Keeb kwm ntawm lub foundations ntawm siab pab kiag li lawm. Tus ntaus ntawv magnification

Yuav ua li cas zoo koj puas paub magnifying pab kiag li lawm? 5 chav kawm ntawv ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv - lub sij hawm no, thaum peb ua raws lawv. Thaum peb zaj lus qhia me nyuam kawm txog yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm lawv cov ntaus ntawv thiab creators. Koj puas xav mus tob zuj zus lawv cov kev paub ntawm lawv? Los sis tej zaum koj nyob nraum npaj ib zaj lus qhia rau "Magnifiers" (Qib 5)? Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, peb muaj ib yam dab tsi los qhia rau koj.

ancient lens

Keeb kwm ntawm foundations magnification pib nyob rau hauv lub deb dhau los. Kom txog rau thaum peb mus txog ib tug loj plano-convex lens - ib tug ntawm cov hiob. Nws txoj kab uas hla - 55 hli thiab lub focal ntev - txog 150 mm. Nws raug ua los ntawm pob zeb siv lead ua rau 2,5 txhiab. BC. e. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau 1890 thaum lub sij hawm excavations ntawm Schliemann ntawm Troy. Kwv yees li 600-400 xyoo. BC. e. Peb pib ua iav lo ntsiab muag. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv Sargon (qhov no Mesopotamia). Nyob rau hauv Sweden, lub ob lens txoj kab uas hla ntawm 5 cm twb pom nyob rau hauv 1877, yog convex on ob sab. Nws yog hais txog mus rau lub xyoo 500 BC. e. Koj muaj peev xwm mus rau hauv thiab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hiob lo ntsiab muag, uas soj ntsuam tau pom. Keeb kwm ntawm foundations ntawm magnification muaj ntau yam tseeb. Dua li no, hais txog yuav ua li cas lawv tau siv nyob rau hauv cov hnub, peb thiaj tsuas xav.

Cov pab ntawm Roger Bacon

Niaj hnub nimno scholars ntsib nrog ib tug meej piav qhia ntawm lo ntsiab muag los ntawm Roger Bacon, ib tug monk ntawm lub Franciscan thiaj (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1214-1294 gg.). Nws yog ib tug kawm tiav ntawm Oxford University thiab los ua nto moo raws li ib tug tseem ceeb txawj xav thiab ntse. Lens, raws li nws ua hauj lwm, siv rau ntug daim duab. Neeg txhais lus ntawm ib tug fragment ntawm tej hauj lwm implies hais tias Bacon muaj peev xwm kom raug piav qhia txog qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub lens, uas tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug rov qab telephoto lens (nws yog ib tug quas piav qhia ntawm ib feem ntawm cov yeeb nkab).

Cov tsim nyog ntawm Galileo Galilei

Keeb kwm ntawm lub foundations ntawm siab pab kiag li lawm yog inconceivable tsis tau tias tus neeg lub npe. Kwv yees li 300 xyoo tom qab txoj kev tuag ntawm Bacon, Galileo Galilei, tus naas ej tus paub txog los ntawm ltalis, nws tsim ib tug zoo xws li cov raj. Nws tsis yog peb, thiab ob-tivthaiv. Xyaum "cov phooj ywg" ib tug tsom iav raj yog ib tug tshuab kuaj kab mob. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias nws tshuav nqi nws tsos rau hauv lub xeev Kalilais. Galileo raug thawb lub tsom iav raj thiab pom tias me me cov zoo li no yuav ua tau ib tug zoo nce. D. Viviani pom zoo hais tias lub tshuab kuaj kab twb yees ua los ntawm Galileo. Viviani, los ntawm txoj kev, sau tau ib biography ntawm lub Italian tus paub txog.

Ib qho tseem ceeb tshwm sim rau lub science zaj dab neeg ntawm lub foundations magnification twb muab nyob rau hauv 1625. Nws yog ces hais tias Faber, ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub Roman Academy, coined lub sij hawm "tshuab kuaj kab mob" nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo mus rau lub invention ua los ntawm Galileo.

Peb tsim Drebel thiab Alkmar, kev loj hlob Torah thiab Hooke

Keeb kwm ntawm lub foundations ntawm lub tshuab kuaj kab mus txuas ntxiv mus ua hauj lwm thiab K. Drebelya Alkmara. Cov Dutch zaum tau tsim ib tug ntaus ntawv uas muaj ob convex lo ntsiab muag. Nrog rau qhov no daim duab ntawm tus kwv, uas yog xam tau tias yog qab nws, nws twb hais upside down. Qhov no compound tshuab kuaj kab mob, uas muaj doubly los yog plano eyepiece thiab lenticular lens yog ib tug precursor compound rub kom pom tom qab lub sij hawm (ib tug ntawm lawv yog hais hauv qab no nyob rau hauv cov kev yees duab).

Italian Torah nyob ib ncig ntawm 1660 ua kheej kheej magnifying khob khov iav ncos. Keeb kwm ntawm lub foundations ntawm lub tshuab kuaj kab yog inconceivable tsis tau tias lub npe, txij thaum los ntawm Italian magnifier tej khoom tso cai nyob rau hauv ib tug ib nrab txhiab lub sij hawm.

Yog koj tham txog ib yam dab tsi lwm lub npe - Robert Guk? Qhov no British paub txog tau ua ib tug zoo pab rau lub foundations ntawm siab pab kiag li lawm. Robert Guk zoo lawv thiaj li hais tias nws kuj yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm optics. Scheme Hooke tshuab yees duab no yog muaj nyob rau hauv qab no.

Tsaug rau no invention, nyob rau hauv 1665, Robert twb tau mus pom cov thawj cell rau ib tug seem ntawm lub plug. Yog li, ib qho tseem ceeb kev txhais tau tias kom tau xws li ib tug science li biology. Magnifying pab kiag li lawm txuas ntxiv mus txhim kho Leeuwenhoek. Thiab qhia txog nws.

Leeuwenhoek thiab nws tau

Tseem ceeb pab rau lub keeb kwm ntawm lub magnification tswvcuab A. V. Levenguk, ib tug Dutchman uas nyob rau hauv ib lub nroog zoo li Delft. Xyoo ntawm nws lub neej - 1632-1723 gg. Nws tus kheej tsim thiab siv nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim tshuab kuaj kab mob kev tshawb fawb (ib tug ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov pab kiag li lawm yog li nram qab no) uas yuav muab tau ntau zog mus txog peb puas lub sij hawm.

Nws Leeuwenhoek yog thawj hauj lwm ntawm me me kab (xws li cov kab mob thiab unicellular), raws li lawv lub tswvyim. Nyob rau hauv 1698, Peter kuv, Lavxias teb sab Tsar, them ib tug mus ntsib mus rau tus naas ej explorer. Peter yog nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub Netherlands thiab yog paub tias yuav tau xav nyob rau hauv txhua yam tshiab. Rau nws Kunstkammer, lawv qhib nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, nws yuav ob peb complex thiab yooj yim rub kom pom loj. Thiab ntau npaum li cas tom qab ntawd, tom qab qhib ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences, lawv tau tso rau ntawm lub pov tseg ntawm lub koom haum.

Cov hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab zaum ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences

Cov zaj lus qhia "Magnifiers" yuav tsum muaj xws li zaj dab neeg ntawm cov achievements nyob rau hauv optics cov neeg sawv cev ntawm peb lub teb chaws. Pheej Lavxias teb sab zaum uas nws ua hauj lwm coj los MV Lomonosov, pib yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb lom yuav los ntawm Peter kuv rub kom pom loj. Thiab ces lawv coj ib tug active ib feem nyob rau hauv lawv txoj kev txhim kho.

Qhib magnification txuas ntxiv nyob rau hauv 1747. Nws yog ces hais tias Euler, ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm St. Petersburg (xyoo ntawm lub neej -. 1707-1783 gg), npaj siab rau cov kev siv ntawm ib tug tshuab kuaj kab mob achromatic lens. Cov yuav tsum muaj chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm no paub txog nyob rau hauv lub teb geometrical optics - "Dioptrics". Nws muaj peb tagnrho, uas tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1769-1771 gg. Tus tshiab tshuab kuaj kab mob tau achromatic, twb tso tawm nyob rau hauv 1802, tom qab ua hauj lwm tau luam tawm Elinusa (kuj yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm St. Petersburg).

Xws li ib tug tshuab kuaj kab mob nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm yog zoo meej rau cov neeg uas zaum tsis txawm cia tus xav li cas hais tias nws yuav tau zoo tuaj. Qhov no discovery tshwm sim los heev ib tug stir ntawm lub sij hawm. Tus ntaus ntawv magnification Elinusa yog raws li nram no. Lawv muab nrog rau lo ntsiab muag, nws twb tau ua rau kom cov kev hloov ntseeg nkaws hloov deb ntawm tus kwv rau daim duab. Nws yog nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws yug, thiab los ua ib tug kev muaj tiag rau ib tug tseem ceeb scientific lub tswv yim achromatic tshuab kuaj kab mob kuj tsis paub meej magnification. Txawm li cas los, qhov no txoj kev npaj rau ntxiv uas tsis ntes tau. Hloov mus nce lub ntaus ntawv nrog ib tug chim ntev kev cai, txawm li cas los, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb lub tswv yim uas tau ua ib tug tseem ceeb pab rau lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kho qhov muag kiag li lawm. Niaj hnub no yog ib tug ntawm rub kom pom loj tsim Elinusom, yuav pom nyob rau lub Polytechnic Tsev khaws puav pheej nyob rau hauv Moscow, uas belongs rau lub koom haum ntawm History, Ntuj Sciences thiab Technology. Lub yees duab hauv qab no qhia tau hais tias cov magnifying pab kiag li lawm teej tug mus rau lub 18th caug xyoo.

Ntxiv kev txhim kho ntawm lub rub kom pom

I. G. Tideman, ib tug German tus kws txiav tsom iav los ntawm lub nroog ntawm Stuttgart, nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 19th caug xyoo pib rau lub creation ntawm ob achromatic tshuab kuaj kab mob. Dorpat University (tam sim no nws yog Tartu lub npe) muab nws cov nyiaj mus nqa tawm kev ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv 1808 nws tau muab los ntawm cov pab kiag li lawm.

Nyob rau hauv 1807, ib xyoo ua ntej lub creation ntawm achromatic tshuab kuaj kab mob, Van Dale Dutch tus kws txiav tsom iav, luam tawm nws ua hauj lwm. Nws yog ib tug piav qhia ntawm tus tsim ntawm lub achromatic tshuab kuaj kab mob, tsim los ntawm nws. Western European historians ntseeg hais tias tus thawj xws ntsuas ib tug fee zoo tau raug tsim los ntawm no paub txog tshuab kuaj kab mob. Txawm li cas los, nws yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov respects ua tsis tau zoo los mus tsim Elinusom. Los ntawm txoj kev, achromatic rub kom pom loj J. Fraunhofer, muab nyob rau hauv 1811, yog txawm ntau imperfect tsim, yog tias koj sib piv nrog rub kom pom loj Elinusa.

Lavxias teb sab rub kom pom nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19

Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, magnifying pab kiag li lawm twb ua nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw nyob rau lub ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv Russia, lawv cov khoom pib nyob rau hauv lub 18th pua, li cas los xij, subsided rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nyob ib ncig ntawm 1820 ib tug ncaj high-zoo rub kom pom ua ib Rhiav kev raug ntawm optics, yog nyob rau lub University of Kazan. Txawm li cas los, tseem tsis tau pom lub ceev ceev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub lag luam nyob rau hauv Russia, raws li tsoom fwv ntawm lub sij hawm uas ntseeg hais tias qhov zoo tshaj plaws kev xaiv no yog mus yuav ib tug magnifying pab kiag li lawm txawv teb chaws.

Txoj kev koom tes rau optics thiab Giambattista Amici

Amichi Dzhambattista (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1786-1863 gg.) - tus naas ej Italian tus paub txog tus kws txiav tsom iav, astronomer thiab botanist. Ntau xyoo ntawm nws lub neej nws mob siab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm microscopy. Nyob rau hauv 1827 Amici nws tus kheej tsim thiab ua achromatic lens, uas muaj ib tug aperture ntawm 0,60 thiab ib tug zoo aberration kho. Qhov no tib yam paub txog nyob rau hauv 1844 pib muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov ntawm aqueous thiab roj immersions. Ua tsaug rau lawv, twb launched lens nrog ib tug zauv aperture ntawm 1.30 thiab dej immersion.

rub kom pom loj Abbe

Devices nrog roj immersion nrog ib tug aperture ntawm 1.50 (uas yog siv rau qhov no hnub) twb pib los ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Ernst Abbe, ib tug German optics. Nws invented lub sine txoj cai, los ntawm cov uas twb tshem tawm coma cai nyob rau hauv me me linear teb. E. Abbe txuas ntxiv mus tsim lub hom phiaj ntawm lub qauv magnification. Nws clarified qhov teeb meem thiab daws hwj chim ntawm cov pab kiag li lawm. Abbe yog tus thawj coj ua hauj lwm los tsim ib tug series ntawm zoo achromatic tshuab kuaj kab mob. Lawv mus txog cov zauv aperture ntawm 1.50. Cov seev tau raug muab los ntawm lub tuam txhab jenÅ "Karl Zeiss" (1872). Lub tuam txhab tib nyob rau hauv cov coj ntawm E. Abbe ua 8 APO. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1888, nws ua hauj lwm tau tsim APO, uas muaj ib tug aperture ntawm 1,60 thiab muaj monobromnaftalinovuyu immersion.

Tsis ntev los no breakthroughs nyob rau hauv optics

Lavxias teb sab zaum D. S. Rozhdestvensky thiab L. I. Mandelshtam Ernst tsim cov kev tshawb xav nyob rau hauv nws sau. Ib qho tseem ceeb tsim nyog ntawm Christmas yog tias nws qhia lub tswvyim ntawm kuj incoherent teeb. R. Richter, "Karl Zeiss" neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub tuam txhab, tau tsim thiab tau txais ib tug patent rau ib tug tshwj xeeb ntaus ntawv teeb pom kev zoo siv nyob rau hauv lub tshuab kuaj kab mob. Txawm li cas los, rau hnub no ceev teeb meem ntawm lub pom piv kev xaiv ntawm interchangeable lo ntsiab muag thiab teeb pom kev zoo systems. Domestic rub kom pom niaj hnub no muaj raws li zoo raws li nyob rau cov kev tsim thiab kho qhov muag tsis muaj tus ntaus ntawv, tsim los ntawm tus naas ej tuam txhab uas muag txawv teb chaws.

Yog li ntawd, peb muaj scientific lub keeb kwm ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm niaj hnub rub kom pom loj. Tsim zaj lus qhia "Magnifiers" (cov chav kawm ntawv 5), koj muaj peev xwm siv lub cov lus qhia nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm.