj rau saum huab cua los yog kho qhov muag fiber, nrog tau koom ua ke nrog ib tug khaub ncaws ntau ntawm quantum nco. Tshaj ntev ncua kev, tab sis, nrog qis ceev yuav ua tau tiav los ntawm ib tug hybrid mus kom ze los yog los ntawm kev tsim zoo repeaters raws li nyob rau hauv uas tsis yog-Gaussian dab.

telecommunication

Ntev-deb quantum teleportation (tshaj 100 km) yog ib tug active cheeb tsam, tab sis tseem suffers los ntawm ib tug qhib qhov teeb meem. Polarization qubits - qhov zoo tshaj plaws nqa rau cov uas tsis-speed teleport tshaj ntev fiber optic kab ntawm kev sib txuas lus thiab los ntawm cov huab cua, tab sis nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd lub raws tu qauv yog ib tug probabilistic vim tsis tiav nrhiav kom tau Bella.

Txawm tias probabilistic teleportation thiab entanglement yog haum rau daim ntaub ntawv xws li distillation ntawm entanglement thiab quantum cryptography, tab sis nws yog kom meej meej sib txawv ntawm cov kev sib txuas lus nyob rau hauv uas lub tswv yim ntaub ntawv yuav tsum muab fwm.

Yog hais tias peb txais no probabilistic xwm, cov kev siv ntawm cov satellite yog nyob rau hauv lub ncav cuag ntawm niaj hnub technologies. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub koom ua ke ntawm mus txog qhovtwg txoj kev, lub ntsiab teeb meem yog cov siab losses tshwm sim los ntawm cov kis ntawm lub beam. Qhov no yuav kov yeej nyob rau hauv ib tug configuration qhov twg entanglement yog faib los ntawm cov satellite mus rau lub terrestrial tsom iav raj nrog ib tug loj aperture. Piv txwv tias yog satellite aperture ntawm 20 cm ntawm 600 km qhov siab thiab 1 m aperture tsom iav raj rau hauv av, ib tug yuav xav tias yuav txog 75 dB ntawm tsis nyob rau hauv ib tug downlink channel uas yog tsawg tshaj li 80 dB ntseg thaum av theem. Ua raws li cov "lub ntiaj teb satellite" los yog "luag satellite" muaj ntau nyuaj.

quantum nco

Yav tom ntej siv cov teleportation raws li ib feem ntawm ib tug scalable network yog ncaj qha txog nws kev koom ua ke nrog quantum nco. Cov yav tas yuav tsum muaj superb nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm efficiency hloov dua siab tshiab interface "tawg-teeb meem, ib tug neeg ntawm cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv thiab nyeem ntawv, lub sij hawm thiab cia muaj peev xwm, kev kub ceev thiab cia muaj peev xwm. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov nws tso cai rau koj siv repeaters rau mus pab tau txoj kev sib txuas lus nyob deb tshaj qhov ncaj hloov lwm lub tsev siv cov kev ua yuam kev kho codes. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug zoo quantum nco yuav cia tsis tsuas mus rau faib entanglement thiab teleportation network kev sib txuas lus, tab sis kuj txuas mus rau txheej txheem muab cov ntaub ntawv. Thaum kawg, qhov no yuav tig mus rau hauv ib tug network ntawm chaw faib quantum computer los yog ib lub hauv paus rau yav tom ntej quantum Internet.

pheej uas

Nuclear lossis feeb xam tau tias yog txaus nyiam vim hais tias ntawm lawv cov npaum hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm tus "lub teeb-teeb meem" thiab lawv millisecond lub sij hawm ntawm cia, uas yuav ua tau mus 100 ms yuav tsum tau mus kis teeb thooj plawv. Txawm li cas los, ntau tshaj uas yog tam sim no yuav tsum nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm semiconductor systems, qhov twg zoo heev tig khaub ncaws ntau quantum nco ncaj qha kev nrog tus scalable architecture ntawm Circuit Court QED. Qhov no nco tsis tau tsuas cuag lub coherence lub sij hawm Circuit Court QED, tab sis kuj yuav muab kho qhov muag-microwave interface rau cov interconversion ntawm kho qhov muag telecommunication thiab nti microwave photons.

Yog li, yav tom ntej discoveries ntawm zaum nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm quantum internet no tej zaum yuav tsum tau raws li nyob rau hauv ntev-deb kho qhov muag sib txuas lus, conjugated semiconducting chav nyob rau quantum cov lus.