Lavxias teb sab scientific complex. Kev-Technical Complex ntawm Russia: tej yam kev mob, forecasts thiab zeem muag rau txoj kev loj hlob

Kev Complex ntawm Russia yuav los ntawm ib tug yooj yim lub sij hawm. Txij li thaum lub era ntawm perestroika, nws cov qauv lossi tau reorganized, yog abolished, reformed, optimized - raws li qhov tam sim no cov teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws thiab haiv neeg, thiab lub tsis txawj txaus ntawm cov neeg thawj coj uas yog hu los mus daws tau cov teeb meem no.

Lavxias teb sab science thiab cov tseem ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob

Niaj hnub nimno scientific kheej, raws li zoo raws li tej kev taw qhia kom paub system yog tag nrho ntawm kev tsis sib haum thiab yam ntxwv contradictions. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ib tug tseem ceeb feem rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev peev xwm ntawm lub xeev los muab economic txoj cai siv los ntawm tsoom fwv. Raws li ib co tshuaj ntsuam, cov mauj teebmeem uas tau raug ntaus ntau ntawm cov ciav hlau, nrog rau cov mas tsim lub teb chaws, lub thaws mob Lavxias teb sab scientific complex. Tab sis muaj yog vim li cas rau qhov zoo - peb lub teb chaws yeej ib txwm kov yeej lub sij hawm ntawm ntsoog tsaug zog internal tej zaum, xws li nyob rau hauv hnyav qhia.

Cov kev loj hlob ntawm science nyob rau hauv Russia twb nqa tawm nyob rau hauv cov kauj ruam, vim hais tias lub teb chaws yog thaws rov los ntxeem tau ntawm "intruders", ces sai zoo tu qab tso tom qab tsov rog thiab kev puas tsuaj nws tej internal shocks - kiv puag ncig thiab kho kom zoo. Yuav ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj kev uas yuav pab txhim tsa lawv ua hauj lwm, Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences - nyob ntawm seb lub teb chaws uas twb muaj lawm "tsis txaus" ntawm rog thiab tej cib fim uas yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm. Nrhiav rov qab, peb yuav pom tias qhov teeb meem ntawm Lavxias teb sab scientific complex arisen tsis niaj hnub no, tab sis peb yuav tsum tau los mus daws lawv - systematically thiab collectively.

Kev complex teb chaws: qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi

Ntsiab zog ntawm science - ib tug twv ua ntej ntawm hnyav tiam sis, cov kev tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev xeem thiab cov kev loj hlob ntawm yooj yim thiab thov kev tshawb fawb raws li ib tug lub ntsiab kawg nyob rau hauv cov kev ua ub ntawm lub scientific lub zej lub zos.

Tus qauv ntawm scientific complex muaj xws li tag nrho cov koom haum uas nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev los sis lwm ua hauj lwm rau lub neej yav tom ntej, thiab "rau qhov zoo ntawm koj lub teb chaws." Lavxias teb sab scientific complex yog ib tug ib-daim tsim muaj ntau yam teb, tsim tshiab yees thiab ua kom paub ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv lub Central cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws feeb meej ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb cov koom haum, ua hauj lwm mus txog rau 70% ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm cov neeg ua (soj ntsuam - cov neeg kawm ntawv qib siab, sib tw thiab cov kws kho mob ntawm sciences) thiab ua los 75% ntawm lub domestic nqi ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb.

Lub cev thiab npaum hauj lwm ntawm scientific teb yog tsis yooj yim sua yam uas tsis tau ib tug mus tas lub tsev scientific thiab hauj peev xwm, uas kawm nyob rau hauv lub ntim ntawm nyiaj txiag los ntawm pob nyiaj siv ntawm tag nrho cov ntau ntau - no yog evidenced los ntawm lub ntiaj teb no xyaum. Kev teeb meem yog zoo kev cob cog nrog lub teeb meem ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Raws li tus thawj coj ntawm lub koom haum rau Economic tswv yim B. N. Kuzyka, txoj kev paub kev khwv nyiaj txiag thaum lub caij yog ua pivotal nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob lub tswv yim ntawm cov kev lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, thiab lub sij hawm no kev sib tw rau peb lub teb chaws.

Kev peev xwm ntawm niaj hnub Russia: txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshiab kev tshawb fawb chaw

Lub ntsiab kev sib tw txojkev "ua minds" - txoj kev loj hlob ntawm science nyob rau hauv Russia, lub creation thiab txij nkawm ntawm ib tug muaj kuab kev pab cuam-lub hom phiaj npaj yog ib tug scientific hauv paus rau kev tswj ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov tshuab nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab scientific complex.

Vim lub sij hawm ntev kev thiab hauj forecasts, raws li zoo raws li qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev saib xyuas ntawm scientific thiab hauj peev xwm ntawm lub teb chaws (kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub possibilities ntawm ib tug neeg cov kev tshawb fawb cov koom haum daws tau qhov teeb meem) yog tsim los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb daim ntawv teev cov feem qhia ntawm scientific thiab txoj kev loj hlob thiab ib tug ntxaws tshuaj mechanisms rau lawv siv.

Rau qhov tseeb kev tshawb fawb chaw muaj xws li txhob technology chaw: nanotechnology thiab biotechnology, cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev sib txuas lus tshuab, ntaub ntawv tshiab, raws li tau zoo raws li lub Scope ntawm lub scientific-industrial complex, uas coj los ua ke yooj yim technologies thiab achievements nyob rau hauv lub hais tej thaj chaw. Tsaug rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshiab kev siv technology tshiab txoj kev, peb lub teb chaws muaj peev xwm zoo heev kawm tau ntawv zoo nyob rau hauv txoj kev hloov mus rau ib tug tshiab npaum li, vim hais tias lub ntiaj teb no yog ib tug tshaj dhau hloov nyob rau hauv lub economic thiab kev spheres yog npaj los ntawm 2020-2025.

Kev-Technical Complex: tseem ceeb

Kev Kev Complex yog raws li nyob rau hauv forecasts txog lub sij hawm ntev loj hlob ntawm science thiab technology rau kev tiv thaiv, kev ruaj ntseg thiab cov npaum txoj kev loj hlob ntawm industrial technologies nyob rau hauv Russia. Nyob rau hauv cov kev ua ub, lub complex muab ib tug muaj kuab ua hauj lwm kev npaj thiab suab tswj cov sau scientific-kev thiab muaj-hauj tej zaum ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm kev lag luam.

Applied teeb meem ntawm scientific-kev kheej ntawm kev ua si, uas yog tam sim no - nyob rau hauv lub nyuaj lub sij hawm ntawm tsim ntawm ib tug multipolar ntiaj teb no - yog nyob rau lub forefront, yog:

• tsim ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm cov tub rog-kev cai, kev thiab socio-economic kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm prospects rau ntiaj teb no kev loj hlob ntawm niaj hnub riam phom (10-25 xyoo);
• tsom xam ntawm yooj yim thiab tseem ceeb heev rau cov tub rog technologies ntawm txawv teb chaws lub teb chaws thiab tsim los ntawm ib daim ntawv teev kev pab raws qib los txhim kho lub peev xwm ntawm nws cov tub rog cov khoom;
• kev uas tsim riam phom systems nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav xyuas kom meej lawv kuas txoj kev loj hlob;
• lub tsev lag luam ntawm lub xeev qhov kev pab cuam ntawm ntaj los sis phom tej yaam num thiab tsim los ntawm lub xeev tiv thaiv kev txiav txim, raws li tus tshiab economic tej yam kev mob, rau yav tom ntej;
• systematic siv nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm mus rau 2020 high-zoo upgrading ntawm lub Armed Forces, lwm yam ntawm pab tub rog, cov tub rog formations thiab lub cev (nrog tag rau nuclear deterrence thiab general-lub hom phiaj rog).

Kev thiab kev siv technology tshiab complex thiab cov teeb meem ntawm nws ua hauj lwm

Kev-hauj complex raws li siab technologies thiab yog zoo txog rau tus economic sector. Vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv lub XXI caug xyoo, lub kev thov rau lub cim ntawm kev txawj ntse, innovation thiab efficiency ntawm high-precision txoj kev loj hlob them cov nqi tawm los ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag, lub dag zog ntawm zaum thiab engineers, tsim kom kov yeej lub fragmentation thiab kev rho tawm tau tsim ib tug tshiab infrastructure:

• tswv yim siv ntawm lub xeev txoj cai kev pab them nqi nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm kev thiab ua ntawv thov (Science, Technology thiab Innovation) kev ua ub no; kev daws ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm kev siv technology tshiab Modernization ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag sector ;
• tau raws li sai kev loj hlob ntawm zus tau tej cov siab technology khoom thiab co-ua khoom;
• infrastructure txoj kev loj hlob ntawm txoj kev ua ub no (txoj kev loj hlob thiab txhawb cov ua hauj lwm ntawm innovation thiab technology chaw ua si, technology chaw ua si, technology hloov lwm lub tsev chaw zov me nyuam thiab cov chaw ua sim);
• lub creation ntawm kev lug ntawm dual-siv khoom uas yog tau hloov mus rau kev ua lag luam kev xav tau ntawm tag nrho ob qho ua tub rog thiab pej xeem cov khoom; kev siv ntawm yav tas los tsim dual-siv technologies thiab cov creation ntawm sawv daws yuav tshiab.

Feeb ntau, "muaj zog" sab ntawm lub scientific thiab hauj complex ntawm Russia - nuclear thiab laser yees; muaj kev nruam ntej tiav los ntawm peb zaum nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob thiab daim ntawv thov ntawm technology ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, propulsion systems. Yuav tsum tau ib tug tseem ceeb peev ntawm rog thiab txhais tau tias mus cuag lub ntiaj teb no-chav kawm micro-, nano thiab opto-hluav taws xob lub xov tooj cua, computer technology yog lom zem ntau obsolete thiab yuav tsum tau hloov ntawm cov niaj hnub muaj khoom. Cov feem hauj tsim yog txaus siab los ntawm cov neeg muaj feem - rau feem ntau feem, ntawm chav kawm, lub xeev (lub thiaj-hu ua tsoom fwv teb chaws kev pab cuam - tsoom fwv teb chaws cov kev pab cuam).

Kev kawm Complex: kho kom zoo thiab tej teeb meem

Tam sim no, lub tswvyim ntawm "scientific-kev kawm complex" yog hais txog ib tug txheej ntawm cov koom haum ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, uas yog koom nyob rau hauv kev ua ub no nyob rau hauv txawv kev qhia: kev kawm ntawv, kev tshawb fawb, kev kawm, technology thiab innovation. Qhov no tej zaum kuj muaj xws li sib tham khub universities, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev kawm ntawv chaw zov me nyuam, kev kawm hauv tsev.

Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev kawm ntawv qhov chaw ntawm lub teb chaws - yog ib tug "qhov chaw ntawm manpower", tam sim no tau ua ib feem ntawm cov kev ua lag luam khwv nyiaj txiag, "tus raug ntawm kev ua lag luam kev sib raug zoo", chaw tsim tshuaj paus thiab tsum ntawm scientific, kev kawm, lub khoom, cov khoom thiab cov kev pab cuam. Tus tam sim no economic chav kawm ntawm lub teb chaws feem, yuav tsum tau nws mus rau raws sij hawm teb thiab kev npaj ntawm "nqaim" tshwj xeeb "generalists", uas yog, cov neeg uas twb tsis muaj "kev txawj ntse thiab kev txawj ntse" tiam sis yuav tau "txawj" thiab yog "haib qhov chaw ntawm lub tswv yim, technologies thiab tej yaam num. "

Tu siab, qhov xav tau los ua kom txoj kev kawm ntawv system, raws li zoo raws li cov txheej txheem los ntawm kuag tooj kuag hlau kho kom zoo txheej txheem, tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis khuv xim, tsis ua. Cov theem ntawm kev kawm (uas, li cas los xij, tom qab tsis ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lawv cov xeeb) yog heev tsawg. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, lub xeev no twb tsim tsis tau ib lub xyoos, tab sis nws yog tsim maj. Ua nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv, hauv tsev kawm ntawv entrants tuaj unprepared (tab sis, nrog ib tug ntau dua tau rau cov tub ntxhais!), Thiab nrog rau cov "khiav" kev xaiv yog yooj yim mus rau "muab" ib yam dab tsi tshiab.

Yuav ua li cas yuav nws coj los tshawb nrhiav thiab kev kawm ua hauj lwm ntawm lub teb chaws twb zoo npaj? Kev kawm ntawv yog ib qho tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm lub tsev hauv paus ntawm ib tug tshiab kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Thaum lub tam sim no theem nws yog tsim nyog los them vim cov xim rau kev kawm tiag tiag xav, txawj tub txawg versed nyob rau hauv lub peculiarities ntawm lub socio-economic tej yam kev mob ntawm civil txib. Nws yuav tsum tau txais tias cov ua hauj lwm ntawm "zoo tswj" muaj tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo rau cov kev muaj tiag hais tias lawv yuav tsum tau hloov mus rau tshwj xeeb uas paub peculiarities ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lawv cov teb, nyob rau tag nrho ntau ntau, thiab yuav ua rau nws nyob rau lub xeev. Nws tseem yog tsim nyog them sai sai mus rau lub system ntawm ntxiv kev kawm ntawv, nrog rau postgraduate thiab kev loj hlob, cov coj kev ntawm cov phau ntawv thiab muab siv rau cov lus qhia rau txhua theem ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm.

Kev Muaj Complex: ua ntej thiab zeem muag

Kev industrial complex raws li ib tug txheej ntawm nyiaj txiag cov kev ua ub ntawm lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag yog zoo txuas rau cov dej num ntawm tej yam muaj ceg, sib cais nyob rau hauv raws li cov txheej xwm ntawm kev lag luam sector:

• agro-kev lag luam;
• tiv thaiv kev lag luam;
• aerospace;
• atomic, roj thiab lub zog;
• high-tech industries cov tshuaj-kws, microbiological thiab tshuaj industries; scientific instrumentation, raug ntawm complex kho mob pab kiag li lawm ;
• Siv cov kev faib thiab ntau lawm, tshuab-tsev ceg thiab cov zoo li. D.

Lub pom tshwm sim ntawm sustainable kev loj hlob yog cov koom ua ke ntawm txoj kev koom haum thiab muaj qhauj siv lub peev xwm ntawm scientific thiab hauj yim khiav lag luam. Qhov no qauv ua rau nws ua tau rau maj tsiv mus nyob rau ib qho kev pauv nyob rau hauv lub mechanisms ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab advanced engineering thiab kev creation, yuav ua rau lawv raws li nruj heev heev rau cov kev xav tau ntawm uas twb muaj lawm muaj qhauj. Tsim los ntawm no hom ntawm pawg tshawb fawb cov koom haum (xws li Center "Kurchatov lub koom haum") thiab lag luam (atomic zog pawg) nyob rau hauv ntawm kev innovation muaj peev xwm ntawm kev muab cov optimum tsis thiab lub mus ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm Modernization ntawm scientific-industrial complex ntawm lub teb chaws.

Cov kis ntawm niaj hnub cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev sib txuas lus yees yuav cuag tus uas duav txhua yam ntawm high-tech kev pab nyob rau hauv lub humanitarian teb - noj qab haus huv, kev kawm ntawv, cov nyiaj txiag sector.

Kev tshawb fawb complex: siab cov ntaub ntawv thiab subsoil

Kev tshawb fawb Complex theem ua ke koom haum uas ua sim ua hauj lwm kom tau tshiab kev txawj ntse thiab nws daim ntawv thov thiab kev siv tswv yim los mus tsim ib yam khoom tshiab - ib yam khoom los yog technology.

Feem ntau, xws koom haum hu ua "Kev tshawb fawb lub koom haum", tab sis nyob rau hauv lub complex kuj muaj xws li cov archives, ntau yam kev thiab cov lus qhia chaw zov me nyuam, hwv tej ntoj ke mus kawm, sectoral departments, khej thiab cov kev pab cuam, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim koom haum ua teb thiab lub chaw soj nstuam, raws li zoo raws li ib tug observatory, botanical vaj, kho tsiaj chaw nres tsheb, cais sim kuaj (e.g., lub International thermonuclear sim reactor).

Kev ua hauj lwm, kev soj ntsuam, kev soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv tej koom haum no yog nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb cov khoom. Piv txwv li, ib tug kev tshawb fawb fleet ntawm Russia raws li ib tug loj feem ntawm lub teb chaws ruaj ntseg system ntawm lub xeev nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm kev tshawb fawb, kev loj hlob thiab kev siv ntawm cov mineral kev pab ntawm lub oceans siv rau nws lub lag luam cov coj lub tsev hais plaub, txawm peem rau nrog qhov tsim nyog cov khoom thiab pab kiag li lawm.

Kho kom zoo ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences

Creation ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences - direct pov thawj ntawm cov kho kom zoo zog ntawm Peter kuv thiab Catherine kuv (1725), aimed ntawm strengthening lub economic thiab kev nom kev tswv kev ywj pheej ntawm Russia. Tus huab tais siab lub peev xwm ntawm scientific kev xav, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm zoo thiab kab lis kev cai rau txoj kev vam meej ntawm lub xeev. Tsim los ntawm Academy chiv integrates lub zog ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev kawm ntawv lub tsev kawm ntawv (tsev kawm ntawv thiab lub tsev kawm ntawv). Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej - rau luag yog peb lub centuries - lub scientific ua hauj lwm ntawm lub Academy txais kev pab raws li ib tug cov ntaub ntawv ntawm txawj lub teb chaws lub peev xwm. Suffice nws hais cov npe ntawm tej zoo-paub zaum uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nws cov phab ntsa, zoo li Euler, M. V. Lomonosov, S. P. Pallás, KG Razumovsky.

"Qag" nyob rau hauv cov kev ua ntawm lub Ras pib nrog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua, thaum nws pib mus rau cem rau ntev li mob siab rau theoretical tsim tau, samoizolirovannost, kev rho tawm los ntawm cov ceev teeb meem ntawm lub teb chaws thiab nyob rau hauv Feem ntau - "puas". Thiab nyob rau hauv 1870-80-ies. Academy attracted tus mloog ntawm cov pej xeem nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov kev tsis kam puav pheej kev kawm prizes ntawm eminent zaum Mechnikov, IM Sechenov thiab D. Mendeleyev. Tsis nyuaj accusations ntawm "anti-Lavxias teb sab" ua kom pom tseeb ntawm no scientific qauv.

Tom qab lub kiv puag ncig ntawm lub USSR Academy ntawm Sciences tau teem rau engineering thiab thov kev tshawb fawb - tag nrho cov achievements ntawm lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag tau tsim nyob rau hauv nws cov kev taw qhia. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 90. lub xyoo pua xeem, thiab tam sim no lub Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences yog muaj ib tug lub xeev ntawm mus tas li teebmeem. Nws qauv yog expanding thiab pib mus ua hauj lwm, ces mam li nco dheev abolished.

Txij li thaum 2013, nws yog ib lub sij hawm ntawm tob kho kom zoo thiab es rov ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences. Lub essence ntawm cov kho kom zoo, raws li D. A. Medvedeva, - "cia zaum kom siab feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov kev kawm thiab kev tshawb fawb, thiab mus pab lawv los ntawm cov tub ntxhais lub cuab tam kev tswj kev khiav dej num thiab communal cov kev pab cuam". Txawm li cas los, lub scientific lub zej zog xav rau txim rau mechanisms hais tias tsoom fwv tau npaj siab, vim hais tias "lawv yuam nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov radical thiab puas." Yog li, cov lus reorganization, tab sis nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag - ib tug unjustified lub koom haum ntawm lub ntau yam lug ntawm cov Ras, uas yuav nws thiaj li ua lub Scientific Complex ntawm Russia raws li ib tug "self-organizing" system mus tsoo.

Nyob rau hauv ib qho qhib tsab ntawv mus rau V. V. Putinu Academician Zhores Alferov sau cov zoo heev zoo uas muaj emerged nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws ua tsaug rau lub Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences: "cov creation ntawm lub nuclear ntaub thaiv npog; nuclear zog thiab nuclear fleet; qhov chaw tshawb kawm thiab cov Northern Hiav txwv lawv; Siberia thiab Far East nrog lub koom haum qhov twg tshiab kev tshawb fawb chaw; radar thiab semiconductor "kiv puag ncig" thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. " Pib kho kom zoo yog tsim nyog, tiam sis tsuas yog nrog rau cov kev pab ntawm ua zaum thiab pob tshab kev txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv lub qauv - uas yog lub tswv yim ntawm cov tawm tsam, uas originated nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj 2013

Txog cov teeb meem chaw nyob rau hauv lub neej uas niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab science thiab kev kawm ntawv

Lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm lub scientific lub zej lub zos - muab ib tug ua tiav kws kev pab mus rau lub xeev ntawm qhov muaj feem thib rau tej thaj chaw. Cuab teeb meem uas sawv tawm tsam rau tom qab ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov niaj hnub scientific complex ntawm Russia yog raws li nram no:

- economic failures, allergic rau hauv kev tswj voj voog unscrupulous "zoo managers" kev noj nyiaj txiag generated koom haum (e.g., "Skolkovo" Fund);

- puas mechanisms ntawm reforming science thiab kev kawm ntawv, nyob rau hauv particular, lub tswv yim kho kom zoo ntawm Ras, lub zeem muag rau txoj kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov kev peev xwm ntawm Ras tsev thiab lub teb chaws raws li ib tug tag nrho;

- Neeg thiab kev lobbying scientific kev loj hlob thiab commercialization ntawm: universal;

- nrog rau kev siv ntawm cov nyiaj muaj yog ib tug tsis muaj nyiaj high-tech kev tshawb fawb.

Yog li, kom daws tau qhov teeb meem ntawm science - nws tsis yog mere kws tshawb fawb, tab sis kuj tshuaj ntsuam, economists, thiab tsoom fwv ua hauj lwm.