Phonetic txheej txheem uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lo lus (piv txwv li). Phonetic dab nyob rau hauv cov lus

Phonetic txheej txheem uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lo lus, lom zem ntau piav nws spelling thiab muaj cim zoo. Qhov no lus tshwm sim yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum ua suab tsom xam txog lub ntsiab ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus. Kev mloog yog them no txoj hauj lwm ntawm ib lub suab. Lub thiaj li hu ua positional phonetic dab yog raug rau feem ntau hom lus. Nws yog nthuav tias muaj ntau yam ntawm cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub suab tsim ntawm ib lo lus nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm qhov chaw nyob ntawm muaj. Ib tug neeg muab suav niam, ib co consonants softens. Txawv ntawm Moscow bulo [w] thiab pleev Petersburg bulo [CHN] Tib tau ua axiomatic.

lub ntsiab txhais

Yuav ua li cas yog phonetic txheej txheem? Qhov no xyov hloov nyob rau hauv lub suab qhia ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ntau yam. Los ntawm cov yam tseem ceeb, thiab nws yog nyob ntawm lub hom txheej txheem. Yog hais tias lawv tsis dictated los ntawm tus lexical tivthaiv cov lus, cov hais lus (piv txwv li, accented) - qhov no tshwm sim yog hu ua positional. Cov no muaj xws txo ntau yam consonants thiab niam, raws li zoo raws li lub stunning kawg ntawm ib lo lus.

Lwm yam - cov phonetic dab nyob rau hauv cov lus, uas muab ib tug ua ke ntawm tej suab sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov lus. Lawv yuav tsum tau hu ua combinatorial (ie. E. nyob ntawm seb cov kev ua ke nrog ntawm lub suab). Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov no muaj xws li assimilation, voicing thiab mitigation. Thiab tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam li cas tom ntej suab (regression txheej txheem) thiab yav dhau los (hnyav).

yuav txo tau ntawm niam

Yuav pib, peb tsom xam cov phenomenon uas yuav txo tau. Nws yog hais tias nws yog raug rau niam thiab rau consonants. Nrog hais txog mus rau tus thawj, tus txheej txheem no yog kiag li subordinate mus rau lub phonetic kev nyuaj siab nyob rau hauv lus.

Rau ib tug pib nws yuav tsum tau hais tias tag nrho cov ntawv niam nyob rau hauv cov lus sib cais lawm nyob rau hauv lub kev sib raug zoo mus rau lub nyuab siab lub suab. Poob nws mus pretonic, txoj cai - zaudarnye. Piv txwv li, lo lus "TV." -vi- nyuab siab lub suab. Raws li, qhov thawj pretonic -le- thib ob pretonic -te-. Ib tug zaudarny -zor-.

Feem ntau cim yuav txo tau yog muab faib ua ob hom: quantitative thiab zoo. Tus thawj tsis yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov kev hloov nyob rau hauv suab tsim, tiam sis tsuas yog siv thiab ntev. Qhov no phonetic txheej txheem kev txhawj xeeb tsuas yog ib cim [y]. Piv txwv li, hais tias ib tug ntshiab "boudoir". Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm no ntog rau hauv kawg suab, thiab yog hais tias nyob rau hauv thawj pretonic "y" yeej yuav hnov kom meej meej thiab kom nrov nrov, ntau dua los yog tsawg, nyob rau hauv lub thib ob nws hnov pretonic ntau weaker.

Sovrem lwm tus tshaj plaws - zoo yuav txo tau. Nws yuav tsis yog ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub dag lub zog thiab tsis muaj zog ntawm lub suab, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv txawv timbre. Yog li, hloov tsim ntawm articulation ntawm cov suab.

Piv txwv li, [ib tug] thiab [ib tug] nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj zog txoj hauj lwm (piv txwv li. E. Nyob rau hauv kev nyuaj siab) ib txwm hnov kom meej meej, yuav tsis sib tov rau lawv. Cia peb xav txog rau Piv txwv li lo lus "samovar". Nyob rau hauv thawj lub suab pretonic (-mo-) tsab ntawv "o" yog hnov kom meej meej heev, tab sis ua tsis tau tejyam yuav tsum tau tsim nyob rau ua ntej thaum xaus. nws muaj nws tus kheej los [^] rau nws nyob rau hauv transcription. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob lub suab pretonic -sa- cim nta ntau kom meej meej, xav txo. Rau nws kuj muaj nws tus kheej los [b]. Yog li, transcription yuav zoo li no: [sm ^ Var].

Ntawv niam, uas ntsib mos consonants, yog tseem heev nthuav. Ib zaug ntxiv, lawv yeej hnov meej meej nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj zog txoj hauj lwm. Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv unstressed suab? Cia peb kawm cov lus "ntxaiv". Nyuab siab lub suab - qhov kawg. Nyob rau hauv thawj pretonic cim yog txo me ntsis, nws yog xa mus rau raws li ib tug transcription [thiab ^{ib tug]} - e thiab overtones. Qhov thib ob thiab thib peb pretonic kiag txo. Tej suab xws [s]. Yog li, lub transcription yog raws li nram no: ^[e v'rti tab sis].

Zoo-paub linguist Potebni tswvyim. Nws deduced hais tias cov thawj lub suab pretonic - lub clearest ntawm tag nrho cov unstressed. Tag nrho cov lwm leej lwm tus ua tsis tau zoo rau nws nyob rau hauv hwj chim. Yog hais tias lub cim yog nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj zog txoj hauj lwm kom coj mus rau 3, thiab cov weakest yuav txo tau ntawm 2, koj yuav tau txais cov nram qab no tswvyim: 12311 (lo lus "qauv sau ntawv").

Nquag txheej xwm (feem ntau colloquially), thaum lub yuav txo tau yog pes tsawg, t. E. Lub cim yog tsis hais nyob rau tag nrho. Nws pom ib tug zoo xws li cov phonetic txheej txheem nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lo lus. Piv txwv li, lo lus "hlau" peb tsis tshua hais lub cim nyob rau hauv lub thib ob lub suab zaudarnom: [provlk], thiab lo lus "mus rau" yog txo mus rau zero cim nyob rau hauv ib tug lub suab zaudarnom [shtob]

yuav txo tau ntawm consonants

Muaj kuj yog ib tug phonetic txheej txheem nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub hais lus, hu ua lub yuav txo tau ntawm lub consonants. Nws yog hais tias hom suab nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm cov lo lus yuav luag ploj (feem ntau nrhiav tau pes tsawg txo).

Qhov no yog vim lub physiology ntawm lub hais lus peb tso rau lawv raws li koj tso pa tawm, thiab huab cua khiav yog tej zaum tsis txaus kom muaj ib tug zoo proartikulirovat kawg suab. Nws nyob rau ntawm subjective yam: tus nqi ntawm kev hais lus li zoo li cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev hais (xws li, lub suab hais lus).

Qhov no tshwm sim muaj peev xwm yuav pom, piv txwv li, cov lus "tus kab mob", "Lub neej" (ib co dialects tsis hais qhov kawg tsiaj ntawv). Tej zaum txo j: lo lus "kuv" peb hais tias tsis muaj nws, tab sis yog, raws li cov kev cai, nws yuav tsum, yog li ntawd rau "thiab" sawv hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm ib tug cim ...

stunning

Ib tug cais txheej txheem uas yuav txo tau yog stunning thaum voiced consonants yog hloov nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov neeg lag ntseg los yog lub meej kawg ntawm lo lus.

Piv txwv li, siv lo lus "mitten". Ntawm no voiced [g] nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ib tug dig muag [rau], sawv qab nws, stunned. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, thaum lawv tseem yog hnov [wk].

Lwm cov piv txwv - tus tsis kawg ntawm lo lus "ntoo qhib". Muaj Ringing [b] xav tsis thoob thaum los ntawm [n].

Yuav voiced consonants (los yog sonorous) kuj raug rau txoj kev no, txawm hais tias heev weakly. Yog hais tias peb los sib piv cov hais lo lus "tsob ntoo" nyob qhov twg [L] los tom qab ib tug cim, thiab "twm", qhov twg tib lub suab nyob rau thaum xaus, nws yog ib qho yooj yim qhia tau qhov txawv. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob cov ntaub ntawv, sonorous suab luv luv thiab weaker.

vocalization

Heev qhov rov qab txheej txheem - voicing. Nws belongs rau lub combinatorial, t. E. Nyob ntawm seb cov kev suab, sawv sab ntawm sab. Raws li txoj cai, qhov no siv rau voiceless consonants, uas yog nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub tswb.

Piv txwv li, cov lus xws li "ua haujlwm", "ua li cas" - yog voicing tshwm sim nyob rau lub hlws ris thawv thiab cov hauv paus hniav. Peb cai no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov lo lus: rau [s '] ba, txog [s'] kav ywm. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txheej txheem yuav coj qhov chaw nyob rau ib tug lo lus ciam, thiab muaj kev zam txim: ib tug niam pog, "mus rau lub zos."

easing

Lwm txoj cai ntawm phonetics yog hais tias lub hard suab yog softened, yog hais tias lawv mus tom qab mos mos consonants.

Muaj ntau ntau txoj kev cai:

1. Suab [n] yuav mos thaum sawv nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm [h] los yog [w]: ba [n '] crate, chi [n'] snip, Baraba [n '] crate.
2. Suab [c] softens ntawm ib txoj hauj lwm ua ntej qhov muag [m '], [N'], thiab [s] rau [d '] thiab [n'] th [c '] yuav [c'] neg [s '] Ere, nyob rau hauv [h'] Nya.

Cov ob cai thov rau tag nrho cov muaj kev kawm lus, tab sis muaj dialects qhov twg mitigation yog tseem tshwm sim. Piv txwv li, tej zaum nws yuav tsum pronounced [d '] ntseeg los yog [c'] em.

assimilation

Txiav txim seb lub phonetic txheej txheem ntawm assimilation yog tau raws li assimilation. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, suab, uas nyuaj heev, raws li yog hais sawv tom ntej no mus assimilate. Qhov no siv rau xws ob peb ua ke raws li "MF", "AF" thiab "CC", "zdch" thiab "stch". Es tsis txhob, cov lus hais [u]. Zoo siab - [u] Astier; txiv neej - mu [u] ins.

Tsis tas li ntawd assimilated qhia txog kev ua ob peb ua ke -tsya -tsya thiab, es tsis txhob ntawm lawv yog hnov [n]: crowning [i] ib tug, bout [n] thiab, hnov [i] a.

Qhov no kuj siv rau cov simplification. Thaum ib tug pab pawg neeg ntawm consonants loses ib: nrog [n] Tse, izves [n] yak.