Qhuav roj ntsiav tshuaj: xyuas thiab cov tswv yim rau siv

Feem ntau muaj tej yam teeb meem nyob qhov twg muaj ib tug xav rau sai extraction ntawm hluav taws. Los yog vice versa, yog tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv thiab txhais tau hais tias muaj nws. Feem ntau cov feem ntau tej lub sijhawm tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov neeg uas muaj fond ntawm trekking thiab mus ncig teb chaws, thiab ua ib tug heev active txoj kev ua neej. Los yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev npaj txhij txog xwm txheej kub ntxhov, thaum muaj hluav taws kub yog ib tug ntawm cov yooj yim txhais tau tias ntawm cov ciaj sia taus. Qhov yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv ceev-hluav taws kub tej zaum yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub tej yam kev mob ntawm lub neej, yog hais tias tsis rau ntawm txhais tes qhuav ntoo ntaub ntawv rau tiv cav tseb. Nyob rau hauv tej lub sijhawm, tej zaum koj yuav xav tau ib yam khoom uas yog yus muaj los ntawm tej yam khoom. Nws yuav tsum tau roj, qhuav, ib qho yooj yim mus zes, kom qhov hluav taws kub rau ib ntev lub sij hawm thiab yog ib qho yooj yim kom ploj.

"Qhuav cawv". Yuav ua li cas yog nws?

Muaj yog ib yam khoom uas muaj peev xwm ntawm ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm nws cov kev pab txhawb nqa combustion heev ib lub sij hawm ntev. Nws yog hu ua "qhuav dej cawv". Force thiab combustion lub sij hawm txawm me me ntawm tej tshuaj tej zaum yuav txaus noj cov zaub mov. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, haus dej cawv-cov khoom no muaj tsis muaj dab tsi ua li cas. Tag nrho cov nrog alcohols - ib tug zoo peev xwm mus hlawv. Nyob rau hauv kev, "qhuav dej cawv" yog hais txog tej yam khoom uas yuav hlawv tsis muaj kob nplaim taws tsis muaj haus luam yeeb thiab muaj hmoov quav nyob rau hauv lub combustion txheej txheem thiab tawm tsis muaj kab ntawm cov ntoo tshauv. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm burning qhuav roj hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv dej thiab carbon dioxide. Thawj tam sim ntawd suab nyob rau hauv cov nyhuv ntawm ntsaws ntawm tshav kub, thiab carbon dioxide yog diffused mus rau hauv lub surrounding huab cua.

Qhuav roj. qauv

Tshuaj paus ntawm qhuav cawv sawv cev hexamine. Qhov no qhuav roj Butlerova twb xub tau nyob rau hauv 1860 xyoo, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev kawm sis ntawm formaldehyde nrog ammonia. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm nws thwmsim twb tau tsis muaj kob muaju, uas tau muab lub npe methenamine. Tus heev tshuaj thiab nws cov tebchaw nrog calcium chloride twb zoo anti-inflammatory thiab diuretic, uas muaj peev xwm tseem yuav pom nyob rau hauv lub tsev muag tshuaj. Lwm zoo feature ntawm no compound muaj lub peev xwm mus hlawv yam uas tsis tsim ntawm ntoo tshauv. Qhuav roj ntsiav tshuaj, muag nyob rau hauv khw, nws muaj hexamine nrog ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm ciab. Qhov no hom ntawm "qhuav ntsuj plig" yog heev yooj yim mus siv. Methenamine - nws tus kheej ib yam khoom uas yog heev combustible. Qhuav nws cig sai heev los ntawm zoo tib yam yuam kev. Thiab mus tawm tau yooj yim, yog tsim nyog ib yam dab tsi kom npog. Txawm otsyrev, methenamine tau zes, tab sis scatters crackles thiab sparks. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov "qhuav dej cawv" yog yooj yim heev, koj muaj peev xwm yuav thaum twg muag khoom kho vajtse, ib tug me me npaum li cas yuav tsum tau siav nyob rau hauv tsev.

Formalin + ammonia

Qhov no yuav tsum tau lub ncuav 100 ml ntawm formalin (40% tshuaj) nyob rau hauv lub hlau ntim, raus rau hauv dej txias rau 2/3. Ces maj mam ntxiv rau 1 liter ntawm ammonia (12% tshuaj), nws lossi. Cov manipulations yuav tsum tau ua tawm sab nraud, vim nqus tau pa ntawm vapors ntawm tshuaj teeb meem rau kev noj qab nyob. Cov uas ua cov tshuaj yog tsim nyog yuav tau kaw lub hau thiab tawm rau ib hnub twg. Ces tus tov yog rhuab qhuav thiab kom txog thaum lub hexamine muaju pib precipitate. Tom qab ntawd, lub sib tov yuav tsum tau txias thiab methenamine lim thiab qhuav. Ces tov nrog 1.3% paraffin zom thiab daim ntawv tuab briquettes. Cia lub tiav qhuav haus dej haus cawv yuav tsum tau muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm noo noo.

Acetaldehyde + sulfuric acid

Muaj yog ib yam zoo "qhuav ntsuj plig" - metaldehyde. Qhov no qhuav roj rau lawv tus kheej txhais tes, koj yuav tau txais nyob rau hauv tsev ua tsaug rau ib tug nekotrye tshuaj povntawv. Qhov no yog npaj los ntawm nws cov chilled acetaldehyde nrog ib tug ob peb tee ntawm sulfuric acid. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm nws ob lub kua tsim ib tug khoom metaldehyde. Nws yog insoluble nyob rau hauv dej thiab haus dej haus cawv thiab kub yus zoo tsis muaj tus tsim ntawm haus luam yeeb thiab cov hmoov tshauv.

Calcium acetate + ethanol

Calcium acetate solvate kuj koom mus rau ib tug "qhuav alcohols". Nws muaj peev xwm muab tau, yog tias ib tug 170 ml ntawm ethyl cawv sai sai ntxiv 10 ml ntawm concentrated calcium acetate. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, cov tshuaj hardens sai heev thiab yuav zoo li cov dawb xab npum. Los ntawm cov resultant loj yuav txiav ntsuas los yog platelets. Nyob rau hauv combustion solvate calcium acetate, ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm cov hmoov tshauv thiab acetone, uas yog tseem zoo raug combustion.

Hais txog burners

Qhuav roj ntsiav tshuaj feem ntau siv rau cua sov thiab ua noj ua haus nyob rau hauv lub teb. Tab sis rau no txawm xav tau ib tug tshwj xeeb burner. Lub burners tuaj nyob rau hauv ntau hom thiab manufacturers, tab sis lawv yog compact thiab yooj yim rau siv.

Yog hais tias lub dawm yog ua los ntawm lub tsheb, kev siv uas niaj hnub no yuav muaj ntau yooj yim gas burner. Tab sis qhov no fact tsis txhais hais tias tus burner kom qhuav roj yog outdated thiab yog ib tug tej yam qub qab ntawm yav dhau los. Nyob rau hauv tej yam tshwm sim, nws siv yog feem ntau yooj yim thiab tsuas ua tau. Qhov no tham xyuas. Rau siv nyob rau hauv xws li yuav ua tau lub zoo tshaj plaws qhuav roj, tsis muaj ib co kua nplaum ntawm dej.

nta burners

Muaj siv txawv ntawm cov ntau hom ntawm cua sov tsis muaj nyob. Txawm li cas los, tej cov neeg siv yuav paub qhov txawv cov feem ntau tsim qauv yooj yim. Qhov txawv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub qhov siab ntawm lub thawv qhov chaw thiab sheltered ntawm cov cua. Cov feem ntau tsim burner yog txawm peem rau nrog ib tug hlau kheej kheej nrog qhov nyob rau hauv nws. Yog li, nws yuav tsum nqa los ntawm cov cua, thiab cov thrust generated, yog li tsis txhob kub tsis los ntawm combustion "qhuav dej cawv".

burner Configuration

Qhov no hom ntawm burner yog dav siv tsis tsuas yog rau cov neeg mus ncig tebchaws cov hom phiaj. Lawv yog ib feem ntawm cov peeb zeej lub khoom, ciaj sia taus cov khoom siv, thiab tsav nyob rau hauv kev txom nyem. Sau kom tiav burner khoom muaj xws li trivet, cov hlau ntim, ib tug khoom roj thiab qhov yuam kev. Cov teeb no nyhav xwb 300-350 grams, li ntawd, nws muaj nyob rau hauv lub hnab ev khoom yog tsis ua nra hnyav.

Thaum uas siv cov qhuav roj zoo hais tias raws li taganka yuav siv ib co nws yog xim hlau cov khoom, yog muaj nyob rau ntawm txhais tes xws li ib tug tin, ib tug hlau khob, txhuas los yog tin phaj. Lawv yuav zoo haum raws li, ib tug rhuab thawv.

tswv yim

Ib txhia poob lawm ntawm burners los ntawm ntau manufacturers qhia ib drawback - nws yog tsis hau. Nws yog indispensable nyob rau hauv boiling dej siv qhuav roj. Nyob rau hauv ib tug kaw txog ntsha cov dej boils sai, txuag "qhuav dej cawv", uas tej zaum yuav tsuas qhov chaw ntawm ib tug tag nrho-fledged hluav taws. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub hau yuav kom cov dej sov so rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm.

Yog hais tias nws yog tsim nyog los boil lub nqi ntawm cov dej ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm ib liter, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los mus siv ob qho tib si 2 roj ntsiav tshuaj. Cov dej nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yuav rhaub 2 lub sij hawm sai dua yog hais tias koj tau muab cov roj qho.

Yog hais tias koj yuav tsum siv qhuav roj nyob rau hauv ua ntej yuav tsum tau xyuas nws tiag. Ua li no, koj yuav tsum tau mus hlawv ib tug qauv ntawm cov ntim. Yog hais tias lub roj yog qhuav, tom qab ua tiav combustion yuav tsum nyob twj ywm ib tug me me chav ntawm cov ntoo tshauv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, "qhuav dej cawv" yog xav tau unfit rau ntxiv siv. Yog hais tias tom qab tag nrho combustion tseem yog ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm ashes nyob rau hauv daim ntaub-zoo li qauv, xws li ib tug roj yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg. Siv nws rau ua noj ua haus los yog cua sov cov khoom noj yog txaus ntshai vim hais tias cov combustion khoom tej zaum yuav muaj tej yam tshuaj lom.

Tsuas yog kiv cua nrog qhov kev paub ntawm hiking yuav to taub hais tias muaj yog tsis muaj dab tsi zoo dua tom qab ib tug ntev thiab tiring hloov dua kom ntxuav nrog dej huv thiab so kom txaus nrog ib khob ntawm freshly brewed tshuaj yej.