Tsim, Zaj dabneeg
Ezhov Nikolay: biography thiab yees duab
Raws li peb paub los ntawm keeb kwm, feem ntau ntawm cov neeg xa mus rau Fabkis cov nom tswv cajceg thiab cov muaj koob muaj npe tsev neeg mus rau lub guillotine thaum lub sij hawm lub Great xav tias tsam lawv nyob rau hauv lub 18th pua, tom qab ntawd twb tau lawv tus kheej tua pov tseg. Muaj txawm tias ib tug catch kab lus, tshaj tawm los ntawm tus Minister of Justice Danton, nws hais tias, ua ntej lawv txiav caj dab nws: "Tus kiv puag ncig devours nws cov me nyuam."
Keeb kwm rov nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm Stalin lub ntshai, thaum ib tug mob stroke ntawm tus cwj mem nag hmo, lub executioner yuav yog nyob rau hauv tib lub tsev rau txim bunk los yog tau txhaj tsis muaj mus sib hais, raws li tau zoo raws li cov neeg uas nws tau xa mus rau lawv cov neeg tuag.
Cov tiag tiag li piv txwv yog Ezhov Nikolay - Commissar ntawm Internal Affairs ntawm lub USSR. Cov neeg ntawm lub ntau cov nplooj ntawv ntawm nws biography yog teb los ntawm historians, vim hais tias muaj ntau ntau yam tsaus ntuj nti me ntsis.
cov niam txiv
Raws li cov official, Ezhov Nikolay yug nyob rau hauv 1895 nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, nyob rau hauv ib tug ua hauj lwm tsev neeg.
Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws yog ntseeg hais tias nws tus txiv yog Ivan Commissar Yezhov, uas tau yug los nrog. Volhonschino (Tula xeev) thiab tau txais kev pab ua tub rog nyob rau hauv Lithuania. Muaj nws tau ntsib ib tug hauv zos ntxhais uas nws yuav sai sai no thiab txiav txim siab tsis rov qab mus rau lawv teb chaws. Tom qab demobilization Yezhov tsev neeg tsiv mus rau Suvalki xeev, thiab Ivan tau txais mus rau cov tub ceev xwm.
thaum yau
Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm tus me nyuam yug ntawm Koli nws niam nws txiv tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv ib lub zos nyob rau hauv Marijampole County (tam sim no nyob rau hauv Lithuania). 3 xyoos tom qab, tus me nyuam tub txiv twb tsa tus neeg saib xyuas ntawm lub county Zemsky cheeb tsam nroog. Qhov no teeb meem muaj coj mus rau lub fact tias cov tsev neeg tsiv tsev nyob rau hauv Marijampole, qhov twg thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv Kohl disaccustomed 3 xyoo.
Ntseeg nws tus tub sufficiently kawm ntawv cov niam txiv nyob rau hauv 1906 xa nws mus rau ib tug txheeb ze nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, qhov uas nws yuav tsum kawm tailoring luam.
cov tub ntxhais hluas
Txawm hais tias Phau ntawv sau txog Nikolaya Ezhova taw tawm hais tias kom txog rau thaum 1911 nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Putilov Hoobkas li ib tug apprentice kws kho tsheb. Txawm li cas los, archival cov ntaub ntawv tsis paub meej tias qhov no. Peb tsuas paub hais tias nyob rau hauv 1913, tus tub hluas rov qab mus rau nws niam nws txiv nyob rau hauv Suvalki xeev, thiab ces mus yuam kev nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, rau tej lub sij hawm nws txawm nyob rau hauv Tilsit (lub teb chaws Yelemees).
Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 1915 Ezhov Nikolay ib tug volunteer mus rau cov tub rog. Tom qab kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub 76th infantry battalion twb raug xa mus rau lub North-Western Pem hauv ntej.
Ob lub hlis tom qab, tom qab kev txom nyem ib tug loj heev kab mob thiab mob ntsws kev raug mob, nws raug xa mus rau hauv lub tsheb, thiab nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 1916 Nikolay Ezhov, uas nws txoj kev loj hlob tsuas yog 1 'meter' 51 cm, tau raug tshaj tawm hais tias unfit rau cov tub rog kev pab cuam. Vim li no, nws raug xa mus rau lub rear Rhiav nyob rau hauv Vitebsk, uas mus rau tus tiv thaiv thiab dresses, thiab tsis ntev, raws li lub feem ntau competent tub rog, tau raug tsa clerk.
Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg 1917 Ezhov Nikolay yog nyob rau hauv lub tsev kho mob thiab xa rov qab mus rau nws lub tsev kom txog thaum pib ntawm 1918, twb tso vim kuv muaj mob rau 6 lub hlis. Nws rov mus rau nws niam nws txiv, uas nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub Tver xeev. Nyob rau hauv lub yim hli ntuj ntawm hauv tib lub xyoo Yezhov pib mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau iav Hoobkas, uas yog Vyshny Volochyok.
Pib lub tog hauj lwm
Cov lus nug uas muaj los ntawm Yezhov nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1920, nws hais tias nws tuaj koom lub RSDLP nyob rau hauv Tej zaum 1917. Tab sis tom qab ib tug thaum nws pib hais tias nws puas tau nws nyob rau hauv lub peb hlis ntuj 1917. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, raws li ib co mej zeej ntawm lub Vitebsk nroog lub koom haum ntawm lub RSDLP nyob rau hauv nws cov ibyam Yezhov coj xwb 3 Lub yim hli ntuj.
Nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis 1919, nws raug hu los ua hauj lwm hauv lub Red Army thiab xa mus rau radioformirovany puag rau hauv Saratov. Muaj nws tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug private ua ntej, thiab ces nyob rau hauv lub txib ntawm cov tub sau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv Lub kaum hli ntuj ntawm hauv tib lub xyoo Ezhov Nikolay raug tsa Commissioner puag qhov twg mloog xov tooj cua tshwj xeeb tau kawm, thiab nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1921 nws raug tsa tsoom fwv ntawm lub hauv paus, thiab tau raug xaiv los deputy lub taub hau ntawm lub tuam tsev agitpropagandistskim Tatar Regional Committee ntawm lub RCP.
Nyob rau tog ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub capital
Nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj 1921, Ezhov Nikolay sau npe sib yuav nrog Titov. Tsis ntev tom qab lub tshoob, tus nkauj nyab mus rau Moscow thiab tau kis muaj thiab nws tus txiv.
Nyob rau hauv lub capital, Yezhov pib tsiv sai sai nyob rau hauv cov kev pab cuam. Nyob rau hauv kev, ib tug ob peb lub hlis tom qab ntawd nws tau xa mus rau Mari Regional tog Committee raws li ib tug thawj tuav ntaub ntawv.
Ntxiv mus, nws tau tuav hauv qab no tog txaus:
- executive secretary ntawm lub Provincial Committee ntawm Semipalatinsk;
- lub taub hau ntawm lub koom haum department ntawm lub regional pawg neeg ntawm cov Kirghiz;
- deputy thawj secretary ntawm lub regional pawg neeg Kazakskogo;
- orgraspredotdela xibfwb qhia CC.
Nyob rau hauv kev tswj txoj kev xav, Ezhov Nikolay Ivanovich yog lub zoo meej performer, tab sis muaj ib tug tseem ceeb drawback - yuav tsis tso tseg, txawm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm uas tsis muaj dab tsi yuav ua tau.
Thaum ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Central Committee kom txog rau thaum 1929, nws siv 12 lub hlis txais kev pab raws li Deputy neeg Commissar of Agriculture ntawm lub USSR, thiab ces rov qab mus rau orgraspredotdel rau lub taub hau.
"Ntxuav tawm"
Orgraspredotdelom Nikolai Yezhov yog nyob rau hauv them nyiaj kom txog rau thaum 1934. Ces nws tig mus rau lub Central Committee ntawm lub CPSU, uas yog nqa tawm "cleansing" ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv, thiab los ntawm Lub ob hlis ntuj 1935 nws tau raug xaiv los tswj ntawm lub CPC Central Committee thiab tus tuav.
Los ntawm 1934 mus 1935 Yezhov sawv cev ntawm Stalin taws lub commission ntawm lub Kremlin thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Kirov tua neeg tshawb xyuas. Nws yog nws leej twg txuas lawv nrog Zinoviev kev ua ub no, Trotsky thiab Kamenev, ua tau tawm nrog Agranov tiv thaiv cov thawj ntawm cov NKVD Yagoda.
tshiab lub sij hawm
Nyob rau hauv lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 1936, Stalin thiab Zhdanov, uas yog nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub caij so, twb raug xa mus rau lub capital ntawm cov cipher telegrams nyob rau Molotov, Kaganovich thiab lwm tus neeg hauv Politburo. Nyob rau hauv nws lawv demanded kom taw Yezhov rau tus ncej ntawm neeg lub Commissar ntawm Internal Affairs, tawm hauv nws li tus Thawj Tub Ceev Agranova.
Ntawm cov hoob kawm, qhov kev txiav txim tau nqa tawm sai li sai tau, thiab thaum pib ntawm lub kaum hli ntuj 1936 Nikolay Ezhov kos npe rau thawj kev txiav txim rau nws department mus koom tus ncej.
Ezhov Nikolay - Neeg 's Commissar ntawm Internal Affairs
Raws li G. Berry, nws mloog lub xeev kev ruaj ntseg cov koom haum thiab cov tub ceev xwm, raws li zoo raws li ancillary kev pab xws li hluav taws kev tiv thaiv thiab kev tswj.
Nyob rau hauv nws txoj hauj lwm tshiab Nikolay Ezhov koom tsuj tiv thaiv cov neeg xav tias espionage los yog anti-Soviet ua ub no, "purges" nyob rau hauv lub tog, qhov loj arrests, deportations ntawm kev, lub teb chaws thiab cov chaw haujlwm kab.
Nyob rau hauv kev, tom qab lub peb hlis ntuj 1937 plenum ntawm lub Central Committee kom nws ua tej yam nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv lub NKVD, twb puas tau raug ntes nyob rau hauv 2273 ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws pib mus rau nqis los ntawm Yezhov NKVD kev txiav txim, lub cev rau hauv av, cim tias seb thaum lub xov tooj ntawm unreliable cov pej xeem uas yog raug ntes, kev tuag, exile los yog nyob rau hauv tsev rau txim thiab ua hauj lwm camps.
Thaum lub sij hawm no "feats" Yezhov twb muab qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Lenin. Muaj kuj yog ib tug xov tooj ntawm nws ua tau yuav ntaus nqi rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov laus khwb revolutionaries uas twb paub tas cov ntawv sau txog ntawm ntau sab saum toj ua hauj lwm.
Plaub Hlis Ntuj 8, 1938 Yezhov raug tsa ib feem-lub sij hawm neeg Commissar dej Thauj, thiab ob peb lub hlis tom qab thawj deputy ntawm lub NKVD thiab tus Chief ntawm lub State Security coj Lavrentiy Beriya.
disgrace
Nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis 1938, lub Politburo ntawm lub CP sib tham denunciation ntawm Nikolaya Ezhova, uas tau kos npe los ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub Ivanovo NKVD. Ob peb hnub tom qab ntawd Commissar tendered nws resignation, uas pom tau hais tias nws lub luag hauj lwm rau cov ua phem kev ua ub no ntawm "cov yeeb ncuab", uas nws mej nkag mus hauv lub prosecutor lub chaw ua hauj lwm thiab cov NKVD.
Foreseeing nws ntxhov raug ntes, nyob rau hauv ib tsab ntawv mus rau lub thawj coj ntawm cov neeg nws tau nug kom tsis txhob kov nws "xya caum xyoo poj niam-niam" thiab xaus nws tsab ntawv los ntawm hais tias nws yog "lub pogroms zoo cov yeeb ncuab."
Nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1938, "Xov xwm" thiab "Pravda" luam tawm ib cov lus uas Yezhov, raws li nws daim ntawv thov, tso los ntawm cov NKVD lub taub hau tes dej num, tab sis khaws cia rau hauv lub post ntawm neeg lub Commissar dej Thauj. Nws twb ua tau zoo los ntawm Lavrenty Beria, uas pib nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nws txoj hauj lwm tshiab nrog tus arrests ntawm cov neeg nyob ze rau Yezhov mus rau lub NKVD, lub tsev hais plaub thiab tus prosecutor lub chaw ua hauj lwm.
Nyob rau hnub ntawm 15th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm V. I. Lenina tuag, Yezhov yog kawg tam sim no nyob rau ib qho tseem ceeb tshwm sim ntawm lub teb chaws tseem ceeb - lub ceremonial lub rooj sib tham mob siab rau qhov no tu siab hnub tseem ceeb. Tab sis, ces ua raws li cov kev tshwm sim, uas kom meej meej hais tias tshaj nws txawm ntau tshaj ua ntej, sau ua ke huab npau taws tus thawj coj ntawm cov neeg - nws twb tsis xaiv ib tus delegate mus rau lub XVIII Congress ntawm lub Communist Bolshevik tog.
ntes
Nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis 1939, Ezhov Nikolay Ivanovich, uas nws biography yog zaj dab neeg txog ib qho zoo kawg ua hauj lwm takeoff neeg li no taw tes, cia li kawm tiav los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv, raug coj mus rau tus me nyuam. Cov raug ntes tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Malenkov lub chaw ua hauj lwm, nrog rau kev koom tes los ntawm Beria, uas tau raug tsa los mus ua qhov kev tshawb nrhiav mus rau hauv nws cov ntaub ntawv. Los yeej muaj nws raug xa mus mus rau tsev lojcuj Sukhanovskaya tshwj xeeb NKVD.
Tom qab 2 lub lim piam, Yezhov sau daim ntawv, uas tuaj nyob hais tias ib tug homosexual. Tom qab ntawd nws yog siv raws li ib tug pov thawj hais tias nws ua zoo li ib txwm pw ua ke rau qia dub thiab anti-Soviet hom phiaj.
Tab sis feem ntau, nws twb muab tso rau nws nyob rau hauv kev txhaum, twb plotting ib tug coup thiab neeg ua phem kev cob qhia, uas yuav siv tau los nqa tawm tawm tsam rau cov neeg ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv thiab lub tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis 7 nyob rau Red Square, thaum lub sij hawm ib tug ua qauv qhia ntawm cov ua hauj lwm cov neeg.
Cov kab lus thiab executions
Nikolai Yezhov, ib tug yees duab uas yog nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, tsis kam muab tag nrho cov nqi thiab hu ua nws tsuas yog yuam kev tus uas tsis muaj kev mob siab nyob rau hauv lub "tu" hauv lub xeev kev ruaj ntseg nruab nrog cev.
Nyob rau hauv nws cov nag hais lus nyob rau hauv lub sim, Yezhov hais tias nws twb nrua ntaus thaum lub sij hawm tshawb nrhiav, tab sis nws yog 25 xyoo honestly tiv thaiv thiab rhuav tshem cov yeeb ncuab ntawm cov neeg. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws hais tias yog kuv xav mus ua ib tug neeg ua phem nres tiv thaiv ib tug ntawm cov mej zeej ntawm lub tsoom fwv, nws ho tsis muaj kom txhij leej twg, nws yuav cia li siv cov txheej txheem.
ncej mortem
Hais txog qhov kev mus sib hais ntawm Yezhov thiab nws tiav yog tsis qhia. Qhov tshaj plaws xwb hais tias cov zoo tib yam pej xeem pom cov av ntawm soviets, nws yog ib qhov rov qab los ntawm lub qub npe ntawm lub nroog ntawm Cherkessk, raws li zoo raws li lub disappearance ntawm lub qub neeg lub Commissar ntawm cov dluab nrog cov pab pawg cov duab.
Nyob rau hauv 1998, Nikolai Yezhov twb pom yuav tsum tsis txhob rehabilitated los ntawm cov tub rog Collegium ntawm lub Supreme Court. Cov nqe lus raug nplua lub nram qab no muaj tseeb:
- Yezhov tau tsa ib series ntawm murders ntawm cov neeg uas tau raug displeasing rau nws tus kheej;
- Nws coj lub neej ntawm nws tus poj niam, vim hais tias nws yuav qhia tau nws txhaum cai, thiab tau ua nws zoo tshaj plaws kom muab nws ib tug ua txhaum rau ib tug ua los ntawm kev tua yus tus kheej;
- raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nqa tawm nyob rau hauv raws li qhov kev txiav txim Nikolaya Ezhova, nws twb puas tau raug ntes ntau tshaj ib nrab ntawm ib lab cov pej xeem.
Ezhov Nikolay Ivanovich: kev hlub lub neej
Raws li twb tau hais, tus thawj tus poj niam raug tua Commissar Antonina Titova (1897-1988). Qhov ob peb sib nrauj nyob rau hauv 1930 thiab twb tsis muaj cov me nyuam.
Nrog nws ob tus poj niam - Eugene (Shulamith) Solomonovna - Yezhov twb tau ntsib thaum nws tseem sib yuav mus rau ib tug diplomat thiab journalist Alekseem Gladunom. Cov tub hluas ntxhais poj niam sai tau sib nrauj thiab los ua tus poj niam ntawm ntev-lub sij hawm tog functionary.
Nws ua tsis tau tejyam yuav tsim ib tug ob peb nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm lawv cov me nyuam, tab sis lawv tau txais ib tug tub ntsuag. Tus ntxhais lub npe yog Natalie, thiab tom qab lub yus tua yus ib tug niam qhuav txiv qhuav niam, uas tshwm sim ua ntej nws raug ntes thiab tua ntawm Yezhov, nws twb tuaj nyob rau hauv ib tug menyuam ntsuag.
Tam sim no koj paub uas yog Nikolai Yezhov, uas nws biography yog heev raug ntawm ntau cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub xeev apparatus nyob rau hauv cov xyoo, Dorval rau lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov xyoo ntawm tus USSR thiab ua kom tiav lub neej raws li zoo raws li lawv cov neeg raug.
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