Osip Mandelstam biography nrog rau cov duab

Ib qho ntawm feem tragic fates tau npaj rau lub Soviet tsoom fwv xws li ib tug zoo kawg kws sau paj lug zoo li Mandelstam. Nws biography tau tsim npaum li ntawd, vim hais tias ntawm lub irreconcilable xwm ntawm Osipa Emilevicha. Nws yuav tsis sawv qhov tseeb thiab yeej tsis xav kom hneev ua ntej cov haib. Yog li ntawd, txawv nyob rau hauv cov hnub thiab nws yuav tsis muaj tshwm sim rau nws, hais tias nws twb paub thiab Mandelstam. Nws biography, raws li zoo raws li tej hauj lwm ntawm tus poj poet, qhia peb ib tug ntau ...

Budushee kws sau paj lug yug nyob rau hauv Warsaw rau Lub ib hlis ntuj 3, 1891 Childhood thiab tiav hluas siv nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg Osip Mandelstam. Autobiography, hmoov tsis, yog tsis sau los ntawm nws. Tab sis nws puas tau lub hauv paus ntawm phau ntawv "Lub suab nrov ntawm lub sij hawm." Nws yuav suav hais tias kev lom zem ntau ntawv. Nco ntsoov tias Mandelstam 's puas thaum yau thiab thaum tiav hluas yog nruj thiab khi - nws zam qhia lawv tus kheej, tsis nyiam mus saib rau ntawm nws ob paj huam thiab nws lub neej. Osip twb thaum ntxov matured kws sau paj lug, los yog es, twb tau txais nws lub xub ntiag. Rigor thiab paub qhov txawv nws artistic yam.

Peb ntseeg hais tias nws yog tsim nyog los xav txog nyob rau hauv kom meej lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm ntawm lub kws sau paj lug, zoo li Mandelstam. Luv luv biography muaj respect rau tus neeg ntawd tsis yog tsim nyog. Osipa Emilevicha cwm pwm yog heev nthuav, thiab nws ua hauj lwm tsim nyog tshaj plaws ceev faj txoj kev tshawb no. Raws li lub sij hawm tau pom tias, ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj Lavxias teb sab paj huam ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th yog Mandelstam. Luv luv biography, nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv, yog kom meej meej tsis txaus rau ib tug sib to taub ntawm nws lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm.

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov kws sau paj lug

Tiam sis, tus tsaus laus tinged nrog lub me ntsis uas yuav muaj nyob rau hauv Mandelstam lub memoirs txog nws thaum yau thiab surrounding cua. Raws li cov kws sau paj lug, nws tsev neeg yog "nyuaj thiab nyuab". Nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, hais lus yog manifested nrog rau kev quab yuam. Yog li ntawd, yam tsawg kawg, nws xav tias Mandelstam. Nws yog ib tug zoo ntawm kev hais lus "lub caij" ntawm tsev neeg. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov neeg Yudais haiv neeg Mandelstam yog qub. Puas tau txij xyoo lub 8 pua, txij thaum lub hnub ntawm cov neeg Yudais enlightenment, nws muab lub ntiaj teb renowned cov kws kho mob, physicists, povthawj, historians ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov neeg txhais Vajlugkub.

Mandelstam Aemilius Veniaminovich txiv Osip, yog ib tug businessman thiab nws tus kheej-qhia. Nws yog kiag li devoid ntawm ib tug txiav txim zoo ntawm cov lus. Mandelstam, nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv "Lub suab nrov ntawm lub sij hawm" sau tseg hais tias nws kiag li tsis muaj cov lus, nws tsuas yog ib tug "bezyazychie" thiab "tus nplaig-khi". Tej zaum nws yog Osipovna Flora, leej niam ntawm tus kws sau paj lug thiab suab paj nruag xib fwb. Mandelstam muab sau tseg tias phau ntawv txhais lus nws yog "compressed" thiab "txom nyem", puv monotonous, tab sis nws yog ib tug resounding thiab ntshiab, "tus poj Lavxias teb sab lus." Nws yog los ntawm nws niam pub Osip, nrog musicality thiab ib tug predisposition rau lub plawv kab mob, cov neeg ntawm tus hais lus, ib tug heightened kev txiav txim zoo ntawm lawv hom lus.

Kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Tenishev coj mus muag tsev kawm ntawv

Mandelstam nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1900 mus 1907 nws kawm nyob rau Tenishev coj mus muag tsev kawm ntawv. Nws yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws private cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm peb lub teb chaws. Nyob rau ntawm ib lub sij hawm nws kawm Zhirmunsky, Vladimir Nabokov. Cov huab cua uas prevailed no yog cov kev txawj ntse-ascetic. Nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv no cultivated cov hom phiaj ntawm pej xeem txoj hauj lwm thiab kev nom kev tswv txoj kev ywj pheej. Nyob rau hauv 1905-1907 xyoo ntawm tus thawj Lavxias teb sab kiv puag ncig yuav pab tsis tau tab sis lub caij nplooj zeeg mus rau hauv nom tswv radicalism thiab Mandelstam. Biography ntawm nws nyob rau tag nrho cov zoo txog rau cov txheej xwm ntawm lub era. Cov teeb meem ntawm kev tsov rog nrog Nyiv thiab lub revolutionary lub sij hawm tshwm sim rau nws los tsim cov thawj stihovtornyh thwmsim, uas yuav tsum tau kev raws li Neeg Kawm Ntawv. Mandelstam coj tshwm sim raws li muaj lus zoo siab universal metamorphosis, rov qab lub caij.

mus kawm txawv teb chaws

Lub tsev kawm ntawv daim ntawv kawm tiav nws tau txais May 15, 1907 Tom qab uas lub kws sau paj lug sim pib sib ntaus sib tua lub koom haum SRS nyob rau hauv Finland, tab sis nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov thaum yau twb tsis tau lees txais muaj. Cov niam txiv muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm nws tus tub, pib ceev mus xa nws deb ntawm txoj kev txhaum mus kawm txawv teb chaws, qhov chaw uas Mandelstam mus peb lub sij hawm. Tus thawj lub sij hawm nws tau ua lub neej nyob rau hauv Paris los ntawm Lub kaum hli ntuj 1907 mus rau lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 1908. Tom qab ntawd, yav tom ntej kws sau paj lug mus rau lub teb chaws Yelemees, qhov twg lub University of Heidelberg kawm Romance Philology (los ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm 1909 mus rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm xyoo 1910). Nyob rau Lub Xya hli ntuj 21, 1910 los mid-Lub kaum hli ntuj, nws nyob rau hauv Zehlendorf, Berlin suburb. Txog thaum lub feem ntau tsis ntev los no tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Mandelstam tus kwv huam suab ncha ntawm nws acquaintance nrog Western teb chaws Europe.

Lub rooj sib tham nrog Anna Akhmatova thiab Gumilev, creation acmeism

Lub rooj sib tham nrog annoy Ahmatovoy thiab Nikolai Gumilev txhais emergence raws li ib tug kws sau paj lug Osipa Emilevicha. Gumilyov nyob rau hauv 1911, ntawm lub Abyssinian ntoj ke mus kawm rov qab mus rau St. Petersburg. Tsis ntev lawv los ua peb feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv phau ntawv sau yav tsaus ntuj. Ntau xyoo tom qab cov tragic kev tshwm sim - tus shooting ntawm ENU nyob rau hauv 1921 - Osip sau Akhmatova, Nikolayu Gumilevu tias tsuas yog muaj kev tswj kom to taub nws cov paj huam, thiab hais tias nws tseem hais lus rau nws, yog lub sib tham. Hais txog yuav ua li cas Mandelstam, Akhmatova kho, raws li muaj tim khawv los nws kab lus: "Kuv - ib tug kawm ntawm Akhmatova." Tsuas yog Osip Mandelstam (ib tug yees duab ntawm nws nrog annoy Andreevnoy hais saum toj no) yuav laj mej pej xeem tshaj tawm no thaum lub sij hawm lub Stalin tsoom fwv, thaum Akhmatova yog disgraced kws sau paj lug.

Tag nrho peb (Mandelstam, Akhmatova thiab Gumilev) acmeism los ua founders thiab feem ntau tseem ceeb sawv cev ntawm no tshiab qauv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Biographers tau sau tseg hais tias nyob nruab nrab ntawm pib ntawm kev sib txhuam sawv vim hais tias Mandelstam yog irascible, despotic Gumilyov thiab Akhmatova capricious.

Tus thawj sau los ntawm cov kwv huam

Nyob rau hauv 1913 nws tsim nws cov thawj sau los ntawm cov kwv huam los ntawm Mandelstam. Biography thiab ua hauj lwm nws tau twb tau cim los ntawm ntau yam tseem ceeb cov txheej xwm thiab lub neej kev nws twb ntau tshaj li txaus. Cov kws sau paj lug tau muab qhov no sau los ntawm nws tus kheej ua tus them. Ua ntej, nws xav mus hu nws phau ntawv "Plhaub", tab sis, ces xaiv lwm lub npe - "Pob zeb", uas yog heev nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm acmeism. Nws cov tswv cuab yuav nyiam mus nrhiav tau lub ntiaj teb no rov qab, muab tag nrho lub ib siab tawv thiab tshem lub npe ntawm tus deprived thiab cov elegiac pos huab daim ntaub thaiv, zoo ib yam li lub Symbolists. Pob zeb - cov khoom thiab check tej yam ntuj tso khoom, nyob mus ib txhis nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm ib tug tswv. Nyob rau hauv Osipa Emilevicha nws yog tus thawj lub tsev blocks ntawm sab ntsuj plig kab lis kev cai, tsis yog cov khoom.

Osip Mandelstam nyob rau hauv 1911 los ua ib tug Christian, ua ib tug "ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv European kab lis kev cai." Txawm hais tias nws ua kevcai raus dej nyob rau hauv lub Methodist Koom Txoos (nyob rau hauv Vyborg Tej zaum 14), tus thawj nqe ntawm nws sau yog tej lub tej yam txaus siab ntawm cov Catholic lub ntsiab. Mandelstam yuav nyob rau hauv Roman Catholicism pathos ntiaj teb no organizing tswv yim. Nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm lub nroog Loos, txoj kev sib sau ntawm cov Christian ntiaj teb no ntawm sab hnub poob los ntawm lub paab chorus tseem muaj cov neeg, disparate. Cov tib "pob zeb" ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj no yog ua los ntawm lub pob zeb, lawv "heev tsis zoo rau nej" thiab "tej yam ntuj tso labyrinth."

Cwj pwm mus rau lub kiv puag ncig

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1911 mus 1917 nyob rau hauv lub University of St. Petersburg, nyob rau hauv Romano-Germanic ceg, Mandelstam kawm. Nws biography ntawm lub sij hawm no twb cim los ntawm cov tsos ntawm cov thawj sau. Nyuaj yog nws muaj feem xyuam rau lub phaum ntawm lub kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv 1917. Scandal thiab tsis ua hauj lwm lawm tej me nyuam Osipa Emilevicha nrhiav ib qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub tshiab Russia.

Collection Tristia

Verses lub sij hawm ntawm lub kiv puag ncig thiab ua tsov ua rog nyob rau hauv Mandelstam roos ib phau tshiab Tristia. Qhov no "Phau Ntawv tu" tau luam tawm rau thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv 1922 tsis muaj kev koom tes los ntawm cov neeg sau, thiab ces, nyob rau hauv 1923, nyob rau hauv lub title "Qhov thib ob phau ntawv," reprinted nyob rau hauv Moscow. Nws cements lub ntsiab ntawm lub sij hawm, cov ndlwg ntawm keeb kwm, uas yog qhia rau nws cov demise. Mus txog rau lub xeem hnub ntawm no lub npe yuav tsum yog ib tug ntoo khaub lig-txiav nyob rau hauv lub kws sau paj lug. No sau cim ib tug tshiab zoo Mandelstam lyrical hero. Rau nws, muaj yog tsis muaj lawm ib tug tus kheej, uas tsis yog-kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub dav dav txaus lub sij hawm. Lyrical lub suab yuav tau hnov tsuas yog raws li ib tug zab teb ntawm lub roar ntawm lub era. Dab tsi tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub loj keeb kwm, dab tsi nws raws li ib tug wreck thiab tsim kho ntawm lub "tuam tsev" ntawm nws tus kheej.

Sau los ntawm Tristia thiab thaws rov los ib tug tseem ceeb kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm tus kws sau paj lug. Zoo li tus kev ntxhib los mos yog mus ntau mus rau encrypted, "tsaus ntuj nti" tus nqi, semantic ua haujlwm irrational lus strokes.

Wanderings nyob rau hauv Russia

Osip Mandelstam nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1920 los. Kuv yuam kev feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub yav qab teb ib feem ntawm Russia. Nws tau mus xyuas Kyiv, qhov uas nws tau ntsib nws tus yav tom ntej tus poj niam, N. Ya. Hazinoy (pictured saum toj no), Kuv siv ib co sij hawm nyob rau Voloshin nyob rau hauv Koktebel, ces mus rau Feodosia, qhov twg Wrangel counterintelligence puas tau raug ntes nws nyob rau lub sijhawm twg los ntawm espionage. Ces, tom qab nws tso tawm, nws tau mus Batumi Osip Mandelstam. Nws biography tau cim los ntawm ib tug tshiab raug ntes - tam sim no nyob rau ib feem ntawm cov ntug dej hiav txwv khwb ntawm lub Mensheviks. Osipa Emilevicha cawm nej dim ntawm lub qhov taub T. Tabidze thiab N. Mitsishvili Georgian paj huam. Nyob rau hauv lub kawg, tsis tshua muaj emaciated, nws rov qab mus rau Petrograd Osip Mandelstam. Nws biography tseem dab tsi nws nyob rau ib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm Arts, thiab ces mus rov qab mus rau sab qab teb, thiab ces tsawm nyob rau hauv Moscow.

Txawm li cas los, los ntawm nruab nrab-1920s, tsis muaj kab ntawm lub qub nqi koj tshuav ntawm kev cia siab thiab kev ntxhov siab nyob rau hauv kev nkag siab dab tsi tshwm sim. Qhov tsim nyog tau yog lub hloov poetics ntawm Mandelstam. "Tsaus" yog tam sim no nce meej ntau tshaj nws. Nyob rau hauv 1925, yog ib tug luv luv tawg ntho ntawm creativity uas muaj feem xyuam nrog ib tug mob siab rau Olgoy Vaksel. Tom qab hais tias, cov kws sau paj lug ntog ntsiag to rau xyoo 5 xyoo.

Mandelstam rau lub 2nd ib nrab ntawm cov 1920 - ib lub sij hawm ntawm ntsoog. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, lub kws sau paj lug nyob ntsiag to, tsis luam tawm tshiab kwv huam. Tsis yog tus twg ib tug ua hauj lwm Mandelstam tsis tshwm sim tsis pub dhau 5 xyoo.

Rov hais dua rau luag

Nyob rau hauv 1929, Mandelstam txiav txim siab tig los rau prose. Nws sau tau ib phau ntawv "Lub Plaub luag". Los ntawm volume, nws yog me me, tab sis nws yog tag nrho splashed Mandelstam yuam cai rau lub sau ntawv ntawm opportunists, uas yog neeg ntawm Massolit. Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub kws sau paj lug tus plig kopilas cov mob no. Lub "Plaub luag" muab lub cim ntawm Mandelstam - cav ncauj, heev, lam ua. Heev yooj yim Osip ua raws li yeeb ncuab, nws tsis zais nws kev txiav txim thiab kev kwv yees. Los ntawm no Mandelstam ib txwm, yuav luag tag nrho cov post-revolutionary xyoo, twb yuam kom nyob rau hauv cov huab tej yam kev mob. nws yog nyob rau hauv 1930 nyob rau hauv anticipation ntawm ntxhov tuag. Mandelstam admirers ntawm txuj ci ntawm nws cov phooj ywg yog tsis heev npaum li cas, tab sis lawv tseem tau.

lub neej

Cwj pwm mus rau lub neej nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev uas qhia rau hauv cov duab ntawm ib tug txiv neej xws li Osip Mandelstam. Biography, interesting tseeb txog nws, ib tug kws sau paj lug txuam nrog nws tshwj xeeb kev sib raug zoo rau nws. Osip twb tsis haum mus rau ib tug tswm lub neej, mus rau lub neej. Rau nws, lub tswvyim ntawm tus fortified lub tsev, uas yog tseem ceeb heev, piv txwv li, Bulgakov tsis ua cas. Cov tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no yog ib lub tsev rau nws, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm Mandelstam yog tsis nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

Recalling Osip thaum pib ntawm lub 1920 los, thaum nws tau txais ib chav tsev nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm Arts nyob rau hauv Petrograd (raws li tau zoo raws li ntau lwm yam neeg sau ntawv thiab paj huam), Ki Chukovsky sau hais tias muaj yog tsis muaj dab tsi uas yuav tau los mus Mandelstam, tsuas yog luam yeeb. Thaum lub kws sau paj lug thaum kawg tau txais ib chav tsev (nyob rau hauv 1933), B. Pasternak, uas yog nyob rau hauv ib tug mus ntsib nws hais tias tawm hauv, nws yog tam sim no tau sau paj huam - hauv ib chav tsev muaj. Osip tuaj ntawm no furious. O. E. Mandelshtam, uas nws biography yog cim los ntawm ntau lub sijhawm uas nws intransigence, foom phem nws chav tsev thiab txawm muaj yuav tau txais nws rov qab mus rau cov neeg uas nws twb txawm npaj: portrayer, ncaj ncees traitors. Nws yog qhov ntshai heev ntawm kev paub txog kev them nqi uas yuav tsum tau ntawm nws.

Ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv "Moskovsky Komsomolets"

Puas tau xav paub txuas ntxiv txoj kev ntawm lub neej ntawm cov kws sau paj lug, raws li cov Mandelstam? Biography hnub ntseeg nkaws mus kev rau lub xyoo 1930 nyob rau hauv nws lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm. Bukharin, lub patron ntawm Osipa Emilevicha nyob rau hauv tsoom fwv lub voj voog, cov txheej txheem ntawm nws nyob rau lub lem ntawm 1920-30-ies nyob rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm "Moskovsky Komsomolets" corrector. Qhov no muab lub kws sau paj lug thiab nws tus poj niam tsawg kawg yog yam tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm txoj kev subsistence. Tab sis Mandelstam tsis kam txais lub "kev cai ntawm qhov kev ua si" ntawm Soviet sau ntawv uas tau txais kev pab hom. Nws huab impulsiveness thiab emotionality heev nyuab kev sib raug zoo Mandelstam nrog cov phooj ywg. Nws yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub scandal - lub kws sau paj lug twb liam ntawm plagiarism nyob rau hauv tus neeg txhais lus. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tiv thaiv Osipa Emilevicha los ntawm lub txim ntawm cov scandal nyob rau hauv 1930, Bukharin ncaav lub kws sau paj lug los xyuas Armenia, uas tsim ib tug zoo tswv yim rau nws, tab sis kuj thaws rov los nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm. Tus tshiab verses tau kom meej meej hnov thiab lub xeem cia siab ntshai manly tag kev cia siab. Yog hais tias Mandelstam nyob rau hauv prose sim kom dim ntawm cov tab tom yuav cua daj cua dub nws, tab sis tam sim no nws thaum kawg coj nws qhia.

Khiav ntawm lub kev txom nyem ntawm nws txoj hmoo

Khiav ntawm lub kev txom nyem ntawm nws tus kheej destiny, nws xaiv yog yuav tau ntxiv dag zog rau Mandelstam muab ib tug zoo kawg li, tragic pathos ntawm nws cov tshiab tej hauj lwm. Nws cov lus dag nyob rau hauv lub confrontation ntawm cov dawb cwm pwm ntawm cov kws sau paj lug, "xyoo pua-tsiaj nyaum." Mandelstam pom tau tias tu siab heev raug tsim txom, ib tug me txiv neej nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws. Nws pom tau tias sib npaug zos rau nws. Nyob rau hauv cov paj huam 1931 "Rau qhov thundering kev ua siab loj uas muaj hnub nyoog yuav los", uas yog hu ua nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg vajvoog "Hma", Mandelstam thiab kwv yees cov tuaj exile nyob rau hauv Siberia, thiab nws tus kheej tuag, thiab poetic tsis txawj tuag. Npaum li cas kws sau paj lug hais ua ntej tshaj lwm tus.

Tsis muaj hmoo zaj paj huam hais txog Stalin

Mandelstam Nadezhda Yakovlevna, tus poj ntsuam hauv Osipa Emilevicha, sab laug ntawm nws tus txiv ob phau ntawv ntawm memoirs, uas qhia txog txoj kev sacrificial heroism ntawm no kws sau paj lug. Lub siab dawb paug Mandelstam feem ntau bordered rau lub suicidal. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis 1933, nws tau sau hais txog Stalin sharply satirical paj huam, uas nyeem hais tias ib tug ntau ntawm kuv cov phooj ywg, xws li Boris Pasternak. Boris Leonidovich twb txhawj txoj hmoo ntawm lub kws sau paj lug thiab hais tias nws zaj paj huam - tsis yog ib tug txawj fact, tsis yog hais tias lwm yam, raws li "ib tug ua los ntawm kev tua tus kheej," pom zoo hais tias nws tsis tau. Pasternak qhia nws tsis mus nyeem ntxiv nyob rau hauv no ua hauj lwm. Txawm li cas los, nws yuav tsis nyob twj ywm ntsiag to Mandelstam. Biography, interesting tseeb uas peb tau cia li hais, los ntawm lub sij hawm no ua ib tug tiag tiag tragic.

Zag Mandelstam, kuj ceeb tias, tau lawm tso mos txaus. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm cov neeg raug tua thiab ntau tshaj ib tug ntau npaum li cas tsawg tseem ceeb "faults". Stalin tus daws teeb meem nyeem xwb: "cais tawm tab sis khaws cia". Mandelstam twb raug xa mus rau hauv exile nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb lub zos ntawm Cherdyn. Ntawm no Osip, kev txom nyem los ntawm kev puas hlwb tsis meej, txawm xav ua yus tua yus. Cov phooj ywg dua pab. Twb poob cawv Bukharin kawg sau ntawv mus rau Comrade Stalin, uas paj huam yog yeej ib txwm muaj txoj cai, hais tias keeb kwm yog nyob rau ntawm lawv sab. Tom qab ntawd Osipa Emilevicha twb pauv mus rau Voronezh, nyob rau hauv tsis mob hnyav tej yam kev mob.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nws txoj hmoo raug muab zwm cia. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv 1933, loj rau txim rau nws tej kev thab muag khoom ib tug paj huam hais txog Stalin thiab yog li ciali mus khom tus kheej cov qhab nees nrog lub kws sau paj lug. Thiab nws yeej yuav tsis tsim nyog ntawm Stalin, "leej txiv ntawm lub teb chaws". Stalin paub yuav ua li cas tos. Nws paub hais tias tag nrho cov sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws twb expecting cov Great xav tias tsam lawv ntawm 1937, nyob rau hauv uas Mandelstam twb destined, nrog rau pua pua txhiab tus ntawm lwm tus neeg untraceable ploj.

Xyoo ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv Voronezh

Voronezh sheltered Osipa Emilevicha, tab sis sheltered nws nrog ceg. Txawm li cas los, tsis tu tsis tseg rau sib ntaus sib tua nrog desperation, tshee tuaj rau nws, Osip Emilevich Mandelshtam. Nws biography ntawm cov xyoo cim los ntawm ntau yam. Nws twb tsis muaj txhais tau tias ntawm subsistence, mus ntsib nrog nws dim, yog tsis luaj nws txoj hmoo. Mandelstam nws tseem ceeb muaj raws li nws catches nrog lub "hnub nyoog-tsiaj nyaum." Mus ntsib nws nyob rau hauv exile Akhmatova tim khawv hais tias nyob rau hauv nws chav tsev qho "on duty tus kheej muse." Puas unstoppable verses lawv demanded tso tawm. Memoirs qhia tias Mandelstam ib zaug khiav mus rau ib tug them nyiaj xov tooj thiab nyeem tus neeg tshawb xyuas, uas yog ces txuas, lawv cov tshiab tej hauj lwm. Nws hais tias tsis muaj ib tug mus nyeem ntxiv. Liab qab qab haus huv yog ib tug kws sau paj lug, nyob rau hauv cov paj huam, nws splashed nws mob.

Voronezh los ntawm 1935 mus 1937, peb "Voronezh Phau" tau tsim. Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm no voj voog tej hauj lwm tsis tau luam tawm. Politically lawv tsis tau hu ua, tab sis ntaus nqi raws li ib tug kev sib tw mus txawm lub "nruab nrab" kwv huam raws li lawv tau paj huam, unstoppable thiab unrestrained. Thiab rau lub hwj chim yog tsis muaj tsawg txaus ntshai, vim hais tias nws yog, raws li J. Brodsky, "shakes tag nrho txoj kev ntawm lub neej" thiab tsis yog kev nom kev tswv system.

Rov qab mus rau lub capital

Hnov ze tuag imbued nrog ntau kwv huam ntawm lub sij hawm no, raws li nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm ntawm Mandelstam 1930s. Term Voronezh mus tso cai nyob rau hauv Tej zaum 1937 Lwm xyoo Osip siv nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm Moscow. Nws xav kom tau kev tso cai nyob rau hauv lub capital. Txawm li cas los, phau ntawv journal editors flatly tsis kam tsis tsuas mus rau luam tawm nws cov paj huam, tab sis kuj yuav tham nrog nws. Poet neeg thov khawv. Nws twb pab nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no, cov phooj ywg thiab cov acquaintances: Boris Pasternak, Shklovsky, V. Kataev, Ilya Ehrenburg, tab sis yog lawv muaj ib tug nyuaj lub sij hawm rau nws tus kheej. Anna Akhmatova sau tom qab txog lub xyoo 1938, nws yog "apocalyptic" lub sij hawm.

Ntes, exile thiab kev tuag

Nws tseem heev ib tug me ntsis los tham txog tej paj huam raws li Osip Mandelstam. Luv luv biography ntawm nws cim los ntawm ib tug tshiab raug ntes, uas coj qhov chaw Tej zaum 2, 1938. Nws twb raug txim mus rau tsib lub xyoos nyuaj zog. Yog li ntawd nws tau mus rau lub Far East. Nws tsis tau rov qab los yeej muaj. Hlis ntuj nqeg 27, 1938 nyob ze Vladivostok, nyob rau hauv lub camp ntawm lub thib ob dej, lub kws sau paj lug ntes tau nrog txoj kev tuag.

Peb cia siab tias koj xav mus ntxiv acquaintance nrog tus poj poet, zoo li Mandelstam. Biography, duab, muaj tswv yim txoj kev - tag nrho cov no muab ib lub tswv yim ntawm nws. Txawm li cas los, tsuas yog tig mus rau Mandelstam tej hauj lwm, koj yuav to taub tus neeg no, xav tias lub hwj chim ntawm nws tus cwj pwm.