Xov xwm thiab Society, Kab lis kev cai
Lub Amber Room nyob rau hauv lub Catherine Palace (Pushkin)
Unusually nthuav thiab zoo nkauj yog lub Amber Room nyob rau hauv lub Catherine Palace. Nws txawm tabtom hu ua ib tug txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm lub teeb. Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm no cim qhov chaw loj los ntawm myths xwb thiab legends. Tab sis lub disappearance ntawm no masterpiece nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog tseem stirs lub tswv yim. Qhov zoo ces, tus Amber Room tsis tswj kom zoo. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb piav qhia txog nyob rau hauv kom meej txog nws keeb kwm raws li hais txog qhov uas lub Catherine Palace, lub Amber Room muaj nyob rau. Daim pib nqi thiab qhib teev ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej koj yuav tau kawm los ntawm qhov tsab xov xwm.
Prussian lub sij hawm
Prussian kav cov vaj ntxwv tus neeg xaiv tsa ntawm Brandenburg (Prussia mas suav hais tias raws li ib tug naas ej chaw ntawm amber khoom siv tes ua nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe) los ntawm 1618 raws li khoom plig mus rau lwm cov princes tau ua kev lig kev cai los muab cov kev amber yog lub "kub" ntawm lub hiav txwv Baltic raws li nws tau hu ua. Dab tsi ua rau cov pob zeb no ua kos duab yog loj hlob sai heev, thiab ib qho ntawm nws peaks thiab tau los ua tus Amber Room. Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub heyday ntawm lub Prussian thiab German kos duab raws li ib tug tag nrho, namely, thaum lub lem ntawm lub XVII thiab XVIII centuries.
Tus neeg xaiv tsa Frederick III (hauv lub xyoo ntawm tus muaj zog -. 1657-1713 xyoo) nyob rau hauv 1701 coj mus txua dua ntawm lawv capital, thiab nyob rau hauv particular muaj koob muaj npe chaw nyob - tag nrho cov complex ntawm vaj tse yog hais txog mus rau lub XVI-XVII centuries. Tsev Hais Plaub kes duab vajtse ntawm King I. F. Eozander ua suburban muaj ib tug palace ua rau tus qauv ntawm Versailles. Niaj hnub no, nws yog lub npe hu hais tias cov kws kes duab vajtse tsim Amber Room project. Littsenburg thiab Oranienburg, ob tug ntawm cov palace ntawm tus huab tais ntawm Prussia, uas yog txuam nrog rau txoj hmoo ntawm cov Amber Room txij li thaum 1707 los ua ib tug qhov chaw Eozandera kev ua ub no. Ua ntej, cov Amber Room twb tsim los rau cov kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub palace Littsenburg. Thaum lub sij hawm lub neej ntawm muaj koob muaj npe tsev neeg tsis pom lub chav tsev kom tiav. Lub chaw ua hauj lwm yog nyob rau hauv 1709 tseem nyob rau hauv tag nrho viav vias. By lub sij hawm nws tuag Sophia Charlotte (nyob rau hauv 1705). Frederick kuv txiav txim siab los nres lub project thiab decorate nrog panels ntawm amber gallery nyob rau hauv lub palace ntawm nws tus phooj ywg - Oranienburg. Feem ntau cov yuav, tus huab tais txiav txim siab kom txhob siv, kom lub palace Littsenburg, qhov chaw nyob ntawm nws tus poj niam, raws li nws tau ua li ntawd thaum nws ciaj sia. Cov phab ntsa ntawm lub cuab, uas yuav tsum teem caij rau amber panels, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog kub lace thiab damask. Thiab niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv Littsenburg Palace yuav qhuas tus liab damastovoy chav da dej. Nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm poj huab tais Sophia Charlotte, qhov no palace hu ua Charlottenburg.
Ces tus huab tais qhia Eozanderu kom Palace nyob rau hauv Oranienburg, ntxiv mus rau lub Amber Gallery 30 meters, surpassing nws loj thawj kev kee. Txawm li cas los, txawm intensive kev ua hauj lwm, qhov no gallery ua tsis tiav thaum lub sij hawm lub neej ntawm Frederick kuv, leej twg tuag nyob rau hauv 1713.
Khoom plig rau Peter Kuv
Lavxias teb sab huab tais yog zoo siab nrog lub chaw ua hauj lwm Eozandera thiab ua tsis muaj daim card ntawm nws txoj kev xav kom muaj xws li ib tug ua hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej lub teb chaws. Frederick William kuv, tus huab tais txoj kev txais (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1688-1740, cov Board - txij thaum 1713), nkag tau rau hauv lub teb chaws nruj kev qhuab qhia uas nws aim yog kev siv tswv yim, thiab txiav txim siab los txwv tsis pub kim ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub palaces ntawm nws txiv. Tab sis lub undisguised delight ntawm ntau cov qhua sim hawm caij nyoog nws mus rau mount lub amber panels nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm teej tug mus rau lub Berlin lub xeev cov chav ntawm lub muaj koob muaj npe tsev fuabtais. Nws yog tus tsuas yog pdtverzhdenny fact nyob hauv Berlin no masterpiece yuav tsum tau xa mus rau Lavxias teb sab capital, St. Petersburg.
Peter kuv thaum lub sij hawm lub neej ntawm Frederick kuv tus kheej ntsuam xyuas lub vaj huam sib luag rau lub Amber Gallery, thaum lub sij hawm nws mus ntsib mus Berlin. Nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis 1716, thaum lub sij hawm ib tug lub rooj sib tham nrog nws tus tub, nyob rau lub hom phiaj ntawm ib tug alliance ntawm Russia thiab Prussia, Friedrich Wilhelm kuv muab huab tais kim khoom plig, cov uas twb teev thiab cov Amber Room. 13 Lub ib hlis ntuj Tsaw Chaw 1717 Lub Amber Room tau coj tuaj rau St. Petersburg nyob rau hauv 18 thawv, uas, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub tiav lawm panels yog ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov tawg tsam tsis tau siv.
Pov thawj txog qhov twg Tsar Peter kuv npaj rau nruab cov panels, tau dim, li ntawd, lub assumption tias nws npaj siab siv nyob rau hauv sab hauv ntawm lub caij ntuj no Palace yog unfounded.
Amber Room thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Elizabeth
Nyob rau hauv 1743, lub Emperor tus ntxhais Elizaveta Petrovna tom qab accession rau lub zwm txwv hais kom muab tso rau ib qho khoom plig mus rau hauv ib tug tshiab muaj chaw nyob - Peb Lub caij ntuj no Palace. Mus nqa tawm kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Italian kes duab vajtse A. Martelli raug caw. Nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm lwm zoo kws kes duab vajtse - F. B. Rastrelli - twb nyob rau hauv 1746 nyob hloov Amber Room nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no Palace. Txawm li cas los, ib co ntsiab ntawm tus tshiab sab hauv yog tsis, li ntawd, Rastrelli txiav txim siab mus nrhiav kom tau ib tug mirrored Pilasters thiab ntxig ntxiv panels, pleev xim rau "rau amber". Nyob rau hauv 1745, King ntawm Prussia, Frederick II muab Lavxias teb sab Empress lwm tiav ntawm peb tes num A. Reich amber ncej, nyob rau hauv lub kho kom zoo nkauj uas siv motifs thiab allegories glorifying lub greatness ntawm Elizabeth. Nyob rau hauv 1746, lub Amber Room siv rau cov nom receptions, txawm hais tias nws muaj ntau lub sij hawm thaum lub sij hawm rov reconstruction ntawm lub caij ntuj no Palace twb pauv los ntawm qhov chaw mus rau qhov chaw.
Lub Amber Room nyob rau hauv lub Catherine Palace
12 xyoo tom qab, nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj 1755, yog twb nyob rau hauv Tsarskoye selo los ntawm decree ntawm Empress pib yuav tsum tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov coj ntawm Rastrelli Amber Room (nyob qhov twg lub Catherine Palace, niaj hnub no txhua leej txhua tus paub). Yog li ntawd ib tug tshiab era ntawm no masterpiece ntawm hwjchim ci ntsa iab nyob rau hauv Russia, uas ntawd kub ntev li ob puas xyoo.
Dvortsovy chav tso cai rau nws, tau ib thaj tsam ntawm 96 square meters, uas yog tshuam ntau tshaj li qhov loj ntawm lub yav dhau los hauv chav tsev. Yog li ntawd, lub panels tau muab tso rau hauv nruab nrab theem rau peb cov phab ntsa thiab sib cais los ntawm Pilasters nrog tsom iav thiab gilded carvings. Nyob qhov twg lub amber twb tsis, cov phab ntsa ntawm lub cuab raug them nrog canvas thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog paintings "los ntawm Amber" los ntawm cov artist I. I. Velskim. Rastrelli brilliantly coped nrog nws ua hauj lwm, mus pab tau txoj lub sab hauv zoo nkauj bronze teeb, qab nthab painting, gilded carvings, tsom iav thiab parquet flooring los ntawm ntau precious ntoo.
chaw ntawm lub qab nthab decorated nrog ib tug lossis loj loj painting los ntawm ib tug tsis paub artist los ntawm Venice XVIII xyoo pua, cov sawv cev Txawj Ntse, ceev cov hluas los ntawm tej kev dag ntxias ntawm kev hlub.
Nruab nrab central theem yog 8 ntsug panels, ntawm uas plaub tau muab tso rau mosaic cov dawb lias lub pob zeb, ua nyob rau hauv Florence nyob rau hauv lub 1750s, vividly depicting lub tsib yooj yim tsis totaub: lub rooj sib hais, pom, kov, saj thiab tsis hnov tsw.
Amber Room ntawm lub Catherine Palace muaj ib tug luxurious décor. Nws lees paub rau Suav iav thiab chests Lavxias teb sab ua hauj lwm. Lub Amber Room twb khaws cia thiab ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws collections ntawm amber hniav nyiaj hniav kub nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe thiab nws thiaj li yuav ua tau ib tug tsev cia puav pheej ntawm amber khoom, qhov uas lawv twb chess, checkers thiab caskets.
Tej yam khoom uas muaj koob muaj npe tsev neeg
Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua nyob rau hauv Tsarskoye selo, qhov twg hauv lub sij hawm uas muaj upscale tswv amber ua pib mus txog ntawm Kamertsalmeysterskoy pantry kho ntau yam ntawm tej yam khoom uas tau koom rau cov tswv cuab ntawm lub Royal tsev neeg. Cov ntaub ntawv qhia hais tias nyob rau hauv 1765 coj qhov no mus kho ntau tshaj 70 cov khoom ntawm pob zeb no, cov uas yog cov kawm ntawm ib tug cult (Crucifixes thiab crosses), rooj tog zaum (postavtsa, khoom thiab closets), thiab tsev neeg cov khoom. Ib tug tshwj xeeb cov pab pawg neeg ntawm tej yam ntawm lub sij hawm Elizabeth ua rooj decorations, ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm nplooj cov dab dej ntxuav nrog acanthus nplooj thiab baroque volute. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog carvings. Cov khoom uas tej zaum dai kom zoo nkauj festive rooj Empress Elizabeth thaum lub sij hawm txais tos.
Amber Room thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Catherine II
Nyob rau hauv 1763, Empress Catherine II muab ib tug decree raws li uas tag nrho cov canvases pleev xim rau "los ntawm Amber" yuav tsum hloov nrog ib tug mosaic ntawm amber. Nyob rau txoj hauj lwm zoo nws coj 4 lub xyoos thiab 450 kilograms ntawm pob zeb. Nyob rau hauv 1770, ua hauj lwm tau ua tiav.
By decree ntawm Catherine II, them ntau xim rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub rooj tog kev lag luam nyob rau hauv Russia, lub Amber Room supplemented los ntawm heev heev masterpieces ntawm lub khoom siv tes ua.
Raws li hauv daim ntawv teev tso ua ke los ntawm D. Grigorovich, qhov kawg ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua nyob rau hauv lub palace muaj yog ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov rooj tog, feem ntau dressers thiab cov ntxhuav. Yeej yog los ntawm Fabkis keeb kwm. Qhov twg raug tsis tau muab ib qho chaw, tej zaum yuav nws yog ib tug Lavxias teb sab khoom. Ib tug ntawm cov teev, hauv siab ntawm drawers, yog tshwj xeeb yog interesting. Nws txawv txawv txoj hmoo thiab pair nws lub hauv siab yog heev nthuav. Thaum lub sij hawm ob ntiaj teb rog, lawv raug sab laug nyob rau hauv lub palace thiab coj mus rau lub teb chaws Yelemees invaders, thiab ib nrab xyoo tom qab ib tug ntawm lawv xa rov qab mus rau lawv cov thawj qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv lub pre-tsov rog duab ntawm lub Amber Room yog ob qho tib si hauv siab raug kaw, lawv kuj tau raug muaj nyob rau hauv cov lus nug ntawm lub tsev cia puav pheej nyob rau hauv 1938-1940. Rov qab daim ntawm cov rooj tog yog cim, uas sib raug rau cov zauv los ntawm cov nyiaj txiag cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub palace. Nyob rau hauv lub Kwvyees li xyoo 1990, lub hauv siab twb pom nyob rau hauv Berlin, nyob rau hauv ib tug private collection, thiab yuav los ntawm nws tus tswv nyob cov teg num ntawm lub magazine "Spiegel", thiab tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv 2000, regained lub masterpiece ntawm lub Amber Room ntawm lub Catherine Palace (Pushkin). Siab ntawm drawers, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd rau nws cov interesting destiny yog mas nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej, raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib qho ntawm cov thawj yaam puab paub ntawm cov rooj tog txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv Russia rau kuaj ntawm Fabkis khoom muaj feem xyuam rau cov 1760 th xyoo.
Txij li thaum lub loj hloov mus hloov los nyob rau hauv kub, drafts thiab stoveheating puas lawm amber, tsuas yog peb lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua tau nqa tawm kho tshiab ntawm lub Amber Room.
Cov duab ntawm lub Amber Room
Nyob rau hauv 1907, lub Lumiere cov kwv tij ua tus thawj plastinki- "autochromes" los ntawm kev tsim ib tug peb-xim mosaic qauv. Cov no yog ib co ntawm cov thawj xim dluab nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm photography. Nyob rau hauv 1917 Lukomsky, lub taub hau ntawm cov kos duab-keeb kwm commission, uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub palaces, tau muab cai rau koj nqa tawm shooting nyob rau hauv lub palaces ntawm Tsarskoye selo. Nrog los tshem tawm thiab nyob rau hauv Pushkin Catherine Palace, lub Amber Room twb tseem yuav tsum tau yees duab. Qhov no yog tsim nyog los tsim catalogs ntawm tsev cia puav pheej yuav teev cia. Shooting twb tau soj xyuas AA Zeestom. Lub Catherine Palace duab tau noj nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj thiab nyob rau hauv lub Alexander - los ntawm Lub yim hli ntuj 14, 1917, tam sim ntawd tom qab kawg Lavxias teb sab huab tais Nicholas II thiab nws tsev neeg raug xa mus rau Tobolsk. PK Lukomsky 11 Lub kaum hli ntuj 1917 tau txais 140 txhaj tshuaj, yog ib tus uas raug ntes thiab lub Amber Room nyob rau hauv lub Catherine Palace. Txog thaum 1941, nws yog ib lub xwb xim nws cov duab.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1933-1935 cov me me tej hauj lwm ntawm restoration nqa sculptor I. Krestovsky.
tsis tha xim sab hauv
Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 1941, nws npaj ib tug neeg pej xeem nrog masterpiece ntawm restoration, tab sis tus poj Patriotic ua tsov ua rog tiv thaiv nws siv. Amber Room yuav evacuated, uas mosaics raug them nrog ib tug nyias txheej ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb daim ntawv so ntswg. Tab sis lub sib tshem tawm ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag pom tias amber crumbles. Nws tseem ceeb heev kom nyob looting lub Catherine Palace. Lub Amber Room, uas nws nqi lawm tiag tiag enormous, yeej yuav tsum tau muab zais los ntawm lub invaders. Yog li ntawd, nws tau txiav txim siab los subject nws preservation tseem. Panels kev sib tw gauze daim ntaub, muab tso rau hauv lub npog ntawm batting thiab them rau lawv nrog ntoo pab ntsa.
Thaum lub Amber Room (Catherine Palace, Pushkin) twb rov los German cov tub rog, cov uas yog pab neeg tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv export ntawm cov kos duab treasures, ib tug vaj huam sib luag twb muab tshem tawm thiab xa mus rau Konigsberg.
lub rooj txhawb siab masterpiece
Nyob rau hauv 1979 lub Council of Ministers ntawm lub RSFSR, nws twb txiav txim siab rov tsim kom muaj lub amber panels.
Nyob rau hauv 1983, cov duab thiab cov negatives ntawm lub Amber Room nyob rau hauv lub Catherine Palace pib ntawm lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm peb tes num ntawm kws kes duab vajtse A. A. Kedrinskogo. Nyob rau hauv 1994 nws tsim thawj vaj huam sib luag nyob rau hauv lub qis theem, thiab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub mosaic "view" tau ua tiav ob xyoos tom qab. Nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis 2000, cov tsev khaws puav pheej rov qab nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees txee rau Lavxias teb sab thiab mosaic ua hauj lwm "kov thiab tsis hnov tsw" uas yog ib feem ntawm lub dai kom zoo ntawm lub chav tsev.
Nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj 2003, nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm tus St. Petersburg tercentenary nyob rau hauv Pushkin (Catherine Palace) Lub Amber Room tau qhib rau cov pej xeem. Lub ceremony twb tau mus kawm los ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab German tus thawj coj. Lub chaw ua hauj lwm, uas ntawd kub ntev li 24 xyoo, tau raug ua kom tiav. Ib tug tshiab lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm no kuj zoo kawg ua hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab!
Lub Amber Room (Catherine Palace): qhov twg, qhib teev
Pushkin, nyob rau hauv uas lub tsev khaws puav pheej yog nyob, yog nyob 25 kilometers ntawm St. Petersburg.
Tam sim no, Catherine Palace (Amber Room) yog qhib txhua hnub los ntawm 10 mus rau 17 teev, tsuas hnub tawm - Tuesday thiab txhua txhua hnub Monday ntawm lub hlis yog ib tug kab mob hnub.
Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov, qhov kev pab ntawm neeg mus ncig tebchaws pab pawg thiab official delegations nqa tawm los ntawm 10 mus rau 16 teev thiab los ntawm 16 mus rau 17 - tus nkag rau daim pib rau ib tug neeg qhua. Yog hais tias muaj yog tsis muaj kev cai pab pawg, kev pab ib tug neeg qhua yuav kuj yuav qhov chaw nyob rau lwm lub sij hawm. Daim pib no tsis pre-muag, lawv yuav tsum tau muas ntawm lub thawv chaw ua hauj lwm, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw tos txais ntawm lub Palace (Pushkin, Tsarskoye selo, Catherine Palace).
Lub Amber Room, mus ntsib ib tug uas yog pub dawb xwb, muaj nyiaj cheb rau tej pawg ntawm cov pejxeem. Yog li, tus nqi ntawm daim pib rau cov neeg laus yog 400 rubles, thiab rau cov menyuam kawm ntawm Lavxias teb sab universities, raws li zoo raws li pensioners ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation thiab Belarus - 300 rubles. Cov pib tus nqi yog teem Catherine Palace. Qhov ncig saib los ntawm lub halls (Amber Room muaj) yog them nyias.
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