Hlau los ntawm cov hlau txawv visually?

Maloosvedomlonny neeg considers hais tias lub ntsiab siv cov ntaub ntawv uas txog hnub no yog hlau. Versed paub hais tias lo lus "hlau" yog hais txog hlau-carbon alloys - steel thiab cam khwb cia hlau. Nws yuav zoo li hais tias ob tug sib txawv kiag li cov ntaub ntawv thiab yooj yim heev kom paub qhov txawv. Txawm li cas los, muab rau ntau yam ntawm hom thiab qhab nia lub zoo kab txawv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm ib co ntawm lawv yog cov yooj yim los mus txiav txim. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom muaj ntxiv kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav paub cov lus teb rau lo lus nug: cam khwb cia hlau los steel tshaj sib txawv?

cam khwb cia hlau

Ib tug hlau muaj pes tsawg leeg uas muaj hlau, carbon nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm 2,14-6,67, sulfur, phosphorus, manganese, silicon thiab lwm yam additives, hu ua npua hlau. Lub keeb kwm ntawm smelting pib nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog hlau. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntxwv cov ntaub ntawv uas, lub hauv paus co thiab tag nrho lub steelmaking.

nta:

1. Roughness muaj ib tug matte gray xim.
2. Melting ntawm 1000-1600˚S nyob ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg (nyob rau nruab nrab kom muaj - 1000-1200˚S dawb npua hlau qhuav thiab sov dua).
3. Ceev 7200-7600 kg / m ^3.
4. Kev kub: 540 J / (kgs).
5. High hardness: 400-650NV.
6. Tsis tshua muaj ductility, heev crumble thaum raug siab; lub siab tshaj plaws tseem ceeb rau elongation muaj zas zas hlau δ = 6-12%.
7. Tsis tshua muaj zog: 100-200 MPa rau zas nws cov nuj nqis nce mus txog 300-370 MPa, rau ib txhia qib siab - 600-800 MPa.
8. Qauv los ntawm tshav kub kev kho mob, tab sis tsis tshua muaj, thiab nrog zoo saib xyuas, txij thaum nws yog ib cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus txheej txheem ntawm ntes.
9. Doped siv koom haum pab tshuaj hais, tab sis tseem ceeb degree ntawm doping ntxiv complicates lub ua dab.
10. Nws yus fee weldability, zoo machinability, yav tom ntej casting zog. Forging thiab stamping tsis tau.
11. Zoo abrasion kuj thiab corrosion kuj.

Hlau - cov khoom rau lub cev qhov chaw, chav nyob, tshuab qhov chaw manufactured los ntawm casting. Nws yog ib tug loj feem ntawm cov feedstock rau steel smelting.

steel

Iron-carbon hlau muaj carbon nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm tsis ntau tshaj 2,14%, thiab hlau - tsis tsawg tshaj li 45%, cov hlau yog hu ua. Nws lub ntsiab yam ntxwv:

1. Du, nws muaj ib tug silver xim nrog ib tug txawv lwm sheen.
2. Melting hauv 1450˚S.
3. Lub ceev yog los ntawm 7700 mus 7900 kg / m ^3.
4. Lub tshav kub muaj peev xwm ntawm chav tsev kub ntawm 462 J / (kgs).
5. Tsis tshua muaj hardness, ib tug nruab nrab ntawm 120-250 HB.
6. Rau yav tom ntej plasticity: elongation tau δ rau ntau hom txawv tsis pub dhau 5-35% rau feem ntau - δ≥20-40%.
7. Qhov mean qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tensile zog rau cov yam ntxwv cov ntaub ntawv - 300-450 MPa; rau high-zog hlau - 600-800 MPa.
8. Zoo zog amenable mus kho los ntawm tshav kub thiab himikotermicheskoy ua.
9. Rau siab doped nrog rau ntau yam tshuaj hais nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev hloov lub zog thiab lub hom phiaj.
10. Qualitatively siab weldability kev kawm, workability thiab txiav siab.
11. Yus muaj los ntawm cov uas tsis muaj xeb kuj.

Steel - ib tug loj ntxwv alloys nyob rau hauv niaj hnub metallurgy, mechanical engineering, instrumentation thiab technology.

Peb txiav txim seb lub keeb kwm ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub hom

Thaum pom tias cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws yam ntxwv ntawm cov alloys, nws yog kev nyab xeeb siv kev paub ntawm hlau los ntawm lub steel txawv. Ntsib nrog ib tug hlau kwv, doubting nws cov keeb kwm, rationally tam sim ntawd nco qab lub ntsiab qhov txawv hauj zog. Yog li ntawd, cam khwb cia hlau - ib tug casting khoom. Vim hais tias nws ua ib tug yooj yim lub tais, khoom hlab, tshuab casings, motors, loj cov khoom yooj yim configuration. Ntawm steel qhov chaw ua los ntawm tag nrho cov ntau thiab tsawg thiab complexity, vim qhov no thov forging, stamping, nqus, dov thiab lwm txoj kev rau cov hlau ua hauj lwm siab. Yog li, yog hais tias muaj yog ib lo lus nug txog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm qhov cuab lub zog yuav tsis muaj kev ua xyem xyav - qhov no yog hlau. Yog hais tias koj xav nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm ib tug loj heev cauldron - nws yog hlau. Yog hais tias koj yuav tsum tau kawm los ntawm dab tsi ua lub cev muaj zog tsev nyob los yog lub crankshaft - yuav tsum uasi mus rau lwm cov kev xaiv rau paub li ob sai tau.

Xim yam ntxwv thiab fragility tsom xam

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav paub yuav ua li cas kom paub qhov txawv hlau los ntawm steel rau lub qhov muag, koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov txog lub ntsiab muag pom sib txawv. Rau ib tug raug hlau matte gray xim thiab ib tug ntxhib lwm kev ntxhib los mos. Steel yus muaj los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb rau nws ci ntsa iab silvery Hawj txawm thiab tsawg heev roughness.

Tsis tas li ntawd ib qho tseem ceeb paub txog yuav ua li cas kom paub qhov txawv hlau los ntawm steel visually, yog cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub plasticity ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Yog hais tias lub xeem workpiece los yog hlau khoom tsis muaj ib tug loj tus nqi, koj yuav tau sim lawv tawm nyob rau hauv lub dag lub zog thiab ductility los ntawm ua ntawv thov cov striking quab yuam. Taus hlau crumble mus rau hauv daim, thaum lub sij hawm steel yog deformed xwb. Nyob rau hauv loj loads ncaj qha mus rau crushing, zoo hlau chips yog tau ntau yam nrhiav thiab daim hlau - loj, qhov tseeb configuration.

Txiav thiab drilled

Yuav ua li cas kom paub qhov txawv hlau los ntawm lub steel nyob rau hauv lub tsev? Nws yog tsim nyog yuav tau txais los ntawm nws lub zoo hmoov los yog shavings. Txij li thaum lub steel muaj siab ductility, thiab cov chips nws muaj izvivisty cim. Cam khwb cia hlau kuj yuav vau thaum drilling cuttings tsim ntiav puas nrog rau cov hmoov av.

Rau plua plav koj yuav siv ib cov ntaub ntawv los yog rasp thiab ib tug me ntsis ntug rau undermine xav nyob rau hauv cov lus. Cov uas ua zoo shavings los xav txog rau ntawm txhais tes los yog ib tug dawb daim ntawv ntawm daim ntawv. Cam khwb cia hlau muaj carbon nyob rau hauv ib tug loj npaum li cas nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm graphite nodules. Yog li ntawd, thaum muab tshuaj ntxuav nws cov hmoov av tseem dub graphite "cim tseg". Cov tib carbon steels yog nyob rau hauv ib tug bound lub xeev, yog li tus neeg kho tshuab tej yam rau cov hmoov av tsis txhob muab pom tau.

Yuav kom ua cua sov rau thiab sparks

Yuav ua li cas kom paub qhov txawv hlau los ntawm steel? Nws yog tsim nyog los khiav lag luam qhov tsim nyog cov khoom thiab ib tug me me mov ua siab ntev.

Nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv, koj muaj peev xwm chaw uasi mus rau cua sov, piv txwv li, siv ib tug blowtorch, hnav khaub ncaws chiv nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb kev tiv thaiv cov khaub ncaws thiab tsom kwm kev nyab xeeb kev cai ntawm kev ua hauj lwm. Qhov kub yuav tsum tau nce ua ntej pib ntawm melting hlau. Nws twb tau hais tias cov hlau melting kub siab tshaj uas ntawm hlau. Txawm li cas los, qhov no siv feem ntau rau cov dawb thiab npua hlau. Nyob rau tag nrho cov muaj hom - lawv muaj carbon nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm tsis ntau tshaj li 4.3% thiab melted twb nyob 1000-1200˚S. Yog li, nws yog ua tau rau yaj sai npaum li cas.

Cognitive txoj kev muab cov lus qhia txog cov hlau los ntawm steel txawv yog kev siv ntawm cov kev sim qauv nyob rau hauv lub tshuab hniav sib tsoo, los yog nyob rau ib tug mob ntau yam sander. Analysis nqa tawm nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm sparks. Rau cam khwb cia hlau yog yus muaj los ntawm npub liab sparks, thiab rau steel - kaj blinding rays nrog luv luv dawb-daj tinge.

raws li nws lub suab

Ib tug interesting feature yog yuav ua li cas kom paub qhov txawv hlau los ntawm steel suab. Cov ob alloy suab sib txawv. Nws tsis yog tsim nyog los tsim lub suab paj nruas accompaniment rau tus uas twb muaj kev sim chaw. Tab sis nws yog tsim nyog los muaj ob qho tib si ib tug qauv los yog muaj tej rooj sib hais nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem no. Steel muaj ib tug ntau dua ceev, uas muaj feem xyuam rau nws lub suab. Thaum tej yam nws nrog ib tug hlau yam khoom suab yog ntau npaum li cas sonorous tshaj nyob rau hauv tib lub teeb meem no nrog hlau.

Yuav kom paub, hlau los ntawm lub steel txawv, nws yog tsim nyog los muaj ib co kev txawj ntse ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab ib co kev. Tom qab tag nrho, ib tug uas kev nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm forging, sib tsoo, milling, drilling, tig, Thaum tshav kub kub kev kho mob, los yog welding, metallurgy los yog ti teg taw mus tau yooj yim qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv, appreciating tsuas visually los yog los ntawm kov.