Molecular thiab yam ntxwv mis methane

Molecular, yam ntxwv thiab hluav taws xob mis ntawm methane yog raws li nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb xav ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov organic tebchaw Butlerov. Ua ntej sau ntawv cov qauv, peb yuav pib nrog ib tug nyuag characterization ntawm lub hydrocarbon.

methane nta

Qhov no tshuaj yog ib tug heev, nws tseem hu ua "cov hav iav" gas. Cov kev tsis hnov tsw ntawm lub limiting hydrocarbons paub tag nrho. Lub combustion txheej txheem ntawm nws yog sab laug tshuaj Cheebtsam teeb meem rau tib neeg lub cev. Hais tias methane yog ib tug active koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm lub tsev cog khoom nyhuv.

lub zog

Tus thawj tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub homologous series ntawm alkanes muaj nrhiav los zaum nyob rau hauv cov cua ntawm Titan thiab Mars. Muab qhov tseeb hais tias methane yog txuas nrog rau lub hav zoov uas muaj sia nyob nyob hypothesis ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm lub neej nyob rau cov planets. Nyob rau Saturn, Jupiter, Neptune, Uranus, methane khoom nyob li tshuaj ua tej ntawm inorganic keeb kwm. Nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ntawm nws uas tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus.

General yam ntxwv

Methane muaj tsis muaj xim, nws yog sib zog dua cov pa yuav luag ob zaug, yog tsis zoo soluble nyob rau hauv cov dej. Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm natural gas tus nqi nce mus txog 98 feem pua. Cov roj dua roj muaj los ntawm 30 mus rau 90 feem pua methane. Nyob rau hauv ntau methane yog kev lom keeb kwm.

Ungulates herbivores tshis thiab nyuj emit lub ua nyob rau hauv lub plab ntawm cov kab mob es tseem ceeb npaum li cas ntawm methane. Ntawm cov tseem ceeb los ntawm lub homologous series ntawm alkanes xaiv swamps, ntsaum kab-rwg, filtering natural gas cog photosynthesis. Thaum nrhiav kom tau ntawm ib co kua nplaum ntawm methane ntawm cov ntiaj chaw, peb yuav tham txog lub hav zoov ntawm nws lom lub neej.

Txoj kev rau cov kev npaj

Cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws yam ntxwv mis ntawm methane yog pov thawj hais tias nyob rau hauv nws cov molecule xwb nyeem ib bonds tsim hybrid huab. Ntxiv embodiments kuaj kev npaj ntawm hydrocarbon ntawv alloying nrog khoom sodium acetate nrog alkali, thiab cov kev sis raug zoo ntawm txhuas carbide nrog dej.

Khoom methane xiavlus nplaim taws, thaum tsom ntsoov rau tej kev txiav txim ntawm 39 MJ ib cubic Meter. Heev sib tov tas substance rau saum huab cua. Cov feem ntau txaus ntshai methane, uas yog tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm underground tsuas ntawm mineral deposits nyob rau lub roob mines. High kev pheej hmoo ntawm tawg ntawm methane thiab thee beneficiation thiab briquetting nroj tsuag, raws li zoo raws li sorting industries.

physiological nyhuv

Yog hais tias qhov feem pua ntawm methane nyob rau hauv cov huab cua yog 5 rau 16 feem pua, nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov pa yuav cig methane. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug tseem ceeb nce nyob rau hauv lub ntoos sib xyaw cov tshuaj tsub kom qhov yuav ntawm tawg.

Yog hais tias cov huab cua concentration ntawm lub alkane yog 43 feem pua, nws yog qhov ua rau txhawm chim.

Nrog cov tawg tawm ceev ntawm los ntawm 500 mus 700 meters ib ob. Thaum methane yog hu nrog ib tug kub qhov twg los, alkane ignition txheej txheem muaj tshwm sim nrog ib co kev ncua.

Nws yog nyob rau cov cuab yeej no raws li zus tau tej cov tawg-pov thawj hluav taws xob khoom thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm heev Cheebtsam.

Txij li thaum methane yog lub feem ntau thermally ruaj khov nyeem hydrocarbon, nws yog dav siv raws li muaj thiab domestic roj thiab kuj yog siv raws li ib tug tseem ceeb raw khoom rau tshuaj lom neeg synthesis. Cov yam ntxwv mis ntawm ethyl-tri-methane characterizes lub yam ntxwv nta ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm hydrocarbons.

Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog chlorine los ntawm raug ultraviolet tawg tej zaum yuav tsim nyob rau ntawm ob peb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom. Nyob ntawm seb tus nqi ntawm cov pib cov ntaub ntawv uas tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv lub hloov tau txais chloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tsis tiav combustion ntawm methane tsim muaj hmoov quav. Formaldehyde yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm catalytic oxidation. Qhov kawg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom no yog cov pa roj carbon disulfide nrog sulfur.

Properties methane qauv

Yuav ua li cas yog nws cov yam ntxwv mis? Methane hais txog nyeem hydrocarbons muaj kev mis C _n H _{2n + 2.} Xav txog ib tug qauv tsim los mus piav qhia yuav ua li cas lub yam ntxwv mis yog tsim.

Methane yog muaj li ntawm ib cov pa roj carbon atom thiab plaub hydrogen atoms txuas ua ke los ntawm covalent daim ntawv cog lus dipole lub sij hawm ntawd. Peb piav qhia txog cov qauv raws li nyob rau hauv structural qauv carbon atoms.

Saib hybridization

Lub spatial qauv ntawm methane yus tetrahedral qauv. Txij li thaum externally ntawm carbon plaub valence electrons, electron hloov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov cua kub atom nrog ib tug thib ob s-orbitals rau p. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub xeem hwj chim theem ntawm cov pa roj carbon nyob plaub unpaired ( "dawb") ntawm lub electron. Tag nrho cov yam ntxwv mis ntawm methane yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub fact tias lub tsim ntawm cov plaub hybrid huab uas yog taw qhia kom paub nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 109 degrees 28 feeb, txoj kev ua ib tug tetrahedron qauv. Ntxiv muaj overlapping vertices hybrid huab nrog non-hybrid huab hydrogen atoms.

Tag nrho cov yam ntxwv mis thiab condensed methane siab raws li Butlerova kev tshawb xav. Ntawm carbon thiab hydrogen ntaub ntawv yooj yim (tib) daim ntawv cog lus, yog li ntawd tshuaj tsis raug kev twb kev txuas.

Hauv qab no yog lub qhov kawg yam ntxwv mis. Methane - yog thawj tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm nyeem hydrocarbons, nws muaj raug khoom txwv alkane. Lub Khoos Loos Tsev mis E thiab methane paub meej tias lub hom hybridization ntawm cov pa roj carbon atom nyob rau hauv cov organic teeb meem.

Los ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv Science News for KIDS kawg

Qhov no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm hydrocarbons, tus neeg sawv cev uas yog ib tug "cov hav iav roj", kawm nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm 10 cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Piv txwv li, cov me nyuam npaj ua hauj lwm nram qab no cim: "Sau yam ntxwv qauv ntawm methane". Nws yuav tsum tau to taub hais tias tsuas yog ib lub ncauj lus kom ntxaws ntxwv configuration rau no substance yuav pleev xim rau Butlerova kev tshawb xav.

Nws zog mis yuav tsum yog tib yam li cov molecular, sau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov CH4. Nyob rau hauv lub tshiab tsoom fwv teb chaws kev kawm ntawv cov qauv uas yog yuam nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov es rov ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv qhov yooj yim Science News for KIDS kawg tag nrho cov teeb meem hais txog tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub chav kawm ntawm organic tshuaj, to taub soj ntsuam.

muaj synthesis

Methane-raws li muaj dab xws li ib qho tseem ceeb tshuaj tivthaiv tau tsim raws li acetylene. Lub hauv paus ntawm thermal los yog hluav taws xob cracking yog precisely nws yam ntxwv mis. Methane nyob rau hauv lub catalytic oxidation ntawm ammonia tsim hydrocyanic acid.

Thov no organic khoom siv rau lub zus tau tej cov synthesis roj. Los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog chav, ib tug sib tov ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide thiab hydrogen, uas yog raw cov ntaub ntawv rau ntau tus lawm tsis pub tshaj ntawm monohydric alcohols, carbonyl tebchaw.

Ntawm kev tseem ceeb yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog nitric acid, uas ua nyob rau hauv nitromethane.

Cov kev siv raws li lub cev muaj zog roj

Vim tsis muaj tej yam ntuj tso los ntawm cov hydrocarbons, raws li zoo raws li lub impoverishment ntawm qhov chaw resource puag, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov teeb meem muaj feem xyuam rau cov kev tshawb fawb rau cov tshiab (lwm) qhov chaw rau roj. Ib tug xws li kev xaiv no yog biodiesel, uas muaj muaj thiab methane.

Muab qhov txawv nyob rau hauv ceev ntawm lub roj av roj thiab cov thawj neeg ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm alkanes, muaj tej yam ntxwv nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv thov raws li ib lub hwj chim qhov twg los rau lub tsheb xyaw. Nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim kom tsis txhob muaj qhov yuav tsum tau nqa ib great nqi ntawm methane, los ntawm compression rau kom nws ceev (nyob rau hauv ib tug siab ntawm txog 250 atmospheres). Methane muab cia rau hauv liquefied lub xeev nyob rau hauv thooj voos kheej kheej ntsia tau rau hauv lub tsheb.

Raug cov cua

Peb twb sib tham qhov tseeb hais tias methane muaj ib feem nyob rau hauv lub tsev cog khoom nyhuv. Yog hais tias cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide (4) nyob rau hauv kev nyab xeeb conventionally coj raws li kev sib sau, ces nws feem 'hav iav roj' yog 23 units. Tshaj yav dhau los ob centuries, zaum tau pom ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv lub quantitative cov ntsiab lus ntawm methane nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb huab cua.

Tam sim no, kwv yees tus nqi ntawm _CH4 yog kwv yees li ntawm 1.8 feem ntawm ib lab. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias qhov no daim duab yog 200 lub sij hawm tsawg tshaj li tus xub ntiag ntawm carbon dioxide, muaj ib tug kev sib tham ntawm zaum txog cov tau pheej hmoo ntawm kev cuab tsiaj thaum tshav kub kub tawm txim liab los ntawm lub ntiaj chaw.

Vim lub zoo heev calorific 'hav iav roj' nws yog siv tsis tau tsuas yog raws li ib tug feedstock nyob rau hauv nqa tawm cov tshuaj synthesis, tab sis kuj raws li ib tug lub zog qhov chaw.

Piv txwv li, methane khiav lag luam ntau yam ntawm cov roj raug rho tawm haujlwm boilers, txhua, tsim rau ib tug neeg cua sov tshuab nyob rau hauv private tsev thiab lub teb chaws cottages.

Tej tus kheej-cua sov kev xaiv no yog lig heev rau cov tswv tsev, tsis muaj feem xyuam rau cov kev huam yuaj, systematically noj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv centralized cua sov tshuab. Vim cov pa roj boiler kev khiav hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug muab hom roj, nws yog txaus rau 15-20 feeb nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab thaum tshav kub kub lub ob-storey tsev.

xaus

Methane, yam ntxwv thiab molecular qauv ntawm cov uas tau muab saum toj no, lub ntuj qhov chaw ntawm lub zog. Vim lub fact tias nws muaj xws li xwb carbon thiab hydrogen atoms, environmentalists paub txog cov ib puag ncig ruaj ntseg ntawm cov nyeem hydrocarbon.

Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem tej yam kev mob (huab cua kub ntawm 20 degrees Celsius thiab ib tug siab ntawm 101325 Pa) rau yam khoom uas yog gaseous, uas tsis yog-tshuaj lom, dej insoluble.

Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no tus cua kub yog lowered mus rau -161 degrees, nws yog compressed methane uas yog dav siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam.

Methane muaj feem rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv. Nws tsis yog ib tug tshuaj lom tshuaj, tab sis nws yog ib tug suffocating roj. Muaj txawm txwv (MAC) nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov cua.

Piv txwv li, ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub mines yog tso cai nkaus xwb nyob rau hauv tus neeg mob qhov twg cov nyiaj tsis pub tshaj lub ib cubic Meter 300 milligrams. Ntsuam xyuas cov nta ntawm ib tug qauv ntawm cov organic teeb meem tau los xaus hais tias cov zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj thiab lub zog nrog rau tag nrho cov lwm tus neeg hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm nyeem (txwv) hydrocarbons.

Peb tau analyzed cov yam ntxwv mis, lub ntsig txog cov qauv ntawm methane. Homologous series uas pib "hav iav roj" muaj cov general molecular mis C _n H _{2n + 2.}