Hauj lwm thiab keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog ntawm Voronezh

Tej zaum 7, 2007 nyob rau hauv Russia twb officially tshaj tawm cov kev taw qhia txog lub tswvyim ntawm "Lub nroog ntawm cov tub rog hwjchim ci ntsa iab." Lub ob hlis ntuj 16, 2008 no title twb muab tsub thiab Voronezh. Lub keeb kwm ntawm cov me nyuam thiab cov neeg laus uas muaj nyob niaj hnub no, yog cov dab neeg uas lawv heroic txiv tsev thiab yawg, leej twg rau plaub centuries tau kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov txheej xwm uas coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws tseem tau mus sib sau ua ke cov lus qhia txog neeg uas tau ua npaum li cas los muab lub nroog nws niaj hnub hluas zog tuaj thiab txaus nyiam tsos.

Voronezh: lub keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog lub npe

Hais txog qhov kev etymology ntawm qhov chaw lub npe "Voronezh" rau hnub tim, tsis muaj ib tug yog ntau dua los yog tsawg zoo-reasoned hypothesis, txawm hais tias systematic kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no yog nqa tawm ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm ib xyoo pua. Nyob rau hauv kev, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 Lavxias teb sab linguist-Slavist Sreznevskii ntseeg nws los ntawm lub npe ntawm ib tug noog, "Tus Raven." Me ntsis tom qab, no saib tau kev txhawb los ntawm German linguist M. Vasmer.

Nyob rau hauv 1947 lub Leningrad kawm A. Popov tswv yim hais tias lub thaj npe "Voronezh" vim lub Mordovian lo lus "SUP", uas translates li tom hav zoov. Qhov no hypothesis tau sparked controversy, thiab nws pom ob pab thiab tw.

Nyob rau hauv 1971, V. Zagorovsky nyob rau hauv ib tug monograph devoted mus rau ancient Voronezh thiab nws keeb kwm, tswv yim hais tias lub qhov chaw lub npe yog txuas mus rau twb tsis tau qhia lub npe ntawm "Voroneg".

Ib tug interesting hypothesis tau raug muab tso rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm lub zos historian J. Mulkidzhanyanom, pom tias ib qhov txuas rau hauv lub nroog lub npe rau cov lo lus "TVG", uas txhais los ntawm cov Iranian suab zoo li ib tug dav dav.

Nyob rau hauv 2009, Lazarev pom tias siv "nominalistic txoj kev" M. Mueller los mus txiav txim mythoephic "pog koob yawg koob" ntawm lub hypothetical cim Voronega. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog ib tus kws lijchoj ntawm xaiv cov etymological kinship hydronyms Vranje (Serbia), Raven (Russia), Varna (Bulgaria), Varna (lub teb chaws Yelemees) thiab lwm tus neeg. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lawv cov keeb kwm los ntawm cov Indo-European hauv paus uas txhais tau tias "dej". Ntawm no yog ib zaj dab neeg npe rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Voronezh.

Luv rau nws cov me nyuam feem ntau tsis qhia rau, yog tas feem ntau yog hais txog cov neeg version uas Voronezh - ib tug ua ke ntawm cov lus "lub hom phiaj" thiab "onezh".

Tus thawj sau cov ntaub ntawv

Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog ntawm Voronezh, raws li ib txhia historians, pib ntev ua ntej 1177. Qhov no yog evidenced los ntawm Chronicle, uas yog hais txog mus rau lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Vladimir thiab Ryazan princes, xaus rau txoj kev khiav Yaropolka Ryazanskogo nyob rau hauv lub zos "Voronozh". Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub memoirs ntawm muaj koob nyob sab Europe medieval traveler monk Julian, sau nyob rau hauv 1235, muaj ib cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias ib feem peb ntawm cov pab tub rog ntawm Batu Khan nres nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub Don dej nyob ze ntawm lub tsev fuabtais, uas twb muaj los ntawm "Lavxias teb sab nqi zog." Soj ntsuam kev kawm rau tus kwv uas yog lub keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog ntawm Voronezh, ntseeg hais tias peb yuav sib tham txog nws. Lwm chronicle cov ntaub ntawv ntawm no hais sib haum koom 1284. Muaj, nyob rau hauv piav txog cov kev kub ntxhov ntawm lub Tatars nrog lub inhabitants ntawm lub Kursk nqi zog hais "Voronezh hav zoov."

foundation

Hauj lwm thiab keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog ntawm Voronezh uas zoo txaus siab rau tourists uas xav mus xyuas nws. Txawm li cas los, tseem muaj kev pom zoo hais txog yuav ua li cas tau ntau xyoo muaj Voronezh. Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog yog officially kwv yees 1585. Lub hauv paus yog kev nkag teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub zauv kev txiav txim, raws li uas yuav tsum tau ua "evasion Ryazan bortnyh tawm hauv ... tus tshiab nroog ntawm Voronezh". Nyob ib ncig ntawm tib lub sij hawm, kev siv ntawm cov fortress pib muaj. Management ntawm nws siv tau entrusted rau Thawj Voronezh tswv xeev Semenu Saburovu. Yuav kom tsim ib tug tshiab lub nroog xa cov peasants ntawm Pereslavl Ryazan, dunk, Ryazhsk thiab carpenters, archers thiab lwm yam cov tub rog txiv neej.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th

Nyob rau hauv 1590 Voronezh (keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog nyob rau hauv lub yav dhau los xyoo pua, paub phem txaus) twb puas lawm los ntawm lub Kanev Circassians. Yog vim li cas rau nws ceev rov qab historians xav txog qhov tseeb hais tias lub nroog yog nyob rau hauv lub busiest pauv lawv nyob rau hauv lub txuas ntawm lub ntws Voronezh thiab Don. Nws yog qhov no yog vim li cas tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm lub nroog.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, nyob rau hauv cov lag luam tawm Voronezh tau ua thiaj li loj, tab sis tsis ntev nyob rau hauv sab qab teb ntawm Russia Ostrogozhsk Circassians pib tsim tshiab lub zos, lub txiaj ntsim txoj cai nyob rau hauv free trade thiab shredding. Tej cai Voronezh twb deprived, li ntawd, nws cov nyiaj txiag txoj kev vam meej yog nyob rau hauv loj heev kev hem thawj.

Tus txheej xwm ntawm lub thaum ntxov 17th caug xyoo

Voronezh medieval kev khwv nyiaj txiag undermined thiab cov txheej xwm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Tej. Lub fact tias cov kev tshaib kev nqhis tshwm sim los ntawm cov neeg pluag sau ntawm grain nyob rau hauv lub central cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub Muscovite lub xeev, yuam cov inhabitants khiav mus rau sab qab teb. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv Voronezh ob peb txhiab tus neeg tsis muaj tsev nyob thiab tsis muaj kev txhais tau tias ntawm subsistence. Qhov no tau coj mus rau kev tshaib kev nqhis nyob rau hauv lub nroog, "tiam kawg straw nyob rau hauv lub khob ntawm lub siab ntev" yog tus thiaj li hu ua ib feem kaum kev pab cuam, uas tau coj Boris Godunov. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, cov neeg nyob kev txhawb cuav Dmitry kuv, thiab ces tsis kam mus ua raws li Shumsky. Tej lub sij hawm tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1610, Voronezh coj cuav Dmitry II, uas npaj nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv Voronezh vaj tse, muab khaws tseg cov zaub mov thiab riam phom muaj. Txawm li cas los, coj kom zoo dua ntawm lawv, nws yuav tsis yog, vim hais tias nws raug tua nyob rau hauv 22 lub hlis ntuj nqeg.

Ua ntej lub era ntawm Peter lub Great

Lub tom ntej keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog (Voronezh, hauv lub xyoo ntawm lub hauv paus - 1585) twb cim los ntawm heev heev uprisings. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1648 lub townspeople sim unsuccessfully kom tshem tau ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm lub magistrates ntawm Basil qias neeg thiab nyob rau hauv 1670-1671 xyoo lawv tau raug kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub Peasants 'ua tsov ua rog, coj los ntawm Stepan Razin. Qhov no yog facilitated los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias lub nroog nyob ib tug txiv ntxawm tus thawj coj. Txawm li cas los, lub zos magistrates yuav tsis tiv thaiv kom txhob lub revolt nyob rau hauv lub nroog, thiab thaum kawg muab tso cia rau hauv lub revolt nyob ib ncig ntawm Voronezh tau tsarist troops tuaj txog nyob rau hauv cov coj ntawm lub xeev G. Romanovsky.

Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th

Pejxeem statistics thiab cov keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog Voronezh ua ntau dua los yog tsawg meej tracked thiab yav nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nyob rau hauv 1677 muaj ntau tshaj li 300 ua hauj lwm, townspeople thiab neeg pluag tsev neeg, thiab 15 lub koom txoos, ntawm uas 3 monastery.

Nyob rau hauv 1682 nws tsim lub Voronezh diocese, lub ua ntej uas yog lub taub hau ntawm lub Npis Sov Mitrofan. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nyob rau hauv 1683 tus xov tooj yog 1099 Voronezh tso kom muaj kab muaj kev ntawm cov tub rog, ntawm uas 580 yog los ntawm lub nroog thiab los ntawm cov uas lwm tus lub zos.

Thaum Petus lub Great

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1696-1725 Voronezh tuav lub teb chaws nyob rau txoj cai bank ntawm tib dej nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm niaj hnub Admiralty Square. Nyob rau hauv 1696-1722 xyoo Peter tau mus xyuas lub nroog, muaj siv ib tug tag nrho ntawm ntau tshaj 500 hnub. Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm nws tau los ua Voronezh ua tau lub capital ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws yog muaj hais tias tau kos npe rau hauv 1699 ib tug tseem ceeb treaty ntawm alliance nrog Denmark.

Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog ntawm Voronezh, yuav txawv heev yog hais tias nws tsis yog Peter, uas txiav txim siab los pib qhov kev siv ntawm cov rog muaj. Nws ua tau rau kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv lub dub thiab Azov seas tiv thaiv Qaib Cov Txwv. Lub chaw ua hauj lwm yog li ntawd nws kim heev hais tias cov Shipyards twb txawm tshiab lub zos - Pavlovsk thiab hom. Ib tug tag nrho ntawm cov uas kwv yees li 200 galleys thiab mnogopushechnyh ships tau ua. Navy, ua tau rau Voronezh, Russia pab kom txawj Azov - ib tug haib Turkish fortress, nyob rau ntawm lub txuas ntawm lub Don mus rau lub Azov hiav txwv.

Nyob rau hauv 1711 lub nroog tau txais tus txheej xwm ntawm lub xeev, thiab los ua tus thawj tswj centre ntawm heev uas nws kim heev nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub teb chaws Azov xeev. 14 xyoos tom qab, nws twb renamed nyob rau hauv Voronezh, txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv 1779 nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm kev tswj kho dua tshiab nws qhov ntev tau undergone ib tug ntse poob.

Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 19th caug xyoo nyob rau hauv Voronezh qhib thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov pej xeem tsev kawm ntawv, thiab txij li thaum 1802 nws pib nws cov hauj lwm tus thawj kws ua yeeb yam. Ib tug interesting cov kev tshwm sim twb cim thiab nyob rau hauv 1804, thaum lub tswm ciab teeb pom kev zoo twb qhia rau 9 lub ntsiab txoj kev. Thaj yeeb lub neej ntawm Voronezh ua txhaum Napoleon tus ntxeem tau. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog ntawm 1812 lub nroog tom qab rau pem hauv ntej 10 ntawm lub teb chaws militia regiments.

Cov kawm cim xeeb ntawm cov thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 thiab tseem los ntawm cov txuj ci tseem ceeb txuam nrog rau lawm relics ntawm St. Mitrofan, uas hais txog keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog (Voronezh). Yog vim li cas mus ntseeg tau hais tus dawb huv Tsam muaj nyob rau hauv nws lub neej, tab sis nws yog nyob rau hauv thaum xyoo 1830 nyob rau hauv Voronezh tuaj ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg ntseeg uas xav nug rau nws intercession. Lub influx ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg ntseeg thiab muab impetus mus rau lub kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug kab mob no phaum mob.

Txhua txhua hnub los ntawm tus kab mob no tuag nyob rau hauv 300-400 neeg. Los ntawm lub dag zog ntawm Governor Begichev cholera nws twb swb lawm, thiab nyob rau hauv Voronezh tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb tsev kho mob rau 200 txaj.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog (Voronezh piav nyob rau hauv kom meej yuav ua tau ntev heev) muaj neeg ua tim khawv thiab cov sij hawm tuaj txog muaj ntawm cov huab tais Nicholas Thawj. Tus huab tais mus xyuas nws nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav koom nyob rau hauv lub qhib ceremony ntawm lub relics ntawm St. Mitrofan.

Voronezh rau kiv puag ncig 1905

Nyob rau hauv 1863, lub census twb tau soj xyuas. Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog ntawm Voronezh, ib txoj kev uas txij li thaum nws inception, thiab kom txog thaum lub nruab nrab xyoo pua puv 19, koj paub, qhov no tshwm sim muab cov nram qab no ntaub ntawv: tag nrho 38672 neeg tau sau npe, piv txwv li tus naj npawb ntawm inhabitants lub zos yog ranked 12 nyob rau hauv Russia ...

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1860-1870 los ntawm lub chaw uas zoo heev ntawm cov Voronezh xeev leem Railways. Zoo thauj cuag tau coj mus rau lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm cov loj industrial Enterprises, thiab cov lag luam ntawm tus nees railway twb pib nyob rau hauv 1881.

Nyob rau Eve ntawm lub tshiab xyoo pua, cov pej xeem ntawm Voronezh, raws li cov kev suav pej xeem, yog 84 100 tus neeg. Lub nroog cheeb tsam yog tsuas yog nyob rau ntawm lub tsev txhab nyiaj ntawm tib dej thiab nws adjoins 5 settlements.

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, lub nroog muaj tshaj 5500 tsev, ntawm uas tshaj li ib nrab twb pob zeb.

Thaum lub sij hawm lub revolutionary txheej xwm thiab lub Civil War

Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm 1905 nyob rau hauv Voronezh pib rioting twb chernosotenskim pogrom. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo muaj ib tug ntxeev siab rau Vajtswv nyob rau hauv ib tug qhuab qhia battalion stationed muaj, uas twb tsis ntev suppressed. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1905, lub nroog dhau ib tug nom tswv strike.

Tsis muaj tsawg feeb tsis meej cov txheej xwm pib tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Voronezh tom qab nws tau los ua paub txog lub overthrow ntawm cov Daim Ntawv tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv Petrograd. Nyob rau hauv kev, twb kaum hli ntuj 30, 1917 (Laus Style), Soviet lub hwj chim twb tsim muaj. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub nroog ntawm Voronezh (nyuag keeb kwm mus rau lub xyoo pua 20th yog sawv cev saum toj no) yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj lub zos nyob rau hauv uas tau tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb tub cheev xwm ntawm cov tub rog liab.

Nyob rau hauv lub pre-tsov rog xyoo

Tus thawj tsib-xyoo lub sij hawm cim los ntawm Voronezh-scale ua hauj lwm rau kev txhim kho thiab Modernization ntawm lub nroog thiab nws hlauv taws xob. Nrog rau qhov no, nyob rau hauv 1926 nyob rau hauv Voronezh peb muaj ib tug ntev-deb hu xov tooj kev pab, raws li zoo raws li qhib lub tram. Nyob ib ncig ntawm tib lub sij hawm, lub nroog nyob qhov twg, raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov census, ib tug pej xeem ntawm 120,000 tus neeg, tau ua tus thawj tswj chaw ntawm lub Central Dub ntiaj teb cheeb tsam, thiab muaj tau ua thiab muab tso rau hauv lub lag luam ib ob peb loj industrial qhauj.

Qhov no tau coj mus rau ib tug influx ntawm Voronezh nyob rau hauv lub zog quab yuam los ntawm ib ncig lub zos, yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv 1939 lub xov tooj ntawm cov neeg nyob zoo tshaj 362.000.

tsov rog xyoo

Raws li nyob rau hauv tsov rog nrog rau Napoleon, Voronezh raws li ib tug mus ntaus rog tawm tsam fascism. Twb tau nyob rau lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 1941 nws tau mus rau pem hauv ntej Volunteer tso kom muaj kab muaj kev, uas ua ib feem ntawm lub 100th infantry Division. Tom qab no, qhov no tub rog tsim twb muab tsub lub title ntawm lub tiv thaiv, thiab nws twb ua tsov ua rog, liberating lub Austrian capital Vienna nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1945. Tab sis ntev ua ntej ntawd, lub nroog thiab nws cov inhabitants nyob rau hauv zoo kawg nyab xeeb, txij li thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub Nazis muaj kev tswj kom tuaj ze rau ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm Voronezh. Qhov kev tshwm sim tsis ua txhaum lub thiaj yuav tiv thaiv cov pej xeem hauv nws lub tsev me me. Ntawv pov thawj ntawm qhov no yog lub parade rau ntawm lub ntsiab square Kaum ib hlis 7, 1941, nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov nqi.

Thaum sib tham txog tus Voronezh, lub nroog lub keeb kwm rau cov me nyuam feem ntau tsis hais txog lub horrors tau nyiaj dhau los los ntawm cov neeg nyob tom qab lub tsev txhab nyiaj cov cheeb tsam tsev twb nyob los ntawm cov Nazis. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, Soviet troops tsis txhob sim mus khob tawm tus yeeb ncuab. Los ntawm lawv txoj kev siv zog, Lub ib hlis ntuj 25, 1943 Voronezh twb tso tawm.

Nws muab tawm uas puas lawm txog 92% ntawm tag nrho cov tsev nyob Tshuag, raws li zoo raws li yuav luag tag nrho cov pej xeem tsev. Txawm tias ib tug rov qab nyob rau hauv Voronezh pib tam sim ntawd tom qab lub liberation, tsuas mus rau cov 1950 lub ntsej muag ntawm lub nroog yog tau kom tshem tau ntawm nti tau txais nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua.

Tsis ntev los no keeb kwm

Txog thaum lub restructuring ntawm lub nroog yuav luag txhua txhua lub xyoo los mus qhib tag nrho cov tshiab industries, xws li high tech, tsim los pab rau cov Aerospace kev lag luam.

Voronezh (keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog lub npe uas koj twb paub) tau txhab considerably nyob rau hauv lub 60s thiab 70s. Cov tshwm sim yog ib tug zoo-taw zej zog. Ib me ntsis tom qab, nyob rau hauv 1972, tas nrog cov creation ntawm lub Voronezh Reservoir. Nws tau los ua ib tug nyiam so cov nqaij ntawd ntawm townspeople. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm tau poob loj attractions Voronezh - Admiralty lub tsev ntawm Peter lub Great, lub tuam tsev ntawm cov tsuaj thiab Admiralty lub Koom Txoos.

Lub stalemate nyob rau hauv lub nroog yog 90, tab sis hnub no feem ntau ntawm cov teeb meem tau kov yeej.

Hauj lwm ntawm lub nroog hnub no

Txij thaum pib ntawm lub tshiab Millennium, Voronezh (keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog yog reflected nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm txoj kev tag nrho txaus) ib zaug rov pib koom ua li. Nyob rau hauv kev, muaj twb nrhiav tau niaj hnub kav khw khw thiab ua lag ua luam chaw zov me nyuam. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, rov qab los thiab modernized thauj system ntawm lub nroog. Muaj ntau tshiab cinemas, khw nojmov thiab cafes, raws li zoo li lwm yam kev lom zem venues, uas muaj peev xwm npaj lawv leisure lub sij hawm cov laus thiab cov me nyuam.

Niaj hnub nimno Voronezh yog ib lub nroog uas cov tub ntxhais kawm, raws li 36 lub tsev kawm ntawv muaj yog siv tau. Ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv - lub State University thiab lub Medical Academy. Burdenko. Nyob rau hauv lawv, tshwj tsis yog rau cov nyob ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation, muaj txog 1.5 txhiab txawv teb chaws kawm ntawv, feem ntau ntawm cov neeg uas yog pej xeem ntawm txawv teb chaws lub teb chaws.

Voronezh nquag raug zoo. Nyob rau hauv kev, nyob rau hauv feem ntau yards thiab chaw ua si, cov me nyuam chaw ua si, zoo nkauj paj txaj thiab paj txaj, thiab txawm nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau tej thaj chaw deb cheeb tsam ib lub koom haum thaum yav tsaus ntuj lub teeb, uas rau ntau xyoo twb xam tau tias yog ib tug unsolvable teeb meem.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm cov hiob tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub nroog ntawm Voronezh

Nyob rau hauv 1703 lub tsev kawm ntawv twb qhib nyob rau hauv Voronezh. Nws yog tus thawj nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog thiab cheeb tsam tsev kawm ntawv tsim los qhia cov tub ceev xwm lub sab ibyam. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, uas raug xaiv los ntawm cov dragoons, tau txais los ntawm lub capital ntawm cov thawj tsiaj ntawv, primers thiab xam. Lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv uas lawv yuav kawm tau xwb cov tub hluas thiab cov tub hluas uas muaj FM Apraksin. Chiv, muaj 90 menyuam kawm ntawv thiab kev qhia txog kev tau muab tso rau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub paub cov qauv rau kev xam.

Tus thawj tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Voronezh nyob rau hauv thawj zaug rau theem yuav muab cov tub ntxhais Lavxias teb sab rog thiab Shipyards li ntawd tsim nyog nyob rau hauv cov hnub, competent kws txawj nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm engineering, thiab mus cia nyob rau hauv keeb kwm raws li ib tug ntawm cov tsim yaam tshab ntawm Peter lub Great.

Tam sim no koj paub lub keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog ntawm Voronezh. Rau cov me nyuam cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm tas nws yog nthuav kom xav txog tej yam yooj yim heev. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv muaj neeg ua tim khawv rau cov txheej xwm kev cob cog rua nrog lub creation ntawm Lavxias teb sab rog thiab lub heroic tawm tsam ntawm cov pej xeem hauv Voronezh thaum lub sij hawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog.