Nkaus - yog hais tias nyob rau hauv psychology? Nov ntawm nqaij tawv thiab xaav nyob rau hauv psychology

Tib neeg lub neej yog tag nrho ntawm ntau yaam puab paub, uas ntws los ntawm cov sensor tshuab. Qhov yooj yim tshwm sim ntawm tag nrho cov kev xav - yog ib tug nov ntawm nqaij tawv. Tsis muaj dab tsi yog ntau yam rau peb, thaum peb pom, hnov, hnov tau ntawm cov khoom.

Lub tswvyim ntawm nov ntawm nqaij tawv nyob rau hauv psychology

Yog vim li cas yog tiag tiag lub ntsiab lus: "nov ntawm nqaij tawv"? Psychology no phenomenon tau raug kawm rau heev ib tug ntev lub sij hawm, ua rau muab ib tug ntau leej txhais. Rau hnub tim, zaum no tseem ua kom to taub lub qhov tob ntawm lub puab ntiaj teb no thiab tib neeg tej hlab ntshav. Nkaus - nws yog nyob rau hauv lub dav dav psychology ntawm tus txheej txheem ntawm displaying tej yeeb yam zoo thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom thiab tshwm sim ntawm kev muaj tiag nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm feem nyob rau hauv cov tsis totaub. Muaj peev xwm mus muab ib qho kev cov yam ntxwv ntawm muaj sia nyob, uas muaj ib tug paj hlwb. Thiab rau lub ras kev txiav txim zoo ntawm nyob quavntsej yuav tsum muaj ib lub paj hlwb.

Lub hom theem ua ntej tshwm sim ntawm xws li ib tug kev puas hlwb kev yus txob taus yooj yim, ua tsaug rau uas yog xaiv teb rau ib qho tseem ceeb nyhuv uas cov lwm los nrog ib puag ncig. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv feem nrog kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub xeev thiab kev coj cwj pwm ntawm ib tug nyob kab mob, yog dab tsi kos cov xim ntawm lub tuam psychology.

Nkaus - qhov no yog qhov psychology ntawm cov thawj txuas rau cov kev txawj ntse ntawm lub txheej thiab puab ntiaj teb no. Muaj ntau hom ntawm no tshwm sim, tsis hais txog ntawm lub stimuli uas ua rau lawv. Cov khoom los yog phenomena yog nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas lus nrog ntau hom ntawm lub zog thiab, yog li ntawd, tsim ntau yam zoo Hnov: aural, dermal, nrig txog kev pom. Nyob rau hauv psychology, kuj tsim txoj kev xav nrog cov licas thiab hauv nruab nrog cev. Tej phenomena tsis to taub los ntawm tus txiv neej. Cov xwb yog cov mob ncus uas los ntawm tus hauv nruab nrog cev. Lawv tsis tau tus kheej nco qab, tab sis yog ntaus nqi los ntawm lub paj hlwb. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib tug neeg tau txais txoj kev xav hais tias yog txuam nrog rau cov tswv yim xws li lub sij hawm, acceleration, co, thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb heev yam.

Incentives rau peb analyzers yog electromagnetic vuag uas poob nyob rau hauv ib yam ntau.

Yam ntxwv ncus

Cov cai ntawm nov ntawm nqaij tawv psychology thiab muab ib tug kev piav qhia txog lawv cov ntau yam. Tus thawj kev faib koom mus rau lwm lub ancient lub sij hawm. Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv analyzers uas txiav txim hom xws li tsis hnov tsw, saj, kov, pom kev thiab hnov lus.

Lwm faib ntawm nov ntawm nqaij tawv psychology hais B. G. Ananevym (xaiv 11 hom). Muaj kuj yog ib tug systematic typology ntawm lub authorship ntawm cov lus Askiv physiologist Sherrington. Nws muaj xws li interoceptive, proprioceptive thiab exteroceptive hom ncus. Cia peb kawm lawv nyob rau hauv kom meej.

Interoceptive hom nov ntawm nqaij tawv: hauj lwm

Qhov no hom ntawm nov ntawm nqaij tawv muab Pib ntsais koj teeb ntawm lub sab hauv ib puag ncig, los ntawm ntau yam nruab nrog cev thiab tshuab uas yog yus los ntawm tej yam tsis. Receptors tau txais Pib ntsais koj teeb ntawm lub digestive system (los ntawm lub plab thiab cov hnyuv phab ntsa), hlab plawv system (lub plawv thiab cov hlab ntsha) los ntawm tej nqaij thiab lwm lub. Tej paj lug no yog hu ua - receptors ntawm lub sab hauv ib puag ncig.

Cov kev xav mus rau lub feem ntau ancient thiab txheej thaum ub pab pawg neeg. Lawv tsiag ntawv los ntawm hnovqab, diffuse thiab heev nyob ze rau qhov lub siab lub ntsws lub xeev. Lwm lub npe rau cov kev xav - organic.

Ntaus proprioceptive ncus: hauj lwm

Ntaub ntawv hais txog cov mob ntawm lub peb lub cev, muab ib tug neeg lub proprioceptive nov ntawm nqaij tawv. Nyob rau hauv psychology, qhia ob peb subtypes ntawm no hom, namely tus lawm ntawm zoo li qub (equilibrium) thiab kinesthetic (zog). Nqaij thiab pob qij txha (tendons thiab ligaments) - ib qhov chaw ntawm localization ntawm lub receptors. Lub npe ntawm tej rhiab qhov chaw heev interesting - nyuj Pachchini. Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov peripheral receptors proprioceptive ncus, lawv laus nyob rau hauv lub tubules ntawm lub inner pob ntseg.

Lub tswvyim ntawm nov ntawm nqaij tawv nyob rau hauv psychology thiab psychophysiology kawm zoo heev. Qhov no yog ua los ntawm A. A. Orbeli, P. K. Anohin, N. A. Bernshteyn.

Exteroceptive hom ncus: hauj lwm

Cov ncus tib neeg sib txuas lus nrog cov sab nraum lub ntiaj teb no, thiab poob mus rau kev sib cuag (tactile thiab saj) thiab nyob deb (hnov, olfactory thiab kev ncus rau psychology).

Olfactory nov ntawm nqaij tawv nyob rau hauv psychology yog muaj teeb meem zaum, vim hais tias lawv tsis paub tias qhov twg raws nraim mus rau qhov chaw nws. Subject teeb meem uas emits tsw, yog ntawm ib tug deb, tab sis qhov tsw molecules yog nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog lub qhov ntswg receptors. Los yog hais tias tus kwv yog tsis tam sim no, thiab tsis hnov tsw yog tseem nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. Tsis tas li ntawd olfactory ncus yog ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim rau kev siv ntawm cov khoom noj thiab cov khoom zoo.

Intermodal ncus: hauj lwm

Raws li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tsis hnov tsw, muaj lwm yam kev xav uas tsis yooj yim rau cais. Piv txwv li, qhov no co rhiab heev. Nws muaj xws li cov hnov nov ntawm nqaij tawv ntawm lub analyzer, raws li zoo raws li ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab licas. Raws li LE Komendantova, kev co rhiab heev yog ib daim ntawv ntawm lub suab xaav. Nws muaj pov thawj nws tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm cov neeg uas tsis muaj los yog tsis muaj lub rooj sib hais thiab kev pov npav. Xws li tus neeg muaj ib theem siab ntawm tactile-Vibratory phenomenology thiab yuav taw ib tug mus tsheb los yog lwm cov tshuab, txawm nyob rau hauv ntev ntau.

Lwm yam classifications ncus

Tsis tas li ntawd yuav tsum tau kawm kev faib ntawm nov ntawm nqaij tawv psychology M. Heda, uas substantiated lub caj mus kom ze rau qhov rhiab heev ntawm lub division. Cov ob ntawm nws zoo - protopathic (organic nov ntawm nqaij tawv - nqhis dej, kev tshaib kev nqhis, txheej thaum ub thiab physiological) thiab epicritic (qhov no muaj xws li tag nrho cov paub ncus zaum).

Tsis tas li ntawd tsim ib tug faib ntawm ncus B. M. Teplov, qhov tseem ceeb rau ob hom kev receptors - interoreceptors thiab exteroreceptors.

Yam ntxwv thaj chaw ntawm lub ncus

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tib lawm nyob rau modality yuav ua tau kiag li txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam. Thaj chaw ntawm cov kev txawj ntse txheej txheem yog nws ib tug neeg tus yam ntxwv: zoo, siv, spatial localization, ntev, nov ntawm nqaij tawv kev ceeb toom. Nyob rau hauv psychology, cov phenomena tau piav los ntawm kws tshawb fawb, physiologists, leej twg yog tus thawj uas pib kawm qhov teeb meem no.

Qhov zoo tshaj thiab siv cov kev nov ntawm nqaij tawv

Nyob rau hauv hauv paus ntsiab lus, tag nrho cov kev ntsuas ntawm qhov tshwm sim muaj peev xwm yuav muab faib ua ntau thiab zoo hom. Zoo lawm thiab txiav txim seb nws sib txawv los ntawm lwm yam ntawm no phenomenon thiab yog qhov yooj yim cov lus qhia txog cov neeg pab txhawb. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los ntsuas zoo siv tej numerals pab kiag li lawm. Yog hais tias peb coj ib tug yeeb yam nov ntawm nqaij tawv nyob rau hauv psychology, nws zoo yog xim. Rau saj thiab tsis hnov tsw xob - lub tswvyim ntawm qab zib, qaub, iab, qab ntsev, fragrant thiab thiaj li nyob.

Ntau characterization ntawm ncus - nws yog nws lub zog. Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov txiv neej, vim hais tias nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau peb paub nrov nrov los yog suab paj nruag mos, thiab lub teeb los yog tsaus nyob rau hauv lub chav tsev. Cov kev siv tej txawv nyob ntawm tej yam tseem ceeb: quab yuam sawv stimulus (lub cev tsis), thiab tej lub xeev ntawm cov receptor uas yog raug. Qhov ntau ntsuas ntawm lub cev cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov stimulus, qhov ntau dua cov kev siv ntawm cov nov ntawm nqaij tawv.

Qhov ntev thiab spatial localization nov ntawm nqaij tawv

Ib qho tseem ceeb cov yam ntxwv yog suav tias yog ntev uas qhia lub sij hawm ntsuas ncus. Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse los kuj yuav qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub hom phiaj thiab subjective yam. Yog hais tias lub qhov pab ua hauj yog siv tau rau ib lub sij hawm ntev, thiab lub lawm yuav tau muab theem li. Qhov no yog ib lub hom phiaj zoo tshaj. Subjective yog tej lub xeev ntawm lub analyzer.

Stimuli uas thab plaub lub tus ntxhiab muaj lawv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Ncus pab nrhiav ib tug twj paj nruas uas plays ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub neej.

nov ntawm nqaij tawv ceeb toom nyob rau hauv psychology: lub meej thiab txheeb ze

Nyob rau hauv lub meej pib to taub lub cev tsis muaj lub stimulus nyob rau hauv qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tus nqi uas ua rau nov ntawm nqaij tawv. Muaj stimuli uas qis tshaj tus tsis pib, thiab ua siab zoo. Tab sis tib neeg lub cev yog tseem cuam tshuam los ntawm cov kev cai ntawm ncus. Nyob rau hauv psychology soj ntsuam G. V. Gershuni hais qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm thwmsim nyob rau hauv uas nws pom hais tias lub suab stimuli, uas twb tsawg dua qhov tsis pib, ua rau tej yam hlwb hluav taws xob kev ua si thiab ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv tus menyuam kawm ntawv. Qhov no cheeb tsam yog ib thaj chaw subsensornuyu.

Muaj kuj yog ib lub tsis Harbor - ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm stimulus uas tsis tau txaus ntaus nqi los ntawm cov tsis totaub. Tej no ua rau mob, tab sis tsis yeej ib txwm (ultrasound).

Ntxiv zog, tseem muaj cai ncus: synesthesia, sensitization, adaptation, kev sis raug zoo.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm xaav

Nov ntawm nqaij tawv thiab xaav nyob rau hauv psychology yog cov thawj kev txawj ntse dab nyob rau hauv relation mus nco thiab xav. Ib tug nyuag lus piav qhia txog lub phenomenon ntawm mentality peb tau muab, thiab tam sim no rau cov xaav. Qhov no puas siab puas ntsws txheej txheem ntawm holistic zaub ntawm cov khoom thiab tshwm sim ntawm kev muaj tiag nrog lawv ncaj qha kev sib cuag nrog cov tub ceev xwm ntawm flair. Nov ntawm nqaij tawv thiab xaav nyob rau hauv psychology kawm physiology thiab psychology L. A. Venger, AV Zaporozhets, V. P. Zinchenko, TS Komarova thiab lwm yam kws tshawb fawb. Tus txheej txheem ntawm sau lus qhia ib tug neeg orientation nyob rau hauv tus txheej ntiaj teb no.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias xaav yam ntxwv tsuas yog rau cov tib neeg thiab ntau dua cov tsiaj, uas yog tau tsim dluab. Nws yog ib tug txheej txheem ntawm objectification. Tus me nyuam ntawm cov cortex cov lus qhia txog cov khoom ntawm cov khoom - ib tug nov ntawm nqaij tawv muaj nuj nqi. Lub foundations psychology cais tsim ntawm ib cov duab, puas tau tau raws li nyob rau hauv tus sau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tus kwv thiab nws cov khoom. Cov duab los ntawm tus sis ntawm ntau yam sensor tshuab.

hom xaav

Nyob rau hauv kev xaav muaj peb pab pawg neeg. Feem ntau kev faib:

zog xaav

S. L. Rubinshteyn hais tias cov xaav neeg tau generalized thiab directional.

Yog li, tus thawj feature ntawm tus txheej txheem no yog suav tias yog nyob rau hauv kom meej. Xaav yog tsis yooj yim sua yam uas tsis tau khoom, vim hais tias lawv muaj lawv tus kheej tej xim, zoo lawm, luaj li cas thiab lub hom phiaj. Nkauj laus ncas peb txhais raws li ib tug suab paj nruas ntsuas, thiab ib tug phaj - zoo li cutlery.

Qhov thib ob vaj tse - ntseeg. Qhia nkaus rau lub paj hlwb txog qhov kev kawm cov ntsiab ntawm nws kev zoo, thiab nrog lub xaav ntawm cov neeg co uas muaj ntsis tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug holistic txoj kev. Thaum kev hais kwv txhiaj, tus orchestra peb mloog suab paj nruag holistically, es lub suab ntawm txhua cov suab paj nruas ntsuas nyob ib leeg (violin, ntses bass thaj tsam, Cello).

Qhov thib peb tej khoom vaj tse - constancy. Nws characterizes tus kwv tij constancy ntawm cov duab, ntxoov thiab qhov tseem ceeb uas peb tau perceive. Piv txwv li, peb pom ib tug miv, ib yam li tej tug tsiaj, seb nws yog nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj nti los yog nyob rau hauv lub teeb chav tsev.

Qhov thib plaub tej khoom vaj tse - kwvyees. Nws yog tib neeg qhov categorize khoom thiab muab lawv mus rau ib tug kev chav kawm ntawv, nyob ntawm seb cov yam ntxwv uas muaj.

Lub tsib vaj tse - meaningfulness. Perceiving khoom peb txog lawv nrog peb kev kawm txawj thiab paub. Txawm hais tias cov kev kawm ntawm ib tug neeg txawv, cov tib neeg lub hlwb yog ua los sib piv nws nrog twb paub tej khoom thiab paub ntau nta.

Rau zog - selectivity. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov ntaus nqi khoom uas muaj ib tug kev twb kev txuas nrog ib tug tus kheej kev los yog kev ua pej xeem. Piv txwv li, menyuam kev kawm, ib tug actor thiab ib tug neeg txawv txawv yuav muaj kev dab tsi tshwm sim nyob rau theem.

Txhua txoj kev yuav tshwm sim ob leeg nyob rau cov qub thiab nyob rau hauv pathology. Tsis xaav xav meem kev txhawj xeeb (meem kev txhawj xeeb rau hom ib puag ncig stimuli), hypoesthesia (txo rhiab heev), agnosia (ua txhaum ntawm lub Vocabulary ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev ntawm meej pem thiab ib tug me ntsis txo nyob rau hauv lub zuag qhia tag nrho rhiab heev), hallucinations (xaav ntawm uas tsis yog-existent khoom nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag). Illusions yog yus nyob rau hauv lub yuam kev xaav ntawm tej yam khoom uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag.

Thaum kawg kuv xav hais tias tus tib neeg psyche - es complex ntaus ntawv, thiab nyias muaj nyias ib kev kho mob dab xws li nov ntawm nqaij tawv, xaav, nco thiab xav - dag, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag tag nrho cov tshwm sim tshwm sim nyob rau hauv thaum uas tig mus los yog nyob rau hauv series.