Iroquois - Khab ntawm North America: tus naj npawb thiab ntau yam ntawm cov pawg neeg

Keeb kwm ntawm lub hauv paus txawm pej xeem ntawm lub teb chaws Amelikas no yog tag nrho ntawm mysteries thiab secrets, tab sis tseem nws tu siab heev. Qhov no siv tshwj xeeb mus rau lub Khab ntawm North America, lub koob yawm txwv cov av uas tau ntev tau Ntiag los ntawm lub US Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws tsoom fwv. Yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam hauv paus txawm haiv neeg ntawm lub North American sab av loj tau tuag raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev nrujtsiv colonization yog tsis paub hais tias mus hnub no. Ib txhia soj ntsuam hais tias los ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, Isdias Asmesliskas nyob rau tam sim no US territories inhabited los ntawm 15 lab, thiab nyob rau hauv 1900 lawv twb tsis muaj ntau tshaj li 237 000 tus neeg.

Tshwj xeeb yog noteworthy yog zaj dab neeg txog cov neeg uas peb paub nyob rau hauv lub npe "Iroquois". Cov Khab ntawm cov pawg neeg no vim ancient lub sij hawm yog ib tug loj thiab muaj zog lub teb chaws, tab sis tam sim no yog sab laug ntawm lawv ib tug me ntsis. Nyob rau hauv ib tes, lub Dutch thiab lub British pab chiv tso cai rau lawv incredibly ntxiv dag zog nws txoj hauj lwm ... tab sis thaum qhov yuav tsum tau rau Iroquois tau zoo, lawv pib rhuav tshem mercilessly.

cov ntaub ntawv

Yog li ntawd lawv hu ua cov neeg Qhab ntawm North America, uas tam sim no nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb lub xeev thiab Canada. Lo lus "Dav" nyob rau hauv lub lexicon ntawm lub nyob sib ze pab pawg neeg txhais hais tias "Vipera", uas qhia cov thawj warlike Iroquois, lawv predisposition mus rau ib tug lub tswv yim thiab ib tug sib sib zog nqus paub ntawm cov tub rog tactics. Tsis ceeb, lub Iroquois twb lossi nyob rau hauv ib tug heev strained kev sib raug zoo nrog tag nrho nws cov neeg nyob ze, uas lawv tab disliked thiab ntshai tsam. Tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States thiab Canada yog ib lub tsev mus rau 120 txhiab neeg sawv cev ntawm cov pab pawg neeg.

Chiv pawg neeg ntau extends ntawm lub St. Lawrence dej rau Hudson Strait. Contrary kom nrov kev ntseeg, lub Iroquois - Khab tsis tsuas nyaum tab sis kuj yog ib tug heev nyuaj-ua hauj lwm, raws li lawv muaj ib tug ncaj high theem tau tsim qoob loo, twb pib ntawm cov tsiaj husbandry.

Feem ntau cov yuav, cov pawg neeg no yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj tuaj mus rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog Europeans nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th. By lub sij hawm no, muaj ntau yam ntawm cov neeg Qhab ntawm North America tau zoo nyob rau hauv cov nplaim taws ntawm qhov nrog kev tsov kev rog. Cuaj kaum, lub cim xeeb ntawm lawv tseem tseem. Piv txwv li, lo lus "Canada" los ntawm cov lus ntawm Laurentian Iroquois.

Iroquois txoj kev ntawm lub neej

Cov kev sib raug zoo koom haum ntawm cov pawg neeg - ib tug piv txwv uas yog thawj pab pawg neeg matriarchy, tab sis cov haiv neeg yog tseem taws los ntawm ib tug txiv neej. Cov tsev neeg nyob hauv ib tug ntev lub tsev uas tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug qhov chaw nkaum rau ob peb tiam. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, cov tsev twb siv muas thaum chiv thawj rau ob peb xyoo lawm, tab sis nws tshwm sim hais tias lub Iroquois nyob hauv tib lub tsev rau ib puas xyoo los yog ntau tshaj.

Lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm lub Iroquois twb yos hav zoov thiab nuv ntses. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov pawg neeg muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm souvenirs los yog kev ua hauj lwm. Ces yuav tsum nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag ntawm tsoos baskets thiab beaded necklaces yog cov tsis tshua zoo nkauj, thiab thiaj li nrov (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov tourists).

Thaum lub Iroquois pawg neeg yog ntawm lub ncov ntawm nws lub hwj chim, nws cov tswv cuab nyob rau hauv heev heev lub zos es, uas yuav ua kom muaj mus txog 20 "ntev tsev". Peb sim muab lawv compact, xaiv cov neeg thaj av uas tau unsuitable rau ua liaj ua teb. Txawm tias nws militancy thiab feem ntau brutally, lub Iroquois yog feem ntau xaiv rau lawv lub zos heev picturesque thiab zoo nkauj qhov chaw.

Kev kawm ntawv kev sib koom tes

Nyob ib ncig ntawm 1570, lub teb chaws nyob ze lub pas dej Ontario nyob ruaj khov tsim ntawm lub Iroquois pab pawg neeg, uas tom qab lub npe hu ua "cov Iroquois Union." Txawm li cas los, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov pawg neeg hais tias cov thawj yuavtsum tau kawm uantej rau cov emergence ntawm no hom ntawm kev kawm ntawv sawv nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th. Chiv lub Confederation muaj txog xya yam ntawm Iroquois pab pawg neeg. Txhua tus thawj coj ntawm ib tug Indian pawg neeg muaj vaj huam sib luag nyob rau hauv lub rooj sib tham, tab sis thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog tseem raug xaiv "huab tais".

Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, tag nrho cov koom ntawm lub Iroquois tseem yuam kom tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej tiv thaiv cov kev tawm tsam ntawm nws cov neeg nyob ze, tiv thaiv lub zos tuab palisade. Feem ntau cov no twb monumental phab ntsa ua ntawm sharpened cav nyob rau hauv ob kab, cov Team sib nruab nrab ntawm lawv them nrog lub ntiaj teb. Cov tsab ntawv ceeb toom los ntawm ib tug Fabkis txoj kev ua tub txib, muaj mention ntawm lub "metropolis" ntawm lub Iroquois ntawm lub 50 loj loj ntev tsev, txhua tus uas yog ib tug tiag tiag fortress. Iroquois cov poj niam muaj me nyuam, cov txiv neej koom nyob rau hauv kev yos hav zoov thiab sib ntaus sib tua.

pejxeem settlements

Nyob rau hauv loj lub zos yuav haum raws li mus txog plaub txhiab tus neeg. Los ntawm kawg ntawm tus tsim ntawm lub sib koom tes ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau los tiv thaiv tag tshem tawm, txij li thaum los ntawm lub sij hawm lub Iroquois yuav luag tag pov tseg tag nrho ntawm nws cov neeg nyob ze. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub zos pib khom ntau compact, thiaj li hais tias yog tsim nyog, koj muaj peev xwm sai sai sib sau ua ke tag nrho cov warriors ntawm cov pawg neeg. Cuaj kaum, los ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th tus Iroquois raug yuam kom nquag hloov qhov chaw ntawm lawv cov koom.

Lub fact tias cov wasteful kev siv ntawm xau ua nyob rau hauv lawv sai havzoov tas, kev thiab kev cia siab rau cov tub rog tuam txhab uas muag tej zaum yuav txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog tsis ib txwm li ntawd.

Relations nrog lub Dutch

Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam, muaj ntau ntau yam neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Dutch trading tuam txhab uas muag. Cov nrhiav ntawm tus thawj tau, lawv khi luam kev sib raug zoo nrog ntau pab pawg neeg, tab sis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub Dutch yog zoo tshwm nws nrog lub Iroquois. Feem ntau cov European colonizers xav nyob rau hauv tus ntshuab plaub. Tiam sis ntawm no muaj ib qho teeb meem: tsuas tus ntshuab los ua li rapacious tias tsis ntev cov tsiaj suab zoo thoob plaws hauv lub chaw uas zoo heev tswj los ntawm cov Iroquois.

Ces tus Dutch resorted mus rau ib tug es yam yooj yim, tsis tau sophisticated tricks: lawv ua xav pab mus rau expansion ntawm ib ncig ntawm lub Iroquois, uas Ameslikas tsis muaj rau lawv.

Los ntawm 1630 mus 1700 xyoo rau qhov no yog vim li cas hais tias rattled rau qhov kev tsov kev rog, lub npe hu ua "tus ntshuab". Yuav ua li cas qhov no yog tiav? Nws yog qhov yooj yim. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Netherlands, dua li cov nom txiav npluav, nplua mias nkag lawv Indian cov phoojywg phom, gunpowder thiab cov hlau lead.

ntshav expansion

Los ntawm nruab nrab yog hais txog 25 txhiab tus neeg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th tus Iroquois pawg neeg. Qhov no yog considerably tsawg tshaj li tus naj npawb ntawm cov neighboring pab pawg neeg. Qhov kev tsov kev rog thiab kev mob kev nkeeg coj los ntawm cov European colonizers, txawm sai los txo lawv tus xov tooj. Txawm li cas los, lub Federation tam sim ntawd nchuav cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov pab pawg neeg kov yeej los ntawm lawv, yog li cov poob twb yog cov offset. Cov tub txib los ntawm Fabkis sau hais tias cov 18th pua ntawm cov "Iroquois" yog ruam mus sim mus tshaj tawm, siv thawj hom lus ntawm ib pawg neeg, raws li tsuas yog ib-feem-peb (nyob zoo) rau cov neeg Idias paub nws. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias tsuas ib puas xyoo lub Iroquois tau zoo yuav raug puas tsuaj, thiab cov Netherlands officially tseem kiag li "huv."

Txij li thaum lub Iroquois - Khab heev warlike, lawv yog tej zaum tus thawj los twb paub lawm zoo li cas ntawm lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej yog ib rab phom. Lawv nyiam siv nws nyob rau hauv ib tug "guerrilla" style, ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv me me mobile units. Cov yeeb ncuab hais tias hais tias xws li pawg "dhau los ntawm lub hav zoov zoo li ib tug nab los yog ib tug hma liab, thaum uas seem invisible thiab inaudible, cowardly nkaug nyob rau hauv lub rov qab".

Nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov, lub Iroquois muaj kuj zoo kawg thiab competent tactics thiab kev siv cov haib phom coj mus rau lub fact tias txawm tej pawg me me ntawm cov pawg neeg mus cuag koj cov tub rog ua tau zoo.

ntev hikes

Tsis ntev Iroquois chiefs lub taub hau thaum kawg ploj mus rau "tus ntshuab fever", thiab lawv xa cov tub rog txawm nyob rau hauv far-off pawg neeg thaj av, qhov chaw uas lub Iroquois cia li lub cev yuav tsis muaj kev txaus siab. Tab sis lawv nyob lawv Dutch neeg. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm puas tau-ua expansion ntawm lub Iroquois pawg neeg thaj av ncua mus txog rau lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub Great Lakes. Nws yog cov pab pawg neeg yog lom zem ntau lub luag hauj lwm rau lub fact tias nyob rau hauv cov qhov chaw pib rau massively tuaj tsis sib haum nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm muaj zog overpopulation. Cov yav tas tshwm sim vim lub fact tias cov khiav Khab rhuav tshem cov Iroquois pab pawg neeg khiav nyob rau hauv kev ntshai rau tej free av los ntawm lawv.

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, thaum muaj ntau pab pawg neeg tau puas lawm, feem ntau ntawm uas tsis tau ciaj sia tsis muaj ntaub ntawv rau tag nrho cov. Muaj ntau soj ntsuam ntawm los cov neeg Qhab ntseeg tau hais tias thaum lub sij hawm dim xwb Huron. Tag nrho cov no lub sij hawm tsis nres Dutch pleev Iroquois nyiaj, riam phom thiab gunpowder.

reckoning

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no tuaj British, sai sai supplanted nws cov European competitors. Lawv tau txais ib co "ua tib zoo hais." Lub British ncaav lub thiaj li hu ua conquest ntawm cov pab koomtes, uas muaj tag nrho cov seem pab pawg neeg yav tas los subjugated los ntawm cov Iroquois. League ua hauj lwm yog ib qhov mov ntawm tus ntshuab plaub. Lawv tus kheej warlike Iroquois Khab, uas nws kab lis kev cai yog nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm xav degraded, muab sai sai mus rau hauv zoo tib yam tiv thaiv thiab sau se.

Nyob rau hauv lub 17-18 caug xyoo, lub hwj chim ntawm lawv pawg neeg no vim qhov no zoo heev tsis muaj zog txaus, tab sis lawv tseem txuas ntxiv mus ua rau ib tug formidable tub rog quab yuam nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam. UK, siv ib tug wealth ntawm kev intrigues, kev tswj los mus ua si tawm ntawm lub Iroquois thiab Fabkis. Thawj tau ua yuav luag tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm op kawg ntiab tawm ntawm British competitors traders los ntawm lub ntiaj teb tshiab.

Qhov no Iroquois kos npe lawv tus kheej tuag kab lus, txij li thaum lawv ua ruaj. Lawv tsuas muab pov tseg rau hauv lub yav tas los nyob ib cheeb tsam, tawm mus nyob tsuas yog lawv thawj chaw uas zoo heev, nyob ze ntawm lub St. Lawrence River. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub 18th pua, lawv phua tawm los ntawm ib pawg Mingo, ntxiv weakening lub Iroquois.

Qhov kawg tshuab

British diplomats tseem tsis zaum hauv lawv txhais tes, thiab thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog nrog rau lub tshiab khiv tsim United States ntxias kom nws tus qub "cov neeg koom tes" dua mus coj lawv sab. Nws yog tus kawg, tiam sis feem ntau txaus ntshai yuam kev Iroquois. General Sullivan taug kev nyob ib ncig ntawm lawv cov av nrog hluav taws thiab rab ntaj. Lub remnants ntawm ib zaug haib pawg neeg raug tawg khiav ri niab rau lub reservation nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States thiab Canada. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov heev kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, kawg cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg uas tsis massively noj nrog kev tshaib kev nqhis thiab lub qhov kev mob kev nkeeg.

Niaj hnub no, cov Iroquois - Khab yog tsis yog li ntawd warlike, tab sis, theej "miv" nyob rau hauv kev cai lij choj teeb meem. Lawv lossi tiv thaiv lawv kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tsev hais plaub, nrhiav kev lees paub ntawm misappropriation ntawm lub Federal tsoom fwv ntawm lawv lub teb chaws. Txawm li cas los, txoj kev vam meej ntawm lawv ua tseem yog ib tug loj tsis ntseeg.

Yog vim li cas pawg neeg xws li ib tug yus lub qe phem?

Qhov saum toj no-hais Fenimor Kuper sawv cev lub Iroquois Khab li ib tug kws nyaum heev thiab unscrupulous neeg, contrasting lawv nrog "noble Delaware." Xws li ib tug kev ntsuam xyuas - qauv kev tsis ncaj ncees, thiab nws yuav piav tsuas. Qhov tseeb hais tias Delaware koom nyob rau hauv tsov rog tiv thaiv Great Britain on lub US sab, thiab lub Iroquois tiv thaiv nyob rau sab ntawm lub British. Tseem, Cooper yog txoj cai nyob rau hauv ntau lub respects.

Nws yog feem ntau xyaum los ntawm cov Iroquois xyaum tag kev puas tsuaj ntawm nws tw, xws li infanticide. "Nws yog fond ntawm" warriors ntawm cov pawg neeg thiab brutally tortured, uas tau xyaum tu yus ntev ua ntej cov sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm Europeans. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv tej kev phem lub koob npe nrov - yuav tsum tau txais ntau li ntau lub Iroquois twb unaware ntawm tej kev xav ntawm kev ncaj ncees nrog rau kev hwm rau tej yeeb ncuab.

Perfidy raws li ib tug txoj kev ua neej

Muaj mob thaum lawv xaus lus kev sib haum xeeb sib cog lus nrog nyob sib ze pab pawg neeg, thiab ces kiag li txiav nws nyob rau hauv lub cover ntawm hmo ntuj. Feem ntau siv rau qhov no tshuaj lom. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab ntawm neighboring pab pawg neeg xws xyaum - cov monstrous ua txhaum ntawm kev cai thiab lawlessness.

Zaj liv xwm Francis Parkman, yog zoo mus rau lub Khab, nyob rau hauv tus, sau ib tug ntau ntawm cov pov thawj ntawm thoob plaws, tsis tsuas yog ntawm ritual noj (uas yog raug yog hais tias tsis yuav luag tag nrho cov Indian pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv general), tab sis kuj muaj ib tug "zoo tib yam" neeg noj mov. Tsis ceeb, lub Iroquois Confederation, muab tso rau nws mob me, tsis siv heev nrov ntawm cov neeg nyob ze.