Kev Kawm Ntawv:, Science

Halogenated hydrocarbons: ntau lawm, tshuaj lom neeg cov khoom, daim ntawv thov

Hydrocarbons yog ib chav kawm loj heev ntawm cov tebchaw uas muaj feem xyuam rau cov organic compounds. Lawv suav nrog ob peb pawg ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw, uas txhua tus neeg tau pom dav dav hauv kev lag luam, lub neej, qhov xwm txheej. Ntawm qhov tseem ceeb yog halogenated hydrocarbons, uas yuav tau sib tham nyob hauv tsab xov xwm. Lawv tsis tsuas yog muaj qhov tseem ceeb, tab sis tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb raw khoom rau ntau hom tshuaj syntheses, cov tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj thiab lwm yam kev sib txuas lus tseem ceeb. Peb yuav them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau cov qauv ntawm lawv lub cev, cov khoom thiab lwm yam.

Halogenated hydrocarbons: cov yam ntxwv dav dav

Los ntawm txoj kev pom ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshuaj, cov chav kawm ntawm cov sib xyaw nrog rau tag nrho cov roj carbon monoxide uas ib los yog ntau lub vas xos tau hloov los ntawm ib los yog lwm halogen. Qhov no nws yog ib qeb ntau heev ntawm cov yeeb tshuaj, txij thaum lawv yog cov tseem ceeb muaj nuj nqis. Rau ib lub sijhawm luv luv uas tib neeg tau kawm tau coj los ua txhua yam hydrogen carbonated halogenated, kev siv uas yog tsim nyog nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, cov tshuaj ua lag luam, zaub mov kev lag luam thiab niaj hnub lub neej.

Lub ntsiab ntawm txoj kev muab cov tshuaj no yog cov khoom cua hauv qhov chaw kuaj thiab hauv kev lag luam, vim tsis muaj leej twg tshwm sim nyob hauv cov xwm txheej. Vim yog muaj ib lub halogen atom, lawv muaj qhov muaj teeb meem loj. Qhov loj no txiav txim xyuas thaj tsam ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov hauv chemical synthesis li cov khoom nruab nrab.

Vim hais tias cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov roj carbon monoxide halogenated muaj ntau, nws yog kev cai kom faib lawv raws li cov yam ntxwv sib txawv. Lub hauv paus yog cov qauv ntawm cov saw thiab qhov sib npaug ntawm cov nyiaj, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob halogen thiab qhov chaw ntawm lawv txoj hauj lwm.

Halogenated hydrocarbons: kev faib tawm

Ib tug thawj embodiment ntawm kev sib cais raws li nyob rau hauv feem ntau txais hauv paus ntsiab lus uas siv rau tag nrho cov organic tebchaw. Qhov kev faib tawm no yog nce raws qhov sib txawv ntawm hom roj saw, nws qhov kev hloov kho. Nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm no feature paub qhov txawv:

  • Txwv kev lim dej hydrogen carbon phosphate;
  • Unsaturated;
  • Cov ntxhuav;
  • Aliphatic;
  • Acyclic.

Tus tom ntej no faib raws li daim ntawv ntawm lub halogen atom thiab nws cov ntsiab lus quantitative hauv molecule. Yog li, lawv txawv:

  • Mono derivatives;
  • Di-derivatives;
  • Tri-;
  • Tetra-;
  • Penta derivatives thiab thiaj li nyob rau.

Yog tias peb tham txog daim ntawv ntawm halogen, ces lub npe ntawm subgroup muaj ob lo lus. Piv txwv li, ib qho monochloro derivative, ib tug triiodo derivative, ib tug tetrabromo-haloalkene, thiab hais txog.

Kuj tseem muaj lwm txoj kev xaiv, raws li cov halivated derivatives ntawm qhov kawg hydrocarbons sib cais. Qhov no yog tus naj npawb ntawm cov atom atom uas cov halogen txuas nrog. Yog li, lawv txawv:

  • Cov hau kev qis hauv tsev;
  • Secondary;
  • Tertiary thiab li ntawd.

Txhua tus neeg sawv cev tau muab suav ua ke los ntawm txhua qhov kev kawm thiab txiav txim siab tag nrho qhov chaw hauv qhov system ntawm cov organic compounds. Piv txwv li, ib tug compound nrog ib tug muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm CH 3 - CH 2 -CH = CH-CCL 3 yuav tsum txwv kom muab zais li. Qhov no yog ib qho uas tsis tau tsim nyog ntawm trifloro aliphatic ntawm pentene.

Tus qauv ntawm molecule

Muaj cov kab mob hauv halogen tuaj yeem tsis tau, tiam sis cuam tshuam ob qho tib si lub cev thiab tshuaj muaj zog, thiab ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov qauv ntawm molecule. Cov qauv ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm cov tebchaw no yog R-Hal, qhov twg R yog ib qho dawb radocarbon radical ntawm cov qauv thiab Hal yog halogen atom, ib los yog ntau dua. Cov nyiaj ntawm carbon thiab halogen yog polarized heev, yog li hais tias lub molecule raws li ib tug tag nrho yog prone rau ob los:

  • Tsis zoo inductive;
  • Mesomeric zoo.

Hauv qhov no, thawj zaug ntawm lawv tau qhia ntau yam ntxiv, vim li ntawd lub Hal atom yeej pom cov khoom ntawm tus neeg siv hluav taws xob rov qab.

Txwv tsis pub, tag nrho cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov qauv khom nqi tsis txawv ntawm cov neeg ntawm cov roj carbon monoxide. Cov khoom tau piav qhia los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov saw thiab nws cov branching, cov xov tooj carbon atoms, lub zog ntawm aromatic nta.

Lub npe ntawm hydrocarbons halogenated deserves tshwj xeeb mloog. Yuav ua li cas koj thiaj li hu rau cov kev txuas no? Ua li no, koj yuav tsum ua raws li ntau cov cai.

  1. Tus zauv ntawm cov saw pib ntawm ntug uas lub halogen atom yog closer. Yog tias muaj ntau yam kev twb kev txuas, ces suav pib kiag nrog nws, thiab tsis nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob rov qab.
  2. Lub npe Hal yog qhia hauv tus kabmob, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov pa roj carbon atom uas nws tawm mus yuav tsum tau qhia.
  3. Kauj ruam kawg yog muab lub npe ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm cov hlau (los yog lub nplhaib).

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm tej npe: CH 2 = CH-CHCL 2 - 3-dichloropropene-1.

Lub npe kuj tuaj yeem muab rau npe ntawm cov npe uas muaj meej pem. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub npe ntawm cov radical yog pronounced, thiab ces tus halogen nrog lub SR-hauv. Piv txwv li: CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 Br - propyl bromide.

Zoo li lwm cov chav kawm ntawm cov organic compounds, hydrocarbons halogenated muaj ib cov qauv tshwj xeeb. Qhov no tso cai rau ntau tus neeg sawv cev rau xaiv cov npe sau ua keeb kwm yav dhau los. Piv txwv li, Halothane CF 3 CBrClH. Lub xub ntiag ntawm peb halogens nyob rau hauv lub composition ntawm molecule muab no tshuaj nrog tshwj xeeb thaj chaw. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, yog li nws yog feem ntau siv keeb kwm tsim npe.

Txoj kev ntawm kev sibtham

Cov hau kev tsim cov halogenated hydrocarbons yog cov ntau ntau. Muaj tsib txoj hauv kev los ua ke kom sib xyaw ua ke hauv cov chaw kuaj mob thiab kev lag luam.

  1. Halogenation ntawm cov roj carbon dioxide ntawm cov qauv qub. Qhov kev tawm tsam dav dav yog: RH + Hal2 → R-Hal + HHal. Cov peculiarities ntawm tus txheej txheem yog raws li nram no: tshuaj chlorine thiab bromine tas yuav tsum ultraviolet irradiation, nrog iodine qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ua tsis tau lossis qeeb heev. Nrog cov tshuaj fluorine, txoj kev sib txuam nrog kev ua haujlwm dhau lawm, yog li koj siv tsis tau cov halogen hauv nws daim ntawv dawb huv. Tsis tas li ntawd, halogenating aromatic derivatives yuav tsum siv cov tshwj xeeb catalysts ntawm Lewis acid txheej txheem. Piv txwv, hlau los yog txhuas tshuaj chloride.
  2. Kev tsim cov roj carbon monoxide halogenated kuj yog ua los ntawm hydrohalogenation. Txawm li cas los xij, rau qhov no, pib lub compound yuav tsum yog ib qho kev ua los ntawm cov roj carbon monoxide unsaturated. Piv txwv li: R = RR + HHal → RR-RHal. Feem ntau, qhov sib ntxiv ntawm tus electrophilic yog siv los ua chloroethylene los sis vinyl chloride, vim tias qhov compound no yog ib qho tseem ceeb raw khoom rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
  3. Cov nyhuv ntawm hydrohalogen rau cov cawv. Cov kev hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: R-OH + HHal → R -Hal + H 2 O. Nyob rau hauv ib tug nam obligatory xub ntiag ntawm ib lub hauv paus. Piv txwv ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm accelerators uas tej zaum yuav siv tau: phosphorus chlorides, sulfur, zinc los yog hlau, sulfuric acid, ib tug tov ntawm zinc chloride nyob rau hauv hydrochloric acid - Lucas reagent.
  4. Decarboxylation ntawm acid salts nrog ib tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing. Lwm lub npe rau tus qauv yog Borodin-Hunsdikker Event. Lub essence muaj nyob rau hauv cleavage ntawm ib tug qauv ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide los ntawm nyiaj derivatives ntawm carboxylic acids thaum raug rau ib tug oxidizing neeg sawv cev - halogen. Yog li ntawd, cov dej hydrogen muaj halogenated raug tsim. Tshua feem ntau yog raws li nram no: R-COOAg + Hal → R -Hal + CO 2 + AgHal.
  5. Synthesis ntawm haloforms. Hauv lwm lo lus, qhov no yog qhov tsim los ntawm trihalogenated methane derivatives. Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws los tsim lawv yog thov acetal rau cov kua halogen. Yog li ntawd, tsim tawm halogen molecules. Halogen derivatives ntawm cov ntxhuav hydrocarbons muaj synthesized nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev nyob rau hauv kev lag luam.

Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum raug muab los rau qhov kev ua tiav ntawm cov neeg sawv cev uas tsis tau txais kev tso cai ntawm chav kawm hauv kev saib xyuas. Lub ntsiab yog cov txiaj ntsim ntawm alkynes ntawm salts ntawm mercury thiab tooj liab nyob rau hauv muaj halogens, uas leads mus rau tsim ntawm ib qho khoom nrog ib tug ob leeg nyiaj nyob rau hauv lub saw.

Halogen derivatives ntawm cov ntxhuav hydrocarbons yog tau los ntawm kev tshua ntawm halogenation ntawm arenes los yog alkylarenes nyob rau sab muag. Cov no yog cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb, vim lawv siv cov tshuaj tua kab hauv kev ua liaj ua teb.

Lub cev lub cev

Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm halogenated hydrocarbons yog ncaj qha nyob rau cov qauv ntawm cov qauv. Ntawm qhov taw tes thiab zom zom, qhov aggregate lub xeev muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov xaim hluav taws xob hauv cov hlau thiab cov ceg ua tau rau sab. Qhov ntau ntawm lawv, lub siab dua cov naj npawb. Feem ntau, lub cev tsis muaj peev xwm yuav txawv hauv ntau cov ntsiab lus.

  1. Tsos: thawj qis cov neeg sawv cev - gases, tom ntej rau C 12 - kua saum toj no - cov khoom cev.
  2. Lawv muaj ntse, tsis kaj siab, tsw ntxhiab, yuav luag txhua tus neeg sawv cev.
  3. Tsis zoo heev soluble nyob rau hauv dej, tab sis lawv tus kheej - zoo heev kuab tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv cov organic tebchaw yaj zoo heev.
  4. Lub npau npau thiab zwj cua txias nce nrog cov naj npawb ntawm carbon atoms nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab saw.
  5. Tag nrho cov tebchaw tsuas yog cov dej ua xyaw ua pa tshaj qhov dej.
  6. Qhov ntau ceg nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab saw, qhov txo lub boiling point ntawm lub tshuaj.

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau txheeb tau cov kev sib luag zoo sib xws, vim hais tias cov neeg sawv cev txawv txawv hauv cov qauv thiab cov qauv. Yog li, nws yog qhov zoo los muab qhov tseem ceeb rau txhua qhov kev xyuam xim ntawm ib qho kev ua ntawm cov roj carbon.

Tshuaj lom neeg

Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, uas yog yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account hauv kev lag luam chemical thiab kev sib koom ua ke, yog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov roj carbon monoxide halogenated. Lawv tsis yog tib yam rau tag nrho cov neeg sawv cev, vim muaj ntau qhov laj thawj rau qhov sib txawv.

  1. Cov qauv ntawm cov saw hlau. Qhov simplest hloov kev hloov (nucleophilic hom) tshwm sim hauv secondary thiab tertiary haloalkyls.
  2. Daim ntawv ntawm halogen atom kuj tseem ceeb. Cov nyiaj nruab nrab ntawm cov roj thiab Hal yog ntseeg tau polarized, uas muab ib qho yooj yim so nrog tso tawm dawb radicals. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev txuas yooj yim yog qhov nruab nrab ntawm iodine thiab carbon, uas yog piav qhia los ntawm kev hloov pauv (txo qis) hauv kev txua hluav taws xob hauv koob ua ke: F-Cl-Br-I.
  3. Lub xub ntiag ntawm ib qho uas muaj ntxhiab ntau los yog ntau cov nyiaj.
  4. Tus qauv thiab branching ntawm cov radical nws tus kheej.

Feem ntau, halogenoalkyls feem ntau yuav tshwm sim rau cov nucleophilic hloov chaw. Tom qab tag nrho, ib qho zoo nkaus li tus nqi yog cov concentrated nyob rau hauv cov pa roj carbon atom tom qab cuam tshuam ntawm daim ntawv cog lus nrog lub halogen. Qhov no tso cai rau cov radical los ua ib tug lej kom dhau los ua tus neeg lees txais ntawm electron-negative hais. Piv txwv li:

  • OH -;
  • Li 4 2-;
  • TSIS MUAJ 2 -;
  • CN - thiab lwm tus neeg.

Qhov no piav txog qhov tseeb tias cov roj carbon atom uas yog halogenated yuav raug hloov mus rau txhua chav kawm ntawm cov organic compounds, nws tsuas yog tsim nyog xaiv ib qho kev haum uas tsim nyog uas yuav ua rau pab pawg neeg xav tau.

Feem ntau, nws muaj peev xwm hais tau tias cov khoom siv tshuaj ntawm halogenated hydrocarbons yog rab peev xwm nkag mus rau cov kev sib tham hauv qab no.

  1. Nrog nucleophilic ib hom ntawm ntau yam - hloov kev tshua. Cov yuav muaj: alcohols, ethers, esters, nitro tebchaw, amines, nitriles, carboxylic acids.
  2. Ntaus lossis dehydrohalogenation tshuai. Vim tias qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib qho dej caw alkali, lub hydrogen halide molecule cleaved tawm. Yog li ntawd, alkene yog tsim, low-molecular by-products - ntsev thiab dej. Piv txwv li ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 Br + NaOH (cawv) → CH 3 -CH 2 -CH = CH 2 + NaBr + H 2 O. Cov txheej txheem no yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm cov pa alkenes. Cov txheej txheem yog ib txwm nrog nws cov lus siab.
  3. Kev npaj ntawm alkanes ntawm ib qho qauv ntawm Würz synthesis method. Tus essence ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog cov nyhuv rau hydrocarbon halogen-substituted (ob molecules) los ntawm metallic sodium. Raws li kev siv hluav taws xob electropositive, sodium lees txais halogen atoms los ntawm cov compound. Yog li ntawd, cov radicals uas tau muab tso rau qoob loo raug kaw ua ke los ntawm cov nyiaj, ua tus alkane ntawm tus qauv tshiab. Piv txwv li: CH 3 -CH 2 Cl + CH 3 -CH 2 Cl + 2Na → CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 + 2NaCl.
  4. Synthesis ntawm homologues ntawm cov ntxhuav hydrocarbons los ntawm Friedel-Crafts txujci. Tus essence ntawm tus txheej txheem yog nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm benzene nrog haloalkyl nyob rau hauv muaj txhuas tshuaj chloride. Vim tias qhov hloov ntawm qhov kev hloov, qhov tsim kom toluene thiab hydrogen chloride tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tus kab mob yog tsim nyog. Ntxiv nrog rau benzene nws tus kheej, nws tseem tau oxidize nws homologues nyob rau hauv nov.
  5. Kev npaj ntawm Greniard kua. Qhov no reagent yog hydrocarbon halogenated nrog ib magnesium ion hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Pib, hlau magnesium nyob rau hauv lub ether yog raug lub haloalkyl derivative. Yog li ntawd, ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke yog tsim nrog cov qauv RMgHal, raug xa mus rau lub Grenyar reagent.
  6. Kev sib thim ntawm txo kom alkane (alkene, arene). Nqa tawm hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm hydrogen. Vim li ntawd, ib qho dej khawb (hydrocarbon) thiab tsim los ntawm cov khoom, hydrogen halide. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib tug general daim ntawv: R-Hal + H 2 → RH + HHal.

Cov no yog cov kev sib tshuam sib txawv hauv cov halogen derivatives ntawm hydrocarbons ntawm cov khoom sib txawv tuaj nkag tau. Qhov tseeb, muaj kev cuam tshuam uas tsim nyog rau txhua tus neeg sawv cev.

Isomerism ntawm molecules

Lub isomerism ntawm halogenated hydrocarbons yog ntuj tsim. Nws paub tias ntau dua carbon atoms nyob rau hauv cov saw, ntau dua cov nab npawb ntawm isomeric. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg sawv cev tsis muaj npe tau muaj ntau txoj hlua, uas tseem ua rau cov tsos ntawm cov isomers.

Peb muaj peev xwm qhia qhov txawv ob lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tshwm sim no rau chav kawm ntawm cov tebchaw.

  1. Isomerism ntawm cov kab xev pob txha ntawm ib qho thiab ib caj qaum. Qhov no kuj muaj xws li txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov nyiaj ntau, yog tias nws muaj nyob rau hauv lub tshuab hlwb hlau. Raws li kev yooj yim hydrocarbons, pib los ntawm tus neeg sawv cev peb, nws tseem tau sau cov qauv ntawm cov tebchaw uas zoo tib yam tab sis muaj ntau hom kev qhia formula. Ntxiv mus, rau hydrocarbons halogenated, tus nqi ntawm isomeric cov ntaub ntawv yog ib qho kev txiav txim ntawm qhov ntau tshaj rau cov alkanes coj (alkenes, alkynes, arenes, thiab lwm yam).
  2. Txoj hauj lwm ntawm halogen nyob rau hauv lub molecule. Nws qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub npe yog qhia los ntawm tus zauv, thiab txawm tias nws hloov tsuas yog los ntawm ib qho, cov khoom ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab zoo li no yuav txawv txav.

Nws tsis yog ib lo lus nug ntawm qhov chaw isomerism, vim hais tias halogen atoms ua no ua tsis tau. Zoo li tag nrho lwm cov organic compounds, cov halogenoalkyl isomers txawv tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov qauv, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lawv cov yam ntxwv lub cev thiab tshuaj.

Derivatives ntawm cov roj carbon monoxide unsaturated

Ntawm chav kawm, muaj ntau yam sib txuas. Txawm li cas los xij, peb txaus siab nyob rau hauv cov halogen derivatives ntawm unsaturated hydrocarbons. Lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg loj.

  1. Vinyl - thaum lub atom Hal yog nyob ncaj nraim ntawm carbon atom ntawm nyiaj ntau. QAUV molecule: CH 2 = CCL 2.
  2. Nrog txoj haujlwm raug rho tawm. Lub halogen atom thiab cov nyiaj ntau muaj nyob rau sab nraud ntawm lub molecule. Piv txwv li: CH 2 = CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -Cl.
  3. Allylic derivatives - ib halogen atom nyob rau ob leeg nyiaj los ntawm ib cov atom atom, uas yog, yog nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm alpha. Piv txwv li: CH 2 = CH-CH 2 -CL.

Ntawm kev tseem ceeb yog ib tug compound xws li yas chloride, CH 2 = CHCL. Nws yog tau polymerization tshua tsim qhov tseem ceeb cov khoom, xws li rwb thaiv tsev, waterproof daim ntaub thiab thiaj li nyob.

Lwm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tshuaj halogen derivatives yog chloroprene. Nws cov mis yog CH₂ = CCL-CH = CH . Cov paj lug no yog cov khoom pib rau cov khoom siv ntawm cov roj hmab, uas txawv hauv hluav taws ua haujlwm, kev pab lub neej ntev, kev tsis pom zoo rau cov roj cua.

Tetrafluoroethylene (los yog Teflon) yog ib qho polymer uas muaj kev tsis zoo. Nws yog siv rau kev tsim khoom ntawm qhov tseem ceeb kev pabcuam ntawm kev xeem, tais diav, ntau yam khoom siv. Formula - CF 2 = mob CF lub cev 2.

Cov kab ntsaum roj tsw qab thiab lawv cov derivatives

Aromatic yog cov sib txuas, uas muaj lub nplhaib benzene. Ntawm lawv muaj kuj yog ib pawg tag nrho ntawm halogen derivatives. Peb tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm ob lub ntsiab ntawm lawv nyob hauv tus qauv.

  1. Yog hais tias lub Hal atom yog ncaj qha mus txuas rau lub keeb, uas yog, lub nplhaib aromatic, ces lub tebchaw yog nquag hu ua haloarenes.
  2. Lub halogen atom yog sib ceg tsis yog rau hauv lub nplhaib, tab sis mus rau ib sab ntawm lub atoms, uas yog, lub radical uas extends rau hauv ib ceg ib txwm. Xws li cov npe hu ua arylalkyl halides.

Ntawm cov tshuaj hauv kev saib xyuas yog ob peb cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tswv yim tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.

  1. Hexachlorobenzene - C6Cl6. Txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, nws tau raug siv los ua ib tus neeg fungicide, nrog rau cov tshuaj tua kabmob. Nws muaj ib tug zoo disinfecting nyhuv, yog li ntawd nws tau siv los hnav cov noob ua ntej sowing. Muaj ib qho tsis hnov tsw tsw ntxhiab, lub kua yog ib co thev nchuav, ntshiab, ua rau lachrymation.
  2. Benzyl bromide C 6 H 5 CH 2 Br. Siv ua ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv kev sib koom ua ke ntawm synthesis ntawm organometallic compounds.
  3. Chlorobenzene C 6 H 5 CL. Ua kua tsis muaj xim nrog ib tus ntxhiab tsw. Siv nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua khoom ntawm dyes, tshuaj tua kab. Nws yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom xyaw organic zoo tshaj plaws.

Siv hauv kev lag luam

Halogenated hydrocarbons yog siv ntau heev hauv kev lag luam thiab cov tshuaj synthesis. Peb twb tau hais txog cov neeg sawv cev tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo thiab cov neeg sawv cev. Tam sim no cia tus kheej tso rau qhov chaw siv ntawm tag nrho cov sib txuas ntawm cov koob no.

  1. Hauv kev tsim kho.
  2. Ua cov kuab tshuaj.
  3. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm textiles, roj hmab, rubbers, dyes, polymeric cov ntaub ntawv.
  4. Rau cov synthesis ntawm ntau cov organic tebchaw.
  5. Cov tshuaj fluoride (freons) yog cov yees hauv cov tub yees txias.
  6. Siv tshuaj tua kab, tshuaj tua kab, tshuaj fungicides, roj, kom ziab cov roj, cov tawv nqaij, lubricants.
  7. Mus rau ntawm cov khoom siv rwb thaiv tsev, thiab lwm yam.

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