Li cas rau cov txheej cell daim nyias nyias? Tus qauv ntawm lub txheej cell daim nyias nyias

Lub Khoos Loos Tsev kawm txog cov hlwb ntawm prokaryotic kab mob, raws li tau zoo raws li cov nroj tsuag thiab cov tsiaj muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tib neeg txog biology seem, hu ua cytology. Zaum tau pom hais tias tus txheem ntawm lub cell, uas yog, ua nyuaj heev hauv nws. Nws yog surrounded los ntawm ib tug thiaj li hu ua nto tsev, muaj li ntawm cov txheej cell daim nyias nyias, nadmembrannye qauv muaj xws li: glycocalyx thiab lub cell phab ntsa, raws li zoo raws li microfilaments, microtubules thiab pelikula txoj kev nws submembrane complex.

Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb kawm txog tej qauv thiab kev khiav dej num ntawm tus txheej cell daim nyias nyias, ib feem ntawm tus nto apparatus ntawm ntau hom ntawm lub hlwb.

Li cas rau cov txheej cell daim nyias nyias

Raws li yav tas los piav, tus txheej membrane yog ib feem ntawm qhov chaw ntawm txhua tus unit cell, uas ntse cais nws internal txheem thiab tiv thaiv cellular organelles los ntawm cov nyom ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob. Lwm nuj nqi - yog kev ntawm metabolism ntawm lub cell txheem thiab cov ntaub so ntswg kua, yog li tus txheej cell daim nyias nyias muab thauj ntawm molecules thiab ions nkag mus rau hauv lub cytoplasm, thiab tseem yuav pab tshem tawm toxins thiab tshaj toxins los ntawm lub cell.

Tus qauv ntawm lub cell daim nyias nyias

Membrane los yog plasmalemma ntawm ntau hom ntawm hlwb yog sib txawv heev ntawm lawv tus kheej. Mas, cov tshuaj qauv, thiab cov txheeb ze rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm lipids, glycoproteins, cov nqaijrog thiab, thiaj li, qhov xwm ntawm receptors uas yog nyob rau hauv lawv. Cov txheej cell daim nyias nyias qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi uas yog txiav txim los ntawm nyob tus yeees ntawm cov neeg glycoproteins, yuav siv sij hawm yog ib feem nyob rau hauv lub Vocabulary ntawm stimuli nyob rau hauv lub sab nraud ib puag ncig thiab lub cell tshua rau lawv ua. Txij li thaum cov nqaijrog thiab glycolipids cell week yuav INTERACTIONS ib co kab mob, yog li ntawd lawv txeem mus rau hauv lub cell. Herpes kab mob thiab kab mob khaub thuas yuav siv lub plasmalemma ntawm tus tswv tsev ntawm tes los tsim ib tug tiv thaiv plhaub.

Ib tug kab mob thiab cov kab mob, yog li ntawd-hu ua bacteriophages, hlwb txuas rau daim nyias nyias thiab yog yaj nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nws siv tshwj xeeb enzyme. Tom qab ntawd, qhov ncua kab DNA molecule.

Nta ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov ntshav membrane ntawm eukaryotic

Nco qab tias lub txheej cell daim nyias nyias ua raws li ib tug thauj, piv txwv li thauj tej rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm lub cell thiab los ntawm cov sab nraud ib puag ncig. Mus nqa tawm xws li ib tug txheej txheem yuav tsum tau ib tug tshwj xeeb cov qauv. Xwb, lub plasmalemma yog ib tug tsis tu ncua, universal rau tag nrho cov eukaryotic cell nto apparatus system. Qhov no nyias (2-10 nm), tab sis yog txaus tuab multilayer zaj duab xis uas npog tag nrho cov cell. Nws qauv yog kawm nyob rau hauv 1972 los ntawm xws li cov kws tshawb fawb raws li D. Singer thiab G. Nicolson, lawv kuj tsim ib cov kua-mosaic qauv ntawm lub cell daim nyias nyias.

Lub ntsiab tshuaj tebchaw uas tsim nws - yog ib yaam kev kho ntawm lub lwg me me ntawm cov nqaijrog thiab tej yam phospholipids uas muaj kos nyob rau hauv lub lipid dej ib puag ncig thiab zoo li mosaic. Yog li, lub cell daim nyias nyias yog li ntawm ob khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm lipid, uas tsis yog-polar hydrophobic "tails" uas yog hauv daim nyias nyias, thiab cov ncov qaumteb qabteb hydrophilic hau txojkev cell cytoplasm thiab lub intercellular kua.

Lipid txheej permeated los ntawm loj protein molecules constituting lub hydrophilic pores. Nws yog thauj therethrough, aqueous lub ntsiab ntawm piam thaj thiab mineral ntsev. Ib txhia protein molecules no muaj nyob rau cov txheej thiab nyob rau lub puab nto ntawm ntshav membrane. Yog li, nyob rau hauv txheej cell daim nyias nyias ntawm lub hlwb nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kab mob muaj cov tub ntxhais carbohydrate molecules yog kev cob cog rua ntawm covalent bonds nrog glycolipids thiab glycoproteins. Carbohydrate cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov cell week yog hom twg los ntawm 2 mus rau 10%.

Tus qauv ntawm ntshav membrane prokaryotic kab mob

Cov txheej cell daim nyias nyias nyob rau hauv prokaryotes ua zoo xws li cov zog mus rau lub plasmalemma cell nuclear kab mob, namely xaav thiab kis tau tus mob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lwm tus ib puag ncig, thauj ntawm ions thiab cov kev daws rau hauv lub cell thiab tawm ntawm, kev tiv thaiv los ntawm txawv teb chaws cytoplasm externally reagents. Nws yuav tsim mesosoma - lug sawv thaum lub sij hawm invagination ntawm ntshav membrane mus rau hauv lub cell. Tej zaum lawv yuav enzymes muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv metabolic tshua prokaryotes, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv DNA replication, protein synthesis.

Mesosoma kuj muaj redox enzymes, thaum photosynthetic yog bacteriochlorophyll (kab mob) thiab phycobilins (cyanobacteria).

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tus txheej membrane nyob rau hauv lub cell-cell hu

Ntxiv rau teb cov lus nug, ua li cas puas muaj tus txheej cell daim nyias nyias, yuav tsom rau nws lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cell-cell hu. Nyob rau hauv cog hlwb nyob rau hauv lub phab ntsa ntawm lub txheej cell daim nyias nyias pores yog tsim dua nyob rau hauv lub sis plawv hniav txheej. Los ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm zam cell cytoplasm outwardly xws nyias raws hu ua plasmodesmata.

Ua tsaug rau lawv, cov kev twb kev txuas ntawm neighboring cog hlwb muaj zog heev. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub hlwb thiab tsiaj hu qhov chaw ntawm ib sab cell week yog hu ua desmosomes. Lawv yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm endothelial thiab epithelial hlwb, thiab kuj pom nyob rau hauv cardiomyocytes.

Koom haum pab tsim ntawm ntshav membrane

Yuav kom nkag siab txog cov kev sib txawv ntawm cog hlwb los ntawm cov tsiaj yuav pab kom lawv kawm tus yam ntxwv nta ntawm lub plasmalemma, uas nyob ntawm seb dab tsi muaj zog yog ua los ntawm cov txheej cell daim nyias nyias. Saum toj no nws nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj cell yog ib tug txheej ntawm glycocalyx. Nws muaj polysaccharides molecules txuam nrog cov nqaijrog thiab lipids txheej cell daim nyias nyias. Vim glycocalyx adhesion (sticking) tshwm sim ntawm lub hlwb, ua rau lub tsim ntawm ntaub so ntswg, ces nws yuav siv sij hawm yog ib feem nyob rau hauv lub signaling muaj nuj nqi ntawm ntshav membrane - lwm puag ncig stimuli paub.

Yuav ua li cas lub passive thauj ntawm kev tshuaj los ntawm lub cell daim nyias nyias

Raws li twb hais dhau tas los, tus txheej cell daim nyias nyias yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov thauj ntawm tshuaj ntawm lub cell thiab cov sab nraud ib puag ncig. Nws muaj ob hom kev thauj thoob plaws lub plasmalemma: passive (difuzionny) thiab active thauj. Tus thawj koom diffusion, puv thawm diffusion thiab osmosis. Lub zog ntawm tshuaj raws concentration gradient nyob feem ntau nyob rau hauv qhov nyhav thiab qhov luaj li cas ntawm molecules dhau los ntawm lub cell daim nyias nyias. Piv txwv li, me me nonpolar molecules nkag soluble nyob rau hauv cov lipid txheej nruab nrab plasmalemma tsiv therethrough thiab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm.

Loj molecules ntawm cov organic tshuaj txeem mus rau hauv cytoplasm nrog kev pab los ntawm tshwj xeeb cov cab kuj proteins. Lawv muaj hom tseem thiab txuas nrog lub particle los yog ion cov nqi zog tsis muaj passively kis los ntawm daim nyias nyias los ntawm ib tug concentration gradient (passive thauj). Qhov no txoj kev ntaub ntawv lub hauv paus ntawm ntshav membrane zog xws li xim permeability. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm passive thauj tsis siv lub zog ntawm ATP molecules, thiab cov cell tej yam nws mus rau lwm metabolic tshua.

Active thauj tshuaj los ntawm cov plasmalemma

Txij li thaum lub txheej cell daim nyias nyias tso cai hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm ions thiab molecules los ntawm cov ib puag ncig mus rau hauv lub cell thiab rov qab, nws yuav tau mus tso zis dissimilation cov khoom uas toxins, outwardly, i.e. nyob rau hauv lub intercellular kua. Active thauj tshwm sim tiv thaiv cov concentration gradient thiab yuav tsum tau siv zog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ATP molecules. Nws kuj yuav transporter cov nqaijrog hu ua ATP-tsim, yog ib txhij thiab enzymes.

Piv txwv li cov tsheb yog lub sodium-poov tshuaj twj tso kua mis (sodium ions yog kis los ntawm cov cytoplasm rau sab nraum ib puag ncig, thiab poov tshuaj ions yog pumped rau hauv lub cytoplasm). Yuav kom nws muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm plab hnyuv epithelial hlwb thiab lub raum. Variants ntawm no txoj kev yog cov hloov mus rau lwm cov txheej txheem ntawm pinocytosis thiab phagocytosis. Yog li, kev kawm dab tsi zog yog ua los ntawm cov txheej cell daim nyias nyias, nws yuav tsum tau txiav txim hais tias tus dab muaj peev xwm ntawm phagocytosis thiab pino- heterotrophic protists, raws li zoo raws li lub hlwb ntawm ntau dua tsiaj muaj tus kab mob, e.g., leukocytes.

Bioelectric dab nyob rau hauv lub cell week

Nws yog tsim los uas muaj ib tug neeg txawv ntawm cov txheej nto ntawm ntshav membrane (nws yog zoo them) thiab lub parietal txheej ntawm cytoplasm, tsis zoo them. Nws twb hu ua lub so tej zaum, thiab nws yog xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov nyob hlwb. Ib tug paj cov ntaub so ntswg tsis tsuas so tej zaum tab sis kuj muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm kev cov uas qaug zog biopotentials, uas yog hu ua tus excitation txheej txheem. Cov txheej membrane ntawm cov hlab hlwb, neurons, noj voos ntawm receptors yuav pib hloov cov nqi ntawm sodium ions rau hauv lub cell massively pub thiab yuav ib tug electronegative nto plasmalemma. Ib tug phab ntsa txheej cytoplasm vim tshaj cations lijchoj ib tug zoo xwb. Qhov no piav qhia yog vim li cas yog vim li cas muaj recharge lub txheej cell daim nyias nyias ntawm ib tug neuron, uas ua rau conduction ntawm paj impulses uas underlie cov excitation txheej txheem.