Poov xab raws li ib tug tsiaj? poov xab hais tawm txoj kev

Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb yuav kub siab rau tej kev nthuav micro-kab xws li cov poov xab. Raws li lawv muab? Nyob rau lo lus nug no peb yuav tsum teb. Koj yuav kawm tau dab tsi nta nteg qe poov xab.

Tu tub tu kiv - yog tu tub tu kiv ntawm cov hlwb tshiab, uas yog zoo tib yam rau cov niam txiv. Qhov tsim nyog ntawm nws, feem ntau ntawm cov single-celled kab mob yog ua rau kom cov pejxeem. Qhov no txoj kev ntawm kab mob mas vim yog "kev sib raug zoo" nrog rau lawv puag ncig kab lis kev cai nruab nrab. Nws yuav tsum tau tsim ib qho enabling ib puag ncig, uas tswj cov kev txiav txim ntawm tej yam enzymes.

Zaum tau pom tias cov enzymes Reducers - haib txo neeg uas yog tso tawm nyob rau hauv lub medium thaum txoj kev loj hlob tshwm sim qhov kev ncua nqi ntawm cov poov xab hlwb. Lawv ua rau cell daim nyias nyias (rau cov protein ntau disulfide bonds). Los ntawm no plhaub yuav permeable rau qhov tau txais tsab ntawm lub as nruab nrab. Qhov no saib kuas lub biosynthesis enzymes, xws li constitutive.

poov xab hais tawm txoj kev

Mus ncaj qha rau peb lub ntsiab lus. "Poov xab me nyuam los ntawm noob los yog tsis?" - cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no yog tsis meej xwm. Lub fact tias lub hlwb ntawm cov kab mob, nyob ntawm seb lub kab lis kev cai tej yam kev mob, yuav muaj me tub kev sib deev thiab vegetatively. Daim ntawv xeem txiav txim teej tug mus rau ib tug tej yam pab pawg neeg ntawm biologically ywj siab (i.e. tsev neeg) paub faib, los ntawm budding thiab los ntawm budding, xaus division. Tam sim no, tau qhia txog plaub hom vegetative hais tawm ntawm poov xab.

Tus thawj hom vegetative tu tub tu kiv

Nws muab sau, piv txwv li, lub genus Saccharomyces (nyob rau hauv Saccharomycetaceae tsev neeg). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov ntaub ntawv uas cov uas lub plhaub muaj niam hlwb tsis kis ncaj qha mus rau lub plhaub tshiab tus ntxhais lub hlwb. Nyob rau hauv thawj zaug rau theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob lawv tau nws raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nws yog tsim thiab maj accumulates nyob rau ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub ob lub raum rau nws tus kheej. Yog li nti yog nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm loj tshaj curvature ntawm lub cell daim nyias nyias. Feem ntau lawv yog nyob ib sab mus rau txhua lwm yam, lawv yog cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv ib tug kauv los yog voj voog.

Txawm li cas los, txoj kev no tsis yog yam ntxwv ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob teej tug mus rau cov pab pawg neeg ntawm unicellular fungi hu ua "cov poov xab". Zoo li lawv lwm yam chaw ua taus zes hom? Peb mus txuas ntxiv peb zaj dabneeg.

Qhov thib ob hom

Tus tom ntej hom vegetative hais tawm yog cai nyob rau hauv poov genera Hanseniaspora thiab Saccharo-mycodes (tsev neeg Saccharoinycoaaceae). Nws feature - ncov qaumteb qabteb budding, li no txoj kev ua ntau yam caws pliav. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub raum (dab tsi multiplies poov xab) yog tsim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm protrusions raum caws pliav, uas tseem los ntawm lub yav dhau los budding, thiab partitions ntawm lub hlwb ncab.

Qhov thib peb hom

Nws tau nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg ntawm cov poov xab Schizosaccharomyceta-seae (piv txwv li, lub genus Schizosaccharomyces). Yam ntxwv ntawm no hom yog tias txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cell week biopolyaren. Cov khoom tshiab ntawm lub tsim hlwb, yog tso rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug annular outgrowth ntawm tus xovtooj ntawm qhov chaw mus rau nws xaus ntawm lub taw tes rau ntawm kev faib.

Vegetative tu tub tu kiv: lub plaub hom

Nws yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm Endomyces magnusii, lawv cylindrical hlwb. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, los mus faib cov yam ntxwv hloov cai thoob plaws nws lub plhaub lawm. Yog hais tias muaj yog ib tug ntau ntawm kev sib cais, lub plhaub yog li ntawm ob peb daim hlau, uas yog cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv thaum uas tig mus thiab xaus lus nyob rau hauv lub rumen ib leeg.

mitosis

tej yam yog ib feem ntawm lub yam ntxwv formations nucleus thiab cytoplasm hais kom tus ntxhais lub hlwb ntawm tus niam txiv thaum lub sij hawm micropropagation. Ua ntej txhua cell division thaum chromosomes uas yog ua si ib tug nyob rau ib lub sij hawm thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm. Qhov no saib kuas teeb tis ntawm cov chaw hauj lwm thiab cov niam txiv ntawm tes. Nyob rau hauv no hom ntawm nuclear fission, uas yog hu ua mitosis yog cai nruj me ntsis qhov tooj ntawm chromosomes nyob rau hauv lub cell tiam.

Budding niam cell

Peb pom hais tias lub raum - yog ib yam dab tsi uas multiplies thaum poov vegetatively. Yog hais tias peb xav txog tus txheej txheem no nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, tej zaum nws yuav muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv hais txog ib teev tus ntxhais cell tsim nkaus nyob rau hauv zoo tej yam kev mob. Tab sis rau ib tug nws tsis muaj peev xwm rov qab ua endlessly budding txheej txheem. Niam cell thaum lub sij hawm lub neej muaj ib tug nruab nrab ntawm 25-30 budding (pab pawg neeg nti). Deterrent ntawm tus txheej txheem no - qhov kev hloov nyob rau hauv cell phab ntsa qauv, uas yog txuam nrog cirrhosis. Lawv coj mus rau ib tug txo nyob rau hauv nws pab tau nto, uas thiaj li muaj qhov metabolism thiab protein cov ntsiab lus, DNA, RNA nyob rau hauv lub hlwb thiab ua rau yus nws thiaj li tuag.

Koj muaj peev xwm xaiv lwm txoj kev, sau cia rau lo lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas yug cov poov xab. Kev tsis txaus siab no yog. Qhov no yog hu ua kev sib deev. Cia peb xav txog nws nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

Kev sib deev hom ntawm tu tub tu kiv

Poov xab npaug uas tshwm sim raws li kev sib deev los yog vegetatively sawv cev los ntawm no taw tes ntawm view ib tug ntau ntawm kev txaus siab. Muaj ntau zaum tau kawm tus cwj pwm ntawm cov kab mob. Lawv nrhiav tau tias txoj kev sib deev txoj kev yog txuam nrog rau cov germination ntawm noob, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub asci los yog hnab (lawv yog hu ua ascospores) nyob rau hauv vegetative hlwb. Raws li cov poov xab me nyuam los ntawm noob? Wb fim nws.

Qhov no tus txheej txheem no nrog lub division ntawm lub nucleus ntawm meiosis. Thaum kuaj cov poov xab yog ib tug ntse hloov los ntawm tag nrho cov mus nruab nrab cov neeg pluag nyob rau hauv as-ham, nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm txaus av noo thiab muaj ntau yam pauv txuam nrog ntawm cia tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub cell thiab nkag tau mus rau cov pa tshwm sim sporulation. Ua los ntawm nws ascospores yog resistant rau kev phiv tej yam kev mob (kom qhuav, kub), tab sis lawv yog tsawg thermally ruaj khov dua tus kab mob noob. Ascospores tuag thaum ib tug kub ntawm txog 60 ° C, whereas kab mob noob mas ntau dua kub - boiling dej thiab txawm ntau dua.

Ascospores yog tsim feem ntau raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev sib deev fusion 2 poov xab hlwb thiab lub tom ntej division ntawm lub nucleus ntawm ib tug fertilized. Lawv yuav ua tau los ntawm ib tug mus rau plaub, tej zaum yim nyob rau hauv ib tug ascus. Yog hais tias tus mob rau vegetative kev loj hlob yog paaj, lub noob yuav ciaj sia nyob rau hauv tshiab kab lis kev cai nruab nrab, thiab ces yog rov raum hlwb.

Lub neej voj voog ntawm cov poov xab

Nyob rau hauv poov, lub neej voj voog yog txuam nrog alternating spore thiab vegetative hais tawm uas txawv lengths ntawm diploid thiab haploid theem. Poov xab Saccharomyces, nyob rau hauv uas muaj ib tug kev hloov gaplo- thiab diplofaz, muab faib mus rau hauv ob pawg: gomotallichnye thiab heterothallic.

heterothallic hom

Heterothallic hom yog ruaj khov haploid thiab ib tug diploid theem. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub diploid hlwb yuav tau muab vegetatively indefinitely, thiab tsiv mus rau sporulation nyob rau hauv cov nyom tej yam kev mob. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, tsim haploid spore asci, txhua tus uas belongs rau ib tug 2-pos hom. Copulation li ua tau tsuas yog thaum lub rooj sib tham 2 ascospores los yog hlwb los ntawm ntau haploid hom, uas ua nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm ib tug zygote, thiab diplofaza rov qab los.

Gomotallichnye hom

Gomotallichnye lim los ntawm heterothallic txawv nyob rau hauv hais tias lawv muaj ib tug ruaj khov diplofaza. Cais los ntawm cov nug haploid noob tsim diploid qauv. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nyob rau hauv lub progeny ntawm ib spore tshwm sim samodiploidizatsiya (fusion ntawm haploid hlwb) vim lub fact tias cov noob yuav tsum tau txuas nyob rau hauv tej thaum lawv tseem los tu niam haploid hlwb los ntawm nws cov kev ua paj.

Thiab muaj gomotallichnyh poov xab pos hom. AF Rusnak kawm poov hom SACCH. vini, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv winemaking. Nws sau tseg rau cov hav zoov ntawm cov loj set ntawm haiv neeg. Tom qab cais nws, tus kws tshawb fawb xaus lus tias tus xwm ntawm lawv feem ntau gomotallichna.

Cuaj kaum, ib co poov xab haploid lub xeev rau ib ntev lub sij hawm no yog tau rau cov me nyuam vegetatively. Raws li ib qho piv txwv Chizosaccharomyces thiab Zygosaccharomyces. Haploid hlwb sporulation hauj lwm ua ke, txoj kev ua ib tug diploid zygote. Ces nrog kev pab los ntawm meiosis nws faib thiab muab sawv mus rau plaub los yog yim haploid noob. Lawv yuav ciaj sia, thiab tom qab ib tug thaum pib mus muab nyob rau hauv lub haploid xeev asexually.

Zoo ntsiab lus sporulation

Kawm kab mob, xws li cov poov xab (raws li lawv propagate), soj ntsuam ntawm pom tias cov metabolism thiab zuag qhia tag nrho kev ua ntawm kab mob tub ceevxwm thaum lub sij hawm sporulation. Qhov no mob kom cov ciaj sia taus ntawm lawv unfavorable rau vegetative hais tawm tej yam kev mob. Yog li ntawd, sporulation, uas combines cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txuag ntawm tus tsiaj thiab yug me nyuam rau, yuav tsum muab xav raws li ib tug zoo kauj ruam nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov poov xab kab mob.

Tau ntawm txoj kev tshawb B. Pazoni

B. Pazoni kawm yuav ua li cas ua poov xab multiply. Lawv twb tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv cov nyhuv rau efficiency thiab lub neej kev ua ntawm cov kab mob kauj ruam ntawm kev sib deev tu tub tu kiv. Culture caw poov xab, uas dhau nrog ib tug ntxiv sporulation thiab spore germination txheej txheem diploidization, tshaj cov kev ceev ntawm fermentation ntawm lub wort kab lis kev cai hais tias cov theem tsis dhau. Nyob rau hauv kev ntsuam xyuas nqa tawm nyob rau hauv poluproizvodstvennyh tej yam kev mob, muaj ib tug poob fermentation lub sij hawm los ntawm 35 hnub rau 21-31.

Yog li ntawd, koj puas tau ntsib tej nthuav micro-kab xws li cov poov xab. Raws li lawv muab, tam sim no koj paub. Peb cia siab tias koj nco ntsoov li cas nta yog ob lub ntsiab txoj kev. Yeasts me nyuam los ntawm noob thiab budding. Txhua yam ntawm cov kev yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv tej yam tej yam kev mob, thiab txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj nws tus kheej cov yam ntxwv.