Indelible mem hluav thiab lwm yam cwjmem: lawv uas

Txij thaum ntawd los, raws li tau yees ua mem hluav rau kev sau ntawv thiab kos duab, nws views tas li hloov thiab yees sawv daws yuav tshiab. Muaj xwb yog tsis muaj tus cwj mem qhuav tam sim no ib txwm nqaij daim tawv, dab tsi thim cov tub ntxhais kawm nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawv; ciab thiab cov hlau lead, siv nyob rau hauv kev painting; "Tej yam yooj yim" - rau drawings thiab duab (cov coj lawv muaj graphite thiab, nyob ntawm seb lub hardness, sau nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau ntawm cov xim los ntawm lub teeb grey mus rau dub); tshuaj - siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim chaw ua hauj lwm rau tej drafting ua hauj lwm; kom hniav zoo nkauj cwj mem qhuav ... Thiab tag nrho cov ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv cov zaubmov yog siv los ntawm peb nyob rau hauv ntau yam spheres ntawm lub neej.

"Nahimichili"

Indelible mem hluav - nws invention yog ib tug tiag tiag nrhiav nyob rau hauv daim duab, tracing, stenographic cov ntaub ntawv. Lawv yuav sau ntawv, kos, pleev xim ib daim ntawv nto, ua indelible qhab nia thiab ntau. Nyob rau hauv cov ntoo "lawv looks" nyob rau hauv no sau yog ib tug tshwj xeeb graphite mem hluav. Nyob rau hauv qhuav daim ntawv no, nws yoojyim rau ntawm daim ntawv khaub-ncaws nyias, unobtrusive qhab nia thiab cim. Tab sis nws yog tsim nyog qhov ntxeev ntawm lub mem hluav lead moistened nrog dej, los yog txawm cov lus - nws cov xim hloov, nws pib mus rau sau nyob rau hauv bold, ci, thiab tshem tawm cov daim ntawv nws yog tsis yooj yim sua. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov tshuaj xaum muaj xws li dyes uas ploj thaum raug dej. Cov tib yam yuav tsum yog hais tias tus nto los tuav nyob rau hauv moistened ntawv daim ntawv ntawm tib qhuav slate. Lub dyes no ntxiv rau cov pas nrig - rhodamine (nws yuav ua rau sau ntawv rau txoj kev kaj lug liab rau sib sib zog nqus, nplua nuj tones ntawm tib xim), eosin (dhau khaus liab xim, xa mus rau hauv liab), auramine (khaus daj). Cov mineral additives ua ib qho kev indelible mem hluav yog tsis tsuas check, tab sis kuj los ntawm combining sib txawv yooj yim thiab ntxiv cov xim, ua rau kom muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm nws cov xim.

Los ntawm kawg ntawm lub thib nees nkaum caug xyoo, lub chaw ntawm cov tshuaj cwj mem qhuav subsided - lawv muaj kev koom hloov lub thawj pob, thiab ces gel cwjmem. Txawm li cas los, tam sim no lawv tseem pom nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam sib txawv ntawm ntau lawm. Lawv thov kom daim ntawv los yog nkhaus ntawm drawings rau iav, plaster, tej hub, hlau thiab lwm qhov chaw. Hardness ntawm mem hluav npav polymer yog xaiv nyob ntawm seb lub hom nto uas ua hauj lwm nrog. Ib tug thawj tshuaj yawm invention yog mem hluav Edson Clark, uas patented nws invention nyob rau hauv lub deb 1866, lub xyoo. Nyob rau hauv 1928, nws zoo dog dig - los ntawm nws tus kheej ib tug indelible mem hluav tau txuas ib tug me me yuav pab tau cov dej, thiab thaum twg nws yog tsim nyog los moisten lub pas nrig, sau ntawv mus thov siab. Raws li lub ntws dej los txog rau lub bar, thiab cov xim reacts nrog cov dej thiab cov ntawv yog npaj txhij!

Mem hluav thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce

Cov hniav zoo nkauj rau pleev lub hom phiaj siv kos duab-mem hluav. Nws zoo nkauj yog feem ntau ntom, tab sis heev me, vim hais tias qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog ib tug cwj mem xim rau pob muag, tab sis kuj cov ob lub qhov muag thiab daim tawv nqaij nyob rau hauv lub muag daj yog yooj yim raug mob thiab yuav tsum tau me tuav. Tus qauv ntawm cov hmoov txhuas tus cwj mem qhuav, dua li ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov xim pigments muaj xws li tej yam ntuj tso tshuaj: glyceride raws li nyob rau hauv xib-teg ntawm roj, castor roj noo nrog dej - lawv ua cov kev ua ntawm kev tu; muv, txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab lwm yam kev waxes muaj enhanced refractoriness thiab muab ua-up kuj thiab durability rau ib ntev lub sij hawm; tshuaj yeeb dej caw, eliminates tau tsis haum.

Kev cob qha cov neeg pleev kob cuab yeej

Thiab thaum kawg, hluav ncaig mem hluav. Raws li yog tseeb los ntawm lub npe, tus pas nrig nws yog los ntawm cov pa roj carbon nrog rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm ib tug tej kev faib ua feem ntawm linseed roj. Qhov no tsis tas li ntawd ntxiv qhia thee ceev thiab xim saturation, siab dua adhesion mus rau lub fibers ntawm daim ntawv. Tom ntej no, tawm hauv lawv mos mos thiab thee-dub nrog ib tug hint ntawm cob.

Vim nws muaj pes tsawg leeg hluav ncaig mem hluav yog Attendance zoo ob leeg rau sketch ua hauj lwm, thiab ua nyob rau hauv lub kawg duab. Siv nws, cov artist yuav qhia thiab tsaus ntuj nti, thiab pob tshab lub teeb ntxoov. Tshwj xeeb yog ib qho yooj yim mus mem hluav nyob rau hauv hais tias nws yog yooj yim muab tshem tawm los ntawm daim ntawv, tawm hauv me me txoj lw.