Lub Computer Hardware: Kev Txhais Lus, Kev Qhia thiab Hom

Cov computers niaj hnub siv kho vajtse thiab software kom ua haujlwm tau zoo tshaj plaws thiab ua haujlwm kom raug, uas muaj kev sib raug zoo thiab sib tshuam hauv cov lus qhia sib txawv. Tam sim no peb yuav kov ntawm kev xav txog kev kho vaj tse, txij thaum xub thawj lawv ua haujlwm rau txoj haujlwm ua kom muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm txhua lub computer los yog lub xov tooj.

Kho vajtse tshuab: kev faib tawm dav dav

Yog li, peb yuav ua li cas? Qhov tseeb, qhov kho vajtse kom paub zoo txog txhua tus. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ntau cov neeg siv hu rau nws lub computer hardware. Xwb, kho vajtse yog raws nraim lub "hlau", tsis yog cov software ntawm cov computer. Nyob rau hauv qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm qhov kev faib tawm, lawv raug faib rau sab hauv thiab sab nraud.

Tsis tas li ntawd, hauv qhov kev faib no, nws muaj peb lub ntsiab thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov cuab yeej:

• Cov khoom siv tswv yim;
• Cov khoom siv tawm;
• Devices ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cia.

Lawm, nws yog tsim nyog hais txog lub ntsiab ntawm lub tshuab computer xws li motherboard, processor, thiab lwm yam, uas tsis yog ib qho ntawm cov chav kawm saum toj no thiab yog cov ntsiab lus, tsis muaj uas tsis muaj lub computer yuav tsis ua haujlwm.

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub computer

Piav txog cov cuab yeej ntawm lub computer, pib nrog lub caij tseem ceeb tshaj - lub niam ntawv, uas tag nrho cov sab nraud uas muaj nyob. Thiab rau nws vim kev siv ntawm ntau hom connectors thiab slots yog txuas nrog lwm pab kiag li lawm.

Hnub no nws muaj ntau ntau yam ntawm "niam ntawv" thiab lawv cov neeg tsim tawm. Muaj tseeb, xws li cov laug cam rau cov chaw nres tsheb thiab cov laptops thiab nyob rau hauv cov duab thiab qhov chaw ntawm tus kheej cov ntsiab lus yuav txawv. Cuaj kaum, qhov essence ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov hauv computer systems tsis hloov.

Qhov thib ob tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog lub hauv paus processor, uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau kev ceev. Ib qho ntawm cov cwj pwm tseem ceeb yog lub sij hawm tsawg tshaj plaws, qhia hauv mega- lossis gigahertz, thiab ntau yam ntxiv, qhov nyiaj uas txiav txim tias pes tsawg lub luag haujlwm ua haujlwm hauv ib qhov thib ob. Nws tsis yooj yim twv tias kev ceev yog tsis muaj dab tsi tsawg tshaj qhov sib piv ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm cov kev khiav hauj lwm mus rau cov xov tooj ntawm cov voj voos uas yuav tsum tau ua (suav) ua ib qho haujlwm me me.

Lub computer hardware tsis tuaj yeem xav txog yam tsis muaj lub slats ntawm RAM thiab nyuaj disks uas muaj feem xyuam rau cov khoom siv cia. Txog lawv yuav hais rau me ntsis tom qab.

Firmware

Hauv cov computers uas niaj hnub no, siv cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke, xws li, piv txwv, ROM los yog cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv rau CMOS nco, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm qhov kev tawm tswv yim / qhov system hu ua BIOS.

Qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog ib qho "hlau" nti, nyob rau ntawm daim npav. Nws muaj nws tus kheej firmware, uas tso cai rau tsis tsuas mus rau cia volatile cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis kuj yuav kuaj cov internal Cheebtsam, thiab peripherals thaum lub computer yog muab. Tej zaum, ntau tus tswv ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb ruaj ntseg tau pom tias thaum lub sij hawm hloov ntawm tus neeg hais lus hauv lub xov tooj tau hnov. Qhov no tsuas yog ib qho pov thawj rau qhov tseeb tias cov cuab yeej ntaus ntawv tau ua tiav.

Txhais cov lus qhia tawm

Peb tam sim no xav txog lub tswv yim kiag li lawm. Thaum lub sij hawm, lawv cov ntau yam yuav pom zoo heev, thiab txiav txim los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm IT-technologies, tsis ntev lawv yuav ua ntau txawm tias. Txawm li cas los xij, cov hauv qab no yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv daim ntawv teev npe no:

• Keyboard;
• Mouse (trackpad rau laptops);
• Joystick;
• Cov koob yees duab;
• Microphone;
• Sab nraud scanner.

Txhua yam ntawm cov cuab yeej no tso cai rau koj nkag mus rau lwm hom ntaub ntawv. Piv txwv, siv tus scanner, koj sau graphics, nrog lub koob yees duab - video, ntawm cov keyboard - ntawv nyeem, li cas los xij, ob qho tib si nas thiab cov trackpad ntxiv rau tag nrho cov kev tswj (manipulators).

Xws li cov keyboard, txoj kev tswj hwm hauv nws yog siv los ntawm cov nyees khawm los yog lawv ua ke. Koj tuaj yeem tau txais kev nkag mus rau qee qhov kev tso cai, tsis tau thiab commands ntawm operating systems los yog lwm yam software.

Txhais tau cov lus qhia tawm

Cuab yeej tsis tau xav tias tsis muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Cov txheej txheem teev muaj cov hauv qab no:

• Saib xyuas;
• Tshuab luam ntawv;
• Plotter;
• Lub suab thiab video system;
• Multimedia projector.

Ntawm no yog lub ntsiab yog lub computer saib lossis lub laptop screen. Nws yog qhov tseeb uas niaj hnub siv cov txheej txheem ntawm qhov khoom siv, qhov kev sib txuas lus nrog tus neeg siv los ntawm lub graphical interface, tab sis qhov teeb meem no siv rau cov kev sib txuas lus nruab rau qhov twg cov lus txib yuav tsum tau muab tswv yim. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, tus neeg siv yuav tsum pom dab tsi yog tshwm rau ntawm qhov screen.

Raws li rau lwm lub ntsiab, lawv yog ntshaw, tab sis tsis tsim nyog (zoo, tshwj tsis yog tias lub graphics adapter, yam uas tsis muaj cov tshuab niaj hnub no yuav tsis ua haujlwm).

Txhais cov lus qhia cia

Thaum kawg, ib chav kawm thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov twj cia khoom. Lawv lub xub ntiag, txawm tias muaj sab nraud lossis lwm cov khoom muaj nqis, tsuas tsim nyog. Chav kawm no muaj cov nram qab no:

• Hard disk (tsav nyuaj);
• RAM;
• Cache nco;
• lwm drives (muag nthas disks, optical disks, lub USB-ntaus ntawv).

Qee lub sij hawm nws kuj muaj xws li BIOS nrog CMOS nco, li cas los xij, raws li tau hais los saum toj no, cov no yog cov zeem muag uas yuav tsum yog sib npaug ntawm ntau pawg.

Undoubtedly, lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm no yog nyob ntawm hard disks thiab "operativka". Hard disk - nws txhais tau hais hardware ntaub ntawv (ntau precisely, nws cia txhais tau tias), vim hais tias nws yog tas li muab cia, thiab nyob rau hauv RAM - ib ntus (thaum pib los yog kev khiav hauj lwm cov kev pab cuam, cov ntsiab lus luam los teev cia , thiab lwm yam ...).

Thaum lub computer nres, lub RAM yeej raug tshem tawm, tab sis cov lus qhia ntawm lub zog tsav tsis ploj qhov twg. Nyob rau hauv tus qauv, tam sim no nrog lub zog tsav compete thiab tshem tawm xws li USB-li ntawm lub peev xwm siab, tab sis cov disk thiab discs optical mus rau hauv oblivion, yam tsawg kawg vim tias lawv cov me me thiab tau lub cev puas.

Cov khoom siv sib txuas lus

Ib lub koos haum yeem, txawm hais tias nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no thiab cov neeg nyiam heev, tuaj yeem raug hu thiab pab tiv thaiv kev sib txuas lus nruab nrab ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv lub computer txuas nrog ncaj qha, thiab hauv cov tes hauj lwm (los yog tseem siv tau hauv Internet). Ntawm no yog cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb yuav qhia tau raws li hauv qab no:

• Network adapters;
• Routers (modems, routers, thiab lwm yam).

Raws li tau to taub lawm, lawv tsis muaj peev xwm faib tawm thaum tsim cov koom txoos (chaw ruaj khov los yog virtual), thaum muab nkag mus rau World Wide Web. Tab sis ob peb cov neeg niaj hnub paub tias ob lub computer, piv txwv li, tuaj yeem txuas rau cable ncaj qha, raws li nws tau ua txog nees nkaum xyoo dhau los. Tau kawg, qhov no zoo nkaus li tsis zoo, txawm li cas los xij, ib qho yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog qhov no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum tsim nyog rau luam cov ntaub ntawv loj loj, thiab tsis muaj kev sib cam ntawm tes.

Kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev tiv thaiv cov ntaub ntawv

Tam sim no ib tug ntau hom ntaus ntawv. Qhov no yog kev tiv thaiv kev kho vaj tse, xws li "hlau" cov ntxaij vab tshaus, hu ua firewalls (firewall from English - "phab ntsa hluav taws").

Vim li cas hnub no, feem ntau cov neeg siv raug siv rau qhov tseeb tias ib lub firewall (aka firewall) yog ib qho khoom siv software. Nws tsis zoo li ntawd. Thaum npaj cov tes hauj lwm nrog kev nce qib ntawm kev ruaj ntseg, kev siv cov khoom zoo li no tsis yog ib yam dab tsi uas yog ntshaw, tab sis qee zaus txawm tias tsuas tsim nyog. Pom zoo, vim hais tias cov software ib feem yog tsis ib txwm paub daws nta lawv thiab yuav teb tsis tau nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm los cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm los ntawm sab nraum lub network, tsis hais kev nkag mus rau lub pub leej twg paub tej ntaub ntawv khaws tseg rau computer hard drives los yog servers.

Sib cuam tshuam ntawm software thiab kho vajtse

Li ntawd, peb luv luv saib cov cuab yeej. Tam sim no ib ob peb lo lus hais txog yuav ua li cas lawv nrog cov software.

Pom zoo, lub operating system, uas muab cov neeg siv nkag mus rau hauv lub peev xwm ntawm lub PC, muaj lawv tus kheej cov cai. Niaj hnub nimno "operating systems" devour ntau cov chaw muab kev pabcuam uas nrog cov txheej txheem tsis tiav, uas tsis muaj txaus ua hwj huam, lossis yog tias tsis muaj txaus RAM, lawv tsuas yuav tsis ua haujlwm. Qhov no, los ntawm txoj kev, siv qhov ncaj qha rau daim ntawv thov niaj hnub no. Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, qhov no yog deb ntawm tsuas yog piv txwv ntawm xws li ib qho kev sib raug zoo.

Xaus

Thaum kawg, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias qhov cuab yeej nruab nrab ntawm lub tshuab tam sim no tau pom zoo heev, tab sis nws muaj peev xwm los kos cov lus xaus txog kev faib tawm ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm lub hauv paus. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb hais tias lub tshuab computer siv evolution, thiab qhov no kuj ua rau qhov tseeb tias sab nrauv thiab sab hauv ntawm ntau hom tshwm ntau thiab ntau dua (siv tsawg kawg hauv cov phooj ywg). Tab sis kev xav txog qhov yooj yim configuration, qhov no, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas tau teev tseg, tsis muaj lub tshuab ntawm lub tshuab computer tsis yog hnub no. Txawm li cas los xij, rau cov cuab yeej siv tau, cov khoom siv li ntawm no tsis yog nyob rau ntawm no, vim tias lawv muaj qhov sib txawv me ntsis ntawm lub computer terminals, tab sis tseem muaj ntau heev.