Lub hav zoov ntawm hom ntau haiv - uas yog microevolution

Lub tswvyim ntawm evolution raws li tus nruam kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov nyob yam ntawm cov ntiaj chaw, lub complexity ntawm lub neej cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov tsos ntawm nws cov tshiab cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub no yog dav siv nyob rau hauv nrov ntaub ntawv thiab nyob rau hauv cov xov xwm. Speculation txog cov evolution thiab microevolution, siv lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv populist ntaub ntawv dilutes nws tus nqi, nqa xim rau tus txheej txheem ntawm lub essence. Yuav ua li cas yog micro-evolution nyob rau hauv biology, nws zoo thiab qhov kawg tshwm sim - cov no yog cov lus nug uas yog them nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

Evolution raws li ib tug lom txheej txheem

Evolutionary kev tshawb xav qhia ob hom ntawm zwj ceeb - macroevolution thiab microevolution - raws li mechanisms ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb. Faib thiab conditionally raws li nyob rau hauv loj taxonomic units, uas leads mus rau ib evolutionary zog. Macroevolution implies lub tsim ntawm loj taxa (genus, tsev neeg, chav kawm ntawv, thiab thiaj li nyob) rau ib ntev lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm. Cov tshwm sim ntawm microevolution - lub tsim ntawm tshiab hom, tus nqi qis tshaj taxonomic unit. Yog li ntawd microevolution yog tsis hu ua speciation, tus tsim ntawm tshiab tsiaj nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub thawj los ntawm tsis tau zoo deev rho tawm thiab sib cais nyob rau hauv ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib taxon.

qauv ntawm kev loj hlob

Tag nrho cov kev cai ntawm evolution li speciation nyob rau hauv macrotaxa kis tau los ntawm cov tib scenario thiab cov cai xws li rau lub hauv paus ntawm evolution - coob. Yuav ua li cas yog microevolution, yooj yim taw qhia los ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm kev kawm ntawv hais txog, phylogenetically ze hom nyob rau hauv tib genus. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub Arctic, tsev rau peb zoo txog hom cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj - cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj Witt, tus tsov txaij thiab Ross muab. Sib nrug los ntawm me sab nraud sib txawv, lawv raug tsim txom yog heev txawv, lawv tau coj mus rau tsim ntawm zoo yam tab sis ntau hom.

hom microevolution

Speciation, uas ua rau yus ua me nyuam neskreschivaemosti raws li lub xeem theem ntawm evolutionary rho tawm pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv ib hom, muaj ob peb mechanisms. Raws li lub hom rwb thaiv tsev mechanism qhia tau ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Los ntawm microevolution muaj xws li:

• Geographic speciation.
• Speciation ntawm ecological sib cais ntawm coob.
• Speciation los ntawm ib tug me nyuam rho tawm (dokopulyatsionnoy thiab poslekopulyatsionnoy).

Yuav ua li cas yog microevolution thaj thiab ecological?

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, xav tias lub rho tawm mechanism panmictic (kev sib deev me nyuam) pab pawg ntawm cov kab mob, thaum ib tug tshiab saib yog tsim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm chaw nyob los sis ib puag ncig yam tseem ceeb. Thaj rho tawm ntawm coob yog suav tias yog ib qhov zoo tshaj ntawm cov toj roob hauv pes hloov uas ua rau ib ntus los sis tag rho tawm ntawm coob ntawm tib hom. Ib tug piv txwv piv txwv - tus tsim ntawm cov kob hom. Thiab feem ntau, tej zaum, lub npe hu nyob rau hauv qhov ntsiab lus teb - nws Galapagos bindweed, kev piav qhia thiab kev kawm txog kev uas coj mus Charles Darwin rau nws kev tshawb xav ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm tsiaj. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm hais tias yog microevolution li ecological speciation twb tau muab - Arctic cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj ib puag ncig zoo tshaj yog tus rho tawm ntawm cov zaub mov. Tab sis tej qhov zoo tshaj kuj yog ib tug tsis sib xws ntawm chaw ua taus zes lub caij, txawv ecological haiv neeg nyob rau hauv ib hom, thiab hais txog.

Dokopulyatsionnaya daim ntawv ntawm kev rho tawm raws li ib daim ntawv ntawm microevolution

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm impossibility ntawm free hla ntawm cov neeg uas raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev rho tawm, ua ke nrog cov tsis muaj kev kawm ntawv ntawm cov zygote (embryo) ntawm lub cev, hais dokopulyativnoy rho tawm. Nws muaj ntau yam ntaub ntawv:

• Rwb thaiv tsev, nej sawv vim qhov ntawm kev sib deev tus cwj pwm (ethological). Piv txwv li - zoo tauj Qav, thiab ib tug timbre ntau hom tseem pos hu nkauj.
• Cov kev rho tawm los ntawm ntau hom kev copulative thiab deev kabmob. Piv txwv li - sib txawv hom ntawm orchids muaj ib lub qauv ntawm lub paj, uas tso cai rau lawv mus pollinate tsuas muaj tej hom kev noog ziag.

Cov kev rho tawm los ntawm ib tug mismatch ntawm gametes. Piv txwv xwb thwmsim xwm khiav, no mechanism yog ib qhov nyuaj.

Poslekopulyatsionnaya rwb thaiv tsev raws li ib tug mechanism ntawm speciation

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws txhais tau tias zygote yog tsim. Yuav ua li cas yog micro-evolution, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qhia cov nram qab no ntaub ntawv mus cuag tiav me nyuam rho tawm ntawm coob nyob rau hauv ib hom:

• Tsis-nqi ntawm cov zygote nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua sawv ntawm ontogeny.
• Cov kev tuag ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab los yog cov tub ntxhais cov neeg mus cuag deev muaj hnub nyoog.
• Lub sterility ntawm hybrids.

Lub lom mechanism ntawm daim ntawv no ntawm kev rho tawm yog complex thiab yog txuam nrog cytological, biochemical thiab humoral nta.

Micro-evolution raws li ib tug txheej txheem ntawm tsis tau zoo tag nrho kev ua me nyuam rho tawm ntawm pawg nyob rau hauv tib hom ua mus rau tsim ntawm tshiab hom ntawm tus kab mob no yam uas tsis yog leej niam leej txiv cov ntaub ntawv. Tab sis nws yog nyob rau hauv kev tshawb xav. Tsis yog txhua txhua rho tawm ntawm cov pejxeem yuav ua rau me nyuam rho tawm thiab tsis yog txhua tus me nyuam rho tawm yuav ua rau cov tsim ntawm tshiab cov ntaub ntawv. Yuav ua li cas yog nyob rau hauv lub dogma ntawm evolution - yog tias microevolution pib nrog rwb thaiv tsev thiab nws kuj xaus.