Keeb kwm ntawm iav nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm noob neej. Tus invention thiab cov siv thiab ua cov iav

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias cov iav uas peb siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub - ib co ntaub ntawv. Tab sis nws muaj ib tug tej yam ntuj tso analogue - obsidian. Nws yog ib tug khov volcanic lava pob zeb khoom los yog yaj. Nws obsidian twb siv los ntawm txheej thaum ub cov neeg mus ua ntau yam tej cuab yeej, raws li zoo raws li hniav nyiaj hniav kub.

Tus txiv neej-ua iav, lub keeb kwm ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov uas yuav tsum tau tham rau hauv qab no, thaum xub thawj ib tug me ntsis txawv los ntawm lub ntuj. Nws yuav tsis khav txog tej kev zoo nkauj los yog clarity.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub invention ntawm cov iav: Legends thiab conjectures

Antique kawm Pliniy Starshy nyob rau hauv nws sau muab cov ntaub ntawv uas dag nyom tau nyob ua tsaug rau cov neeg mus ncig, uas tau npaj zaub mov noj nyob rau hauv lub Sandy ntug dej, thiab raws li cov kev pab txhawb rau cov boiler siv ib daim ntawm tej yam ntuj tso dej qab zib. Hnub tom qab, dhas lub iav twb pom nyob rau hauv cov txheej phab ntsa ntawm lub boiler. Pliny hypothesis twb refuted xwb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th. Zaum tau qhov tseeb hais tias mus ntsib lub iav dhau ib qhib hluav taws kub yog tsis yooj yim sua. Txawm li cas los, ob peb txhiab xyoo dhau los, cov neeg ntawm ancient tim lyiv teb chaws thiab Mesopotamia kawm rau yaj iav nyob rau hauv lub pits. Qhov kub nyob rau hauv cov tswv yim qub cub tawg yog high school txaus rau cov xuab zeb, txiv qaub thiab alkalis tsim cov khoom tshiab. Txawm li cas los, thawj tug txivneej-ua iav, feem ntau yuav yeej tau tsim ntawd nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm tais diav ntim chaws.

ancient technology

Keeb kwm ntawm iav nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm noob neej muaj ntau tshaj li 4 txhiab xyoo. Dluab thiab artifacts pom nyob rau hauv lub tombs ntawm pharaohs, muab ib lub tswv yim ntawm cov hiob txoj kev ntau lawm thiab lub saj nyiam ntawm lub Egyptians. Yog li, lub iav yog Ameslikas siv raws li ib tug glaze rau tais diav ntim chaws. Tsis tas li ntawd vim hais tias nws ua hlaws dai, fwj thiab pendants. Egyptians, tsis zoo li tus inhabitants ntawm Mesopotamia nyiam opaque iav. Nws hlau oxides tsuas nyob rau hauv xiav, ntshav, daj thiab lwm yam xim. Tsuas yog ua hauj lwm thiab tug neeg muaj koob muaj npe ntshav yuav them taus iav khoom. Tej khoom me me manufactured los ntawm cov nram qab no txoj kev: ib tug hlau tus pas nrig tso rau hauv ib qho earthen tub ntxhais, uas yog lub qhov txhab nyob rau hauv lub kub lub khob.

Loj ua raws li nram no: lub qub twb muab tso rau hauv ib khob loj thiab muab. Khob nrog ib tug nyias txheej tso rau ntawm cov phab ntsa thiab solidified, thiab ces tus ntawv no yog muab tshem tawm.

Cov evolution ntawm ntau lawm. antiquity

Lub keeb kwm ntawm tshwm sim ntawm cov iav (tes-ua, ntawm chav kawm) yog reflected nyob rau hauv ntau tsev cia puav pheej collections. Xav tus sau los ntawm Iyiv Antiquities, peb yuav xaus uas lub qub khoom uas tsis nyuab. Paub meej melted nyias, thiab muab siab npuab mus rau lub ntsiab volume. Lub Egyptians kuj xyaum raug mosaic (typesetting) iav, uas tau raug siv los decorate rooj tog. Cov txheej txheem no ib tug ob peb centuries saws thiab zoo tag nrho los ntawm cov neeg Loos. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ua ntej qhov pib ntawm peb era craftsmen los ntawm Alexandria yees ua ib lub blowpipe. Nrog nws, qhov loj ntawm liab-kub cua tshuab npuas thiab maj muab nws rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm tshwj xeeb cov cuab yeej. Dhau li free blowing, tau kis nyob rau hauv antiquity tshuab nyob rau hauv lub matrix. Tej zaum masters siv ib tug tag nrho ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, uas yog ces sau los ntawm cov khoom tiav. Cov kev tso cai rau kom tsim complex iav Siv. Ntxiv mus, cov neeg Loos kawm glazing qhov rais. Antique qhov rais iav yog zoo nkauj pos huab thiab heev nyias thiab cam khwb cia (txawm) rau hauv ib tug ca zoo.

Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab Renaissance. Achievements Venetians

Cov Loos pab mus rau kis ntawm glassmaking nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe. Txawm li cas los, lub zos (tshwj xeeb yog Cologne) cov khoom ua tsis tau zoo nyob rau hauv zoo rau sab hnub tuaj, tab sis tus German masters invented lub float iav. Nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg, nws yog tsis ntau sib txawv ntawm cov niaj hnub. Masters ntawm Venice tau ploj mus ntxiv. Keeb kwm ntawm lub iav nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg yog inconceivable tsis muaj tus pab ntawm lub Venetians. Lawv tej hom phiaj ua hauj lwm los txhim kho cov khoom ntawm cov khoom thiab ua rau nws exceptional transparency. Protectionism nyob rau hauv kev sib hwm ntawm lub zos lawm tau ris txiv hmab txiv ntoo: lub zos siv lead ua tau mas ntshai nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe.

Tsis tas li ntawd cov tais diav thiab daim ntawv khob, Venetian craftsmen manufactured spectacle lo ntsiab muag thiab tsom iav. Yuav luag ib nrab ntawm lub nroog pej xeem twb koom nyob rau hauv lub khob. Cob qhia tau txawm pauv mus rau cov kob ntawm Murano nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim kom tsis txhob nroog hluav taws kub thiab txia. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tus Venetians twb competitors, feem ntau Genoese craftsmen. Tab sis lub analogy ntawm Murano iav twb tau los ntawm lub Englishman John Ravenkroftom xwb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th.

Cov zaj dab neeg ntawm cov iav nyob rau hauv Russia. txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov khoom siv tes

Rus no kim khoom tuaj los ntawm Byzantium. Nyob rau hauv lub Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, archaeologists tau unearthed cob qhia glassmakers txog lub xyoo pua 11th. Tab sis cov khoom tseem me ntsis kev txawj secrets tau ploj mus lawm. Yog li ntawd nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau hais seb tus Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm ntawm cov iav. feem ntau nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm noob neej, yog li ntawd muaj ntau yam yuav tsum tau reinvent. Crafts Revival tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th (nyob rau hauv 1639), thaum lub Swede Yu Koyet ua nyob ze ntawm lub capital cog rau zus tau tej cov qhov rais iav thiab apothecary tais diav. Peb caug xyoo tom qab, Izmailovo Hoobkas yog tsim los pab. Muaj manufactured luxuries, mas exquisite "funny" rau tus qauv ntawm lub Venetian goblets.

Nyob rau hauv lub 18th xyoo pua ob peb glassworks khwv tau nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm St. Petersburg. Nws tau raug re-yees ua dawb lias iav. Cov khoom pleev xim rau nrog kub thiab nyiaj, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog pob tshab thiab opaque enamels.

niaj hnub glassmaking

Nyob rau hauv lub 18-19 centuries lub keeb kwm ntawm lub khob nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm noob neej tau conditioned los ntawm lub kiv puag ncig industrial. Nyob teb chaws Europe, nws yog yuav mus txhim kho ntawm cov ntau lawm txheej txheem. Muaj tshiab cub tawg, hloov technology ncab thiab qhov hnyav ua. Tsim kom muaj factories, ntau lawm tau teem rau tus txiv neej nyob rau hauv txoj kev, tsis yog tus reigning neeg. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, cov iav twb tau ua muaj. Los ntawm thaum ntxov 20th xyoo pua nyob rau hauv central Russia ua hauj lwm ntau me me Enterprises, ua tableware thiab tiaj iav. Txawm li cas los, lawv yuav tsis tau raws li lub loj hlob xav tau kev pab: lub ntim ntawm txawv teb chaws tseem nyob siab.

Nyob rau hauv 1959, British engineers muaj invented ib txoj kev tshiab mus siv zog thiab dlhos lub khob nyob rau hauv ib tug da dej ntawm molten tin. Nws twb hu ua "float txoj kev". Qhov no technology, ntau streamlined, thiab yog siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub raug.