Lub General Theory ntawm Systems ntawm Ludwig von Bertalanffy thiab lwm yam sciences

Austrian paub txog-biologist, uas nyob rau hauv Canada thiab lub tebchaws United States, Ludwig von Bertalanffy, nyob rau hauv 1937 rau cov thawj lub sij hawm muab rau pem hauv ntej ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tswv yim, uas nws tom qab ua ke rau hauv ib lub tswvyim. Nws hu ua nws "Cov kev tshawb xav ntawm lub tshuab." Yuav ua li cas yog nws? Qhov no scientific tswvyim kev tshawb no ntawm ntau yam khoom xam tau tias yog raws li ib tug system.

Lub tswv yim yooj yim lub tswv yim kev tshawb xav tau qhov tseeb hais tias cov kev cai kav lub system khoom - ib, tib yam rau qhov sib txawv tshuab. Nws yog ncaj ncees rau hais tias lub ntsiab lub tswv yim Bertalanffy tau tso los ntawm txawv scholars, xws li Aleksandrom Aleksandrovichem Bogdanovym, Lavxias teb sab philosopher, txawj sau ntawv, politician, tus kws kho mob, nyob rau hauv nws yuav tsum muaj chaw ua hauj lwm "Tectology", sau los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv 1912. AA Bogdanov tau nquag koom nyob rau hauv lub kiv puag ncig, tab sis nyob rau hauv ntau lub respects tsis pom zoo nrog VI Lenin. Lub kaum hli ntuj kiv puag ncig tsis tau, tab sis, cuaj kaum, txuas ntxiv mus rau kev koom tes nrog rau cov Bolsheviks, nws tau tsim tsa cov thawj nyob rau hauv dab tsi yog ces Lavxias teb sab lub koom haum ntawm ntshav thiab muab tso rau hauv ib tug kev kho mob xyaum ua tej yam. Nws tuag nyob rau hauv 1928. Ob peb cov neeg paub hais tias niaj hnub no hais tias nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua thaum ntxov Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij thiab physiologist VM BEKHTEREV hais txog ntawm AA Bogdanova, piav ntau tshaj 20 universal cai nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev sib raug zoo dab.

General systems kev tshawb xav kawm txog ntau hom, tshuab, qauv, dab, lawv lub lag luam thiab kev loj hlob, lub koom haum ntawm Cheebtsam ntawm cov yam ntxwv thiab hierarchical ntau ntau, thiab tshaj. Bertalanffy kuj tshawb xyuas cov thiaj li hu ua qhib tshuab uas pauv free zog, os thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj qhov chaw.

General systems kev tshawb xav yog tam sim no soj xws system-wide kev cai thiab tej ntsiab cai, xws li cov kev xav ntawm semiotic laaj, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub tswv yim, kev npaj cov rooj saab laaj, interoperability, nrog complementary kev sib raug zoo, cov kev cai lij choj ntawm requisite ntau yam, hierarchical nyiaj hauv paus ntsiab lus monocentrism txoj cai yam tsawg kawg nkaus, cov kev cai lij choj ntawm tsawg kawg yog tus txheeb ze kuj , lwm tas li ntawd hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm recursive lug theorem, txoj cai thiab lwm yam txawv.

Tus tam sim no lub xeev ntawm science txog systems tshuav Bertalanffy. General systems kev tshawb xav yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshawb fawb los yog txoj kev cybernetics - qhov kev kawm ntawm cov kev cai lij choj ntawm kev tswj cov txheej txheem thiab kis cov lus qhia nyob rau hauv txawv tshuab (mechanical, lom los yog kev sib raug zoo); ntaub ntawv kev tshawb xav - ib ceg ntawm kev kawm txog zauv uas yuav txiav txim lub tswvyim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, nws cov kev cai thiab cov khoom; kev ua si kev tshawb xav, analyzed los ntawm kev kawm txog zauv sib txeeb ob los yog ntau tshaj opposing rog nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tau lub siab tshaj plaws nce thiab yam tsawg kawg nkaus poob; kev txiav txim siab qhov kev tshawb xav, cais meej pem xaiv ntawm cov ntau yam cawm; tau tsom xam, siv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev faib nyiaj ntawm yam nyob rau hauv lub phenomena nrog ntau zog.

Niaj hnub no, cov kev systems kev tshawb xav Nws tau txais ib tug haib impetus rau nws txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv synergy. Prigogine thiab Haken soj ntsuam nonequilibrium systems, dissipative lug thiab entropy nyob rau hauv qhib tshuab. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub hom phiaj ntawm Bertalanffy faib xws applied scientific disciplines xws li tshuab engineering - qhov kev kawm ntawm system kev npaj, kev tsim, kev ntsuam xyuas thiab tsim ntawm lub ntawm lub daim ntawv "txiv neej-tshuab"; engineering psychology; teb kev tshawb xav ntawm tus cwj pwm Lewin; Operations tshawb fawb - qhov kev kawm ntawm kev tswj Cheebtsam ntawm nyiaj txiag systems (cov neeg, cov tshuab, cov ntaub ntawv, nyiaj txiag, thiab lwm yam); SMD-vib this, uas yog tsim los ntawm GP Shchedrovitskii, nws lug txhawb cov miv thiab menyuam kawm ntawv; kev tshawb xav ntawm ib tus kheej W. Merlin, lub hauv paus uas tau lom zem ntau pom tias saum lub general kev tshawb xav ntawm Bertalanffy systems.