Glorious nqi zog ntawm Theodoro Crimea thiab nws tragic kawg

Ntau tsib centuries ua ntej lub cai raus dej ntawm Rus lub zos Doris, nyob rau hauv lub yav qab teb (mountainous) yog ib feem ntawm lub Crimean ceg av qab teb, yog lub chaw ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv nyob rau hauv no loj heev Dub hiav txwv cheeb tsam. Tom qab ntawd nyob ib ncig ntawm nws muaj tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb ntawm nws hom nqi zog Theodoro, uas tau los ua tus kawg fragment ntawm ib zaug mighty Byzantine Empire, thiab cov ancient Christian nroog, hloov nws lub npe rau Mangup raws li nws cov peev.

Cov tsos ntawm sab qab teb-sab hnub poob ntawm lub tshiab lub xeev ntawm lub Crimea

Tshiab nqi zog twb tsim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sib cais ntawm cov qub Byzantine colony, nyob rau hauv lub Crimea, thiab tswj los ntawm ib tug me me Greek lub xeev hu ua Trebizond. By pib ntawm lub XIII xyoo pua Constantinople lom zem ntau poob nws cov tub rog muaj zog tshaj tau ceev coj kom zoo dua ntawm ib tug neeg lwm tus zoo siab hlob Genoese uas seized lub sab qaum teb-sab ntawm lub ceg av qab teb. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv ib thaj tsam tsis yog tswj los ntawm Genoa, tsim ib qho kev ywj xeev, taws los ntawm cov qub tswv xeev ntawm Trabzon thiab twb muaj npe lub nqi zog Theodoro.

Crimea Tus paub tsis meej zais los ntawm peb nws lub npe, tiam sis peb paub hais tias tus txiv neej no tau koom rau Feodorov dynasty ob centuries kav nyob rau hauv lub metropolis thiab muab lub npe rau tus tshiab tsim Principality. Qhov tus tsim ntawm no zoo - Theodore Gavras, lub Byzantine aristocrat ntawm Armenian qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob, mus txog qhov ua siab tshaj ntawm lub hwj chim, tom qab nyob rau hauv tsawg tshaj nees nkaum xyoo tau muaj kev tswj los mus ib leeg-handedly tsa militias thiab tso los ntawm Trabzon mus ntes nws ntawm lub Seljuk Turks, thiab ces ua nws cov kav. Lub hwj chim yog raws roj ntsha, thaum raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub tsev hais plaub intrigues dynasty twb tsis raug thawb ntau muaj kev vam meej sib tw ntawm cov hom Comneni.

Lub heyday ntawm cov qub Byzantine colony

Raws li hais saum toj no, thaum pib ntawm lub XIII xyoo pua nyob rau hauv lub Crimea, nyob rau hauv ib thaj tsam tsis yog tswj los ntawm lub Genoese, nws tsim nyob rau ib qho kev ywj nqi zog Theodoro, twb muaj npe tom qab qhov kev txiav txim dynasty muaj. Hnubpoob los ntawm cov subordination ntawm nws cov qub niam lub teb chaws thiab ntse reflecting raids ntawm heev heev conquerors, nws ntawd kub ntev li ob centuries, tau los ua tus heyday ntawm Orthodoxy thiab nationhood nyob rau hauv sab qab teb-sab hnub poob ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lub Crimean ceg av qab teb.

Duchy chaw uas zoo heev stretches ntawm cov niaj hnub lub zos ntawm balaclava thiab Alushta, thiab nws tau los ua tus capital nroog ntawm Mangup ancient fortress uas ua tau rov qab nyob rau hauv lub V caug xyoo. Kom txog rau thaum tam sim no, nws ruins nyiam txhiab tus tourists txhua xyoo pab yaj mus rau lub Crimea. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau dej siab lub sij nqi zog pejxeem mus txog ib puas thiab tsib caug txhiab tus neeg, uas yuav luag tag nrho cov twb Orthodox. Principality ntawm Theodoro Crimea ethnically consisted mas Greeks, Goths, Armenian, Lavxias teb sab thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm yam Orthodox haiv neeg. Lawv sib txuas lus ntawm lawv tus kheej mas nyob rau hauv Gothic German lub suab hais lus.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg tawg rog nyob rau lub roob nqi zog lub neej

Crimean nqi zog Theodoro yog ib qho chaw nkaum rau ntau Orthodox ntseeg uas nrhiav kom pab cawm nws los ntawm cov Muslim invaders. Nyob rau hauv kev, lawv pom ib tug tseem ceeb inflow tom qab lub capture ntawm lub Seljuk Turks nyob rau hauv Eastern Byzantium. Lub Orthodox monasteries Mangup - lub peev ntawm Theodora, cov monks tsiv los ntawm lub roob monasteries ntawm Cappadocia, looting thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov yeeb ncuab.

Ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub xeev ua si rau cov Armenians, uas yog nyob ntawm lub nroog ntawm Ani, tsawm nyob rau hauv Theodoro, tom qab lawv lub teb chaws twb kov yeej los ntawm cov Seljuk Turks. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub teb chaws nrog ib theem siab ntawm kab lis kev cai, cov neeg tawg rog muaj enriched lub nqi zog nws centuries-laus nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm cov lag luam tawm thiab crafts.

Nrog lawv cov tsos, nws raug sab heev heev parishes ntawm lub Armenian Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv feodoritskoy thiab nyob rau hauv lub Genoese ib feem ntawm Crimea. Thaum lub sij hawm, lub Armenians tau ua ib tug loj ib feem ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm Crimea, Ntxiv no txawv persisted txawm tias tom qab nws conquest ntawm lub Ottoman Empire.

Tus sawv ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag thiab kab lis kev cai feodorites

Ntawm XIII thiab XV xyoo pua yog feem ntau hu ua lub Golden muaj hnub nyoog ntawm lub xeev no. Rau ob puas xyoo lub nqi zog Theodoro tswj kom nce mus rau theem siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov kos duab ntawm lub tsev, uas yuav raug luv luv lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm tau tsa tawm piv txwv ntawm nyiaj txiag, lub tuam tsev thiab fortress architecture. Lom zem ntau ua tsaug rau koom craftsmen, tsim impregnable citadel, Theodoret tswj kom ua qhov ntxeem tau ntawm sauv rov qab cov yeeb ncuab.

Crimean Theodoro nqi zog nto moo rau nws ua liaj ua teb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Viticulture thiab wine ntau lawm yuav tsum tau xa deb deb tshaj hauv lub xeev. Niaj hnub nimno soj ntsuam tho rau no ib feem ntawm lub Crimea qhia hais tias yuav luag tag nrho cov koom lawv twb pom cia caw thiab txiv hmab winepress. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, feodorites tau lub npe hu ua txawj gardeners thiab horticulturists.

Kev sib txuas lus Crimean lub xeev nrog Moscow

Nthuav qhov tseeb - lub Principality ntawm Fodor thiab nws princes muaj heev ze kev sib raug zoo nrog cov Ancient Rus. Txawm nws yuav paub tias nws yog los ntawm lub mountainous thaj tsam ntawm lub Crimea xeeb ob peb aristocratic tsev neeg, uas ua si ib tug muaj koob lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm peb lub xeev. Piv txwv li, lub boyar tsev neeg los ntawm Hovrina tsiv nyob rau hauv lub XIV xyoo pua los ntawm Mangupa rau Moscow ob peb cov neeg sawv cev Gavras dynasty txiav txim muaj. Nyob rau hauv Russia nws rau ob peb centuries tau entrusted tswj ntawm lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws qhov chaw ntawm pej xeem lub neej - tej nyiaj txiag.

Nyob rau hauv lub XVI xyoo pua rau tsev neeg no cais ob ceg, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov uas tseem cim nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm - yog Tretyakovs thiab Golovin. Tab sis qhov tseem paub peb Mangupsky Princess Sofya Paleolog, uas tau los ua tus poj niam ntawm Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III. Yog li, yog txhua txhua yog vim li cas los tham txog lub luag hauj lwm ua si los ntawm cov nqi zog Theodoro thiab nws cov rulers nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm.

Lwm yam thoob ntiaj teb kev sib raug zoo Theodoro lub xeev

Sib nrug los ntawm ancient Russia yog thiab tseem muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm lub xeev, uas muaj kev nom kev tswv thiab economic ties nqi zog Theodoro. Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub caij nyoog nruab nrab ua tim khawv rau nws nyob ze dynastic ties nrog rau feem ntau ntawm cov kev txiav txim lub tsev nyob ntawm sab hnub tuaj teb chaws Europe. Piv txwv li, Princess Maria Mangupsky - tus muam feodorskogo kav, los ua tus poj niam ntawm tus Vajntxwv uas kav Moldova Stefana Velikogo, thiab nws tus niam hluas tau sib yuav mus rau lub txais mus rau lub rooj huas tias trapezuntskogo.

Lub neej surrounded los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab

Nrhiav rov qab nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, unwittingly nug ib lo lus nug: yuav ua li cas muaj peev xwm ib tug me me roob nqi zog yuav ntev thaum nws xws formidable conquerors li Yedigei Tatar khans thiab Nogai? Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov yeeb ncuab muaj ntau yam hais txog zauv superiority, nws tsis tsuas yog ua tsis tau tejyam mus cuag nws lub hom phiaj, tab sis, muaj kev txom nyem hnyav losses, twb ces muab pov tseg tawm ntawm lub xeev. Tsuas yog tom qab ntawd, ib txhia qhov chaw ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv nws cov kev tswj.

Orthodox nqi zog ntawm Theodoro Crimea, kuj yog ib tug ntawm lub xeem thooj ntawm Byzantium, tshwm sim los ntxub thiab Genoese Catholics, thiab cov Crimean khans. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nws cov pejxeem nyob rau hauv qhov tau npaj yuav ua rau aggression, tab sis rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm thiaj li yuav tsis mus txuas ntxiv. Ib tug me me lub xeev surrounded los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov sab, twb ibtxhi.

Lub ntxeem tau ntawm lub ceg av qab teb ntawm lub Turkish invaders

Kuv pom tus yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv uas lub nqi zog Theodoro yog powerless. Nws yog tus Ottoman Empire, kiag li yuav los ntawm lub sij hawm lub Byzantine Empire thiab muab peb sights rau nws txoj qub zos. Invading hauv ib ncig ntawm Crimea, lub Turks seized lub teb chaws tau yooj yim, tau koom lub Genoese thiab lub zos khans ua nws vassals. Lub queue yog rau Theodoret.

Nyob rau hauv 1475 Mangup - lub peev ntawm tus nqi zog ntawm Theodoro, nyob rau hauv siege xaiv Turkish qhov chaw, siv tam rau cov tib rog ntawm lawv vassals, lub Crimean khans. Ntawm lub taub hau ntawm no pab tub rog ntawm txhiab sawv Gedik Ahmed Pasha, uas muaj los ntawm ces ua nto moo rau nws yeej nyob rau lub shores ntawm lub Bosphorus. Ntes tau nyob rau hauv ib tug tuab lub nplhaib ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, cov peev ntawm lub roob lub xeev muaj kev cuam tshuam lawv onslaught rau tsib lub hlis.

Lub tragic denouement

Nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub nroog tsuas yog rau nws cov neeg uas nyob, peb puas tus tub rog coj ib feem, tswj kom Moldovan kav Stephen lub Great, yuav ua rau cov ntxhais fuabtais Maria ntawm Mangup thiab li muaj nyob rau Theodora kinship. Qhov no pab pawg neeg ntawm Moldovans mus cia nyob rau hauv keeb kwm li "lub peb puas Spartans ntawm lub Crimea." Nws, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov neeg hauv zos muaj kev tswj kom defeat lub Ottoman cov neeg tseem ceeb cov vaj tse - ib tug tso kom muaj kab muaj kev ntawm Janissaries. Tab sis vim hais tias ntawm lub suav superiority ntawm tus yeeb ncuab sij hawm yog ib tug foregone xaus.

Tom qab ib tug lengthy tiv thaiv Mangup tseem nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm cov yeeb ncuab. Thaum ua tsis tau tejyam mus cuag tau zoo nyob rau hauv qhib sib ntaus sib tua, cov Turks resorted mus rau qhov tseeb tactics - shutting tag nrho txoj kev tus me nyuam ntawm cov zaub mov, lawv tau coj lub nroog thiab nws fortress tshaib plab. Ntawm lub kaum tsib txhiab inhabitants ntawm ib nrab ntawm lub capital twb tsis ntev lawm, thiab tus so ua qhev.

xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv feodorites

Twb tom qab nws poob Mangup thiab tsim Ottoman txoj cai, txawm rau ob peb centuries tseem Orthodox zej zog rau lub ntiaj teb, nyob qhov twg lub nqi zog Theodoro ua ntej. Cov xwm txheej no no, deprived lawv ntawm ntau ntawm cov yav tas los tsa lub tuam tsev thiab monasteries, tab sis tsis yuam kom tso tseg txoj kev ntseeg ntawm lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv. Xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov neeg uas thawj Inhabited nws sunk rau hauv oblivion xeev tswj kom lub zoo sawv ntawm Horticulture.

Lawv mus ntxiv loj hlob nplej thiab ua crafts. Thaum nyob rau hauv lub XVIII xyoo pua Catherine II muab ib tug decree ntawm cov nyaj ntawm tag nrho Christian pej xeem ntawm lub chaw uas zoo heev ntawm Russia, yog li irreparable tshuab mus rau lub kev khwv nyiaj txiag ntawm Crimea. Settlers kuj nyob rau hauv lawv cov tshiab teb muab ntxiv rau nyias lub teb chaws cov chaw - Don Azov Greeks thiab Armenians.

tsis nco qab lawm yav tag los

Principality ntawm Theodoro, lub keeb kwm ntawm uas yog tas rau kuv ob centuries, tau dim nws ib zaug-mighty metropolis Trebizond thiab txawm Constantinople. Ua lub kawg bastion ntawm Orthodoxy nyob rau hauv Crimea, lub nqi zog rau lub hlis tsis kam ua lub onslaught ntawm superior yeeb ncuab rog thiab poob tsuas yog tom qab exhausting tag nrho cov possibilities mus ntxiv cov kuj.

Nws ua rau chim siab hais tias cov feat ntawm fearless neeg yuav luag tsis tau ciaj sia nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm yav tom ntej tiam. Ob peb cov neeg paub txawm li cas yog lub npe ntawm lub Crimean capital ntawm cov nqi zog ntawm Theodoro. Niaj hnub nimno cov neeg inhabiting lub cheeb tsam, nws yog tsis zoo qhia txog cov heroic cov txheej xwm, ua si nyob rau hauv nws tsib thiab ib nrab centuries dhau los. Tsuas yog tourists mus xyuas lub ruins ntawm ib tug ancient fortress, mloog dab neeg hais txog lawv cov thiab nyeem ib cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus nyob rau hauv lawv cov yeeb yuj phau ntawv.