Euphemisms: piv txwv. Euphemisms nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab kev hais lus

Lo lus "euphemism" los ntawm lub Greek lub sij hawm complex, muaj raws ntawm ob lo lus: "zoo" thiab hais "lus". Nws yog stylistically nruab nrab kab zauv los yog cov tswv yim siv los ntawm peb es tsis txhob ntawm ib tug lus unit, uas yog synonymous, uas nkawd tsis paub, tsis paub cai los yog indecent hais lus. Euphemisms, piv txwv uas peb tuaj nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, feem ntau npog lub essence ntawm lub phenomenon, daim ntaub thaiv nws, piv txwv li: siv es tsis txhob "tuag" - "tuag" es tsis txhob "dag" - "hais lus qhov tseeb", cov kev hloov ntawm cov kab lus "cov nqi nce," "nqi liberalization" . Peb yuav hais txog cov atomic foob pob, siv lo lus "khoom".

Lub keeb kwm volatility ntawm euphemisms

Euphemisms, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov lexicon, yog rhiab heev rau kev kwv yees ntawm ntau yam pej xeem cov txheej xwm raws li "indecent" los yog "dlej". Qhov no piav txog cov keeb kwm volatility ntawm lub reservoir ntawm cov lo lus: li cas ib tug tiam nkawd euphemistic lub npe, lub nram qab no yuav tsum tau ntshai li invalid thiab doubtless tsis paub, xav tau, nyob rau hauv lem, euphemistic hloov. Raws li ib qho piv txwv, lub keeb kwm ntawm Fabkis lus thiab garce fille. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, thawj tsuas yog ib tug poj niam txuam gars, uas stands "me nyuam tub, me nyuam tub", ces - ib tug euphemism rau lo lus "niam ntiav", tab sis tsis ntev pib paub yuav ua li cas tsis paub thiab twb hloov nyob rau hauv no muaj nuj nqi, lo lus fille (ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb), uas, nyob rau hauv lem, , nyob rau hauv lub Fabkis lus hnub no yog tsis muaj lawm xam tau tias yog ib tug hloov thiab yog siv nyob rau hauv hlo li. Tej euphemisms nyob rau hauv ib tug hais lus ntau nyob rau hauv ntau yam lus.

Zoo ib yam li yog cai nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm tej yam tshwm sim ntawm cov tswvyim no rau hauv cov Slavs. Piv txwv li, lub Lavxias teb sab lo lus rau "niam ntiav" (piv kuj Belarusian, Ukrainian thiab Bulgarian "niam ntiav", Czech kurva, Polish kurwa) meant Ameslikas "qaib", thiab ces pib yuav tsum tau siv raws li ib tug euphemism rau tsis paub lus nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm wanton cov poj niam (piv Fabkis cocotte - thawj " nqaij qaib "thiab" ho "). Muaj kuj zoo ib yam li cov kawm lus Askiv euphemisms.

Kev sib raug zoo rau lwm txoj kev ntawm kev hais lus

Raws li ib txoj kev periphrastic, indirect thiab ib txhij softening designations thaj chaw ntawm ib tug kwv los yog txiav txim, lawv kuj muaj feem rau lwm yam kev hais lus kev kawm, nyob rau hauv particular nrog litotes dab tsi yog to taub raws li ib txoj kev qhia, lub hauv paus uas yog ib tug muab ob npaug rau negative ( "tsis unintentionally" "nebesspornoy" ) los yog offset tsis kam muab nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm lub hom ntawm tus tib nqe lus ( "kuv tsis xav hais tias koj hais yog lawm" - mob CF lub cev.: "kuv xav tias koj hais tsis yog lawm"), thiab lwm yam txhais tau tias - meiosis - cov txheej txheem ntawm kev qhia, cov essence ntawm uas - txhob txwm sis tsis sib haum koom haum .. Ensivnosti ntau thaj chaw ntawm qhov kev kawm ntawm kev hais lus, dab, kev ua, thiab lwm yam ( "Nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau hu ntse" - ib tug ua dag poj niam, "Nws yub zoo zoo nkauj" - qhov zoo coj).

Kev sib txuas lus nrog rau cov nomination

Evfemizatsii txheej txheem muaj ib tug nyob ze kev sib raug zoo nrog rau lwm yam - lub nomination. Qhov no yog ib qhov peb yuav tsum muaj tshwm sim uas hloov tib neeg hais lus ua si (lub ob - kev ntsuam xyuas thiab predication). Raws li cov kev cai, koom, puas siab puas ntsws los yog lwm yam yog vim li cas lub npe hu uas muaj teeb meem los yog tsis nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov paub cov khoom yuav tsum tau euphemistic los. Hloov tshiab npe yog vim hais tias cov kev xav tau rau daim ntaub thaiv los yog mus soften dua thiab dua lub essence ntawm dab tsi yog suav tias yog indecent, seeb nyob rau hauv cov kev cai lub zej lub zos. Muaj, nyob rau hauv particular, kev nom kev tswv euphemisms, ib qho piv txwv ntawm uas peb twb muab (cov kev hloov ntawm cov kab lus "nce nyob rau hauv tus nqi," "nqi liberalization"). Koj yuav nrhiav tau ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm tus neeg.

Tseem ntawm euphemisms

Euphemisms, piv txwv uas yog nws kim heev, muaj lawv tus kheej specifics. Nws yog manifested nyob rau hauv lawv cov lus essence thiab nyob rau hauv yam kev kawm feem ntau raug rau txoj kev no, cov cheeb tsam ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm tus tau txais lus nyob rau hauv cov cuab tam hom thiab cov hau kev uas lawv yuav tsim nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm lub ntau yam kev kwv yees muab los ntawm lub tuam txhab nyob rau hauv ib co euphemisms .

Lub essence ntawm euphemism

Evfemizatsii txheej txheem tseem ceeb rau nram qab no cov ntsiab lus nram qab no:

1. Peev xwm hais tias cov hais lus ua hais lus kwv li xws li, ib tug tib neeg hais txog ntawm uas yuav pom (nyob rau hauv particular ADDRESSEE los yog ib tug kev sib raug zoo ib puag ncig) raws li cov ntsis tsis tsim nyog, sharpness, roughness, thiab hais txog. D.
2. Xaiv cov xws tej yam tshwm sim, uas daim ntaub thaiv, daim npog qhov ncauj qhov essence ntawm no tshwm sim, thiab tsis yog ib txoj kev muag nws qhia. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kom meej meej nws zoo nkaus li cov piv txwv ntawm kev kho mob euphemisms vague semantically, e.g., "neoplasm" es tsis txhob ntawm lo lus "mob" los yog qiv los ntawm lwm hom lus (thiab yog li ntawd tsis nkaus ntshiab feem ntau) - ib lub sij hawm xws li "pediculosis" es tsis txhob Lavxias teb sab "ntshauv", los yog lwm yam euphemisms nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus, piv txwv ntawm cov uas yuav raug ncua.
3. Kev siv ntawm kev hais lus nyob rau hauv lub tej yam kev mob thiab lub ntsiab lus teb: cov kev sib raug zoo kev tswj ntawm ib tug hais lus teeb meem no thiab nws tus kheej-tswj ntawm tus kheej hais lus tham tougher, qhov ntau yuav yog cov tsos ntawm euphemisms. Conversely, nyob rau hauv tej qhov chaw nws yog tshuaj tsis zoo, muaj yog nws cov high automatism (socializing nrog cov phooj ywg, tsev neeg, thiab li ntawm. N.). Euphemisms, piv txwv uas peb tau muab tej zaum yuav hloov los ntawm "ncaj" los txhais tau tias.

xam nrog cov hom phiaj nyob rau hauv hais lus euphemisms

1. Lub ntsiab lub hom phiaj caum los ntawm kev siv xws lus hais tias - lub siab xav kom tsis txhob muaj kev sib txuas lus tsis sib haum, tsim ib qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv uas tus neeg hu yuav tsis xav tias seeb. Nyob rau hauv nrhiav lub hom phiaj no euphemisms nyob rau hauv "softer" daim ntawv no, nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau lwm cov kev ntawm nomination, hu ua qhov kev txiav txim ib tug kwv tej khoom vaj tse. Piv txwv li, raws li ib tug hloov rau cov lo lus "lag ntseg" siv "tsis hnov lus" es tsis "dig muag" - "qhov muag tsis pom", es tsis txhob "dag" los yog "falsehood" - "tsis muaj tseeb", lo lus "qaug dej qaug cawv" yog hloov los ntawm "qaug dej qaug cawv", "roj" - "tag nrho", thiab hais txog .. Ib tug euphemism uas txhais yog feem ntau tsis ntau teeb meem, vim hais tias peb ua nws intuitively, nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob pub rau peb sib txuas lus tsis muaj tsis xis nyob.
2. Nkaum, veiling txoj hauj lwm zoo - ib qho tseem ceeb lub hom phiaj, uas yog siv thiab cov no yog hloov. Qhov no yog raug rau ib tug totalitarian haiv neeg, dab tsi tau, piv txwv li, Russia txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub 1980s. Piv txwv veiled euphemistic kab zauv uas nkaum tsis kaj siab interlocutor yog kev nqis tes ua thiab lub tswv yim: tsis muaj tus lo lus "lub tsev loj cuj" - "lub tsev kawm ntawv", "tus qhia xwm" - "zoo-wisher", raws li zoo raws li heev heev kev kawm muaj nyob rau hauv thawj ib feem ntawm cov lo lus morpheme "spets" (tshwj xeeb cov neeg tsiv teb, tshwj xeeb contingent, spetspoliklinika, tshwj xeeb ceg, spetsraspredeliteli, spetskhran thiab lwm tus), "regulating los yog kev cai ntawm cov nqi" (lub ntsiab lus ua tau nyiaj rau lawv), "unpopular ntsuas" (se nce, piv txwv li) thiab lwm yam xws li euphemisms. Piv txwv ntawm cov lo lus thiab yuav ua lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, cov officers yog ib tug heev ob peb.
3. Yog tias tsis yog txhua tus neeg mob thaum ib tug euphemism tej zaum yuav siv tau. Lus Txhais ntawm lub yav tas, peb, cov ntaub ntawv yog tsis yog li cuab kev, txawm li cas los, thiab nws yog ua tau kwv yees. Euphemisms tej zaum yuav siv rau lub hom phiaj ntawm concealing los ntawm lwm leej lwm tus tias tus hais lus xav qhia rau ib tug lo lus uas peb. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, qhov no "encryption" yog tus txheeb ze, nws sai sai no yuav khees, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yog hais tias tus lus no yog luam tawm, thiab tsis muaj nyob rau hauv lub xov ntawm ob tog, thiab yog li ua muaj rau tus txhais lus los ntawm tej mloog los yog nyeem ntawv. Piv txwv li, nws yog raug rau cov ntawv xov xwm tawm, cov ntsiab lus ntawm uas - lub cheeb tsam ntawm cov tsev apartment txauv ( "Kuv yog ib tug ob-chav tsev apartment rau ntawm qhov peb-chav rau daim ntawv cog lus"), kev ua hauj lwm ( "xav hluas nkauj tsis muaj ceg rau them cov hauj lwm"), etc. Tus nqi ntawm euphemisms, thiaj li ua tsis tau. yuav underestimated.

Spheres thiab threads evfemizatsii

Soj ntsuam cov lus lus ntawm kev coj zoo / ua lwj ua liam, decency / indecency taw tes ntawm view teem rau tej cheeb tsam thiab cov ntxhais ntawm tib neeg kev ua si (raws li tau zoo raws li kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg). Lawv feeb xav tau nram qab no:

1. Tej yam muaj sia xeev thiab cov txheej txheem ( "Loose qhov ntswg" es tsis txhob "tshuab koj lub qhov ntswg," "malaise" (txog cov poj niam txoj kev coj khaub ncaws), "tos tus me nyuam" es tsis txhob "cev xeeb tub" thiab lwm tus neeg.).
2. Lwm yam mus rau "lub cev hauv qab" ib feem ntawm lub cev - cov khoom yog xws li hais tias euphemistic, indirect lawv los yog ntaus nqi nyob rau txhua hnub hais lus los ntawm feem ntau hais lus raws li ib tug tsis heev dlej (piv txwv li, ua dog ua dig thiab colloquial npe ntawm qhov chaw mos, "stick", "apparatus", "lub cuab tam "thiab al.).
3. Cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub sexes, "yuav nyob rau hauv intimate hu rau" raws li vernacular rau "raws li", uas yog muaj "kev sib deev kev sib raug zoo", thiab lwm yam ...
4. Txoj kev tuag thiab tus kab mob: es tsis txhob "mob" - "xav phem" es tsis txhob "Syphilis" - "French los ntswg", lo lus "tuag" es tsis txhob "tuag" thiab lwm tus neeg.

Uas yog ib tug euphemism - ib tug synonym rau lo lus, tab sis nrog ib tug tej semantic ntxoov ntawm lub ntsiab lus. Xai thiab Scope ntawm lawv cov kev siv, raws li koj pom, yog heev heev heev.

Euphemisms nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem thiab hais lus

Nyob rau hauv euphemisms ntawv nyeem, piv txwv uas tau qhia los ntawm peb feem ntau faib ntawm quotes thiab yuav tsum tau nrog los ntawm ntau yam metalinguistic comments. Tus sau yuav qhia cov npe thiab coj lawv nyob rau hauv thaum uas tig mus kab. Cov hais lus euphemisms kuj sawv cev rau ib yam ntawm cov stylistic txhais tau tias. Lawv cia koj mus txawv tus hais lus hais lus, nyob ntawm seb ntau yam tej yam kev mob, daim ntaub thaiv thiab nkaum lawv cov kev xa, yog tias tsim nyog, kom tsis txhob tau kev sib txuas lus tsis sib haum uas tej zaum yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub tam sim ntawd xaiv tsa ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev ua, tej khoom thiab lub zog.

Euphemism hloov dysphemism

Culture ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev hais lus tsis yog tas rau kev siv ntawm euphemisms. Sib nrug ntawm no, muaj dysphemism - nws yog phem los yog tsis paub los Ameslikas nruab nrab lub tswv yim nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav muab lub caij nyoog kawg no ib tug tsis zoo lub ntsiab lus, los yog tsuas yog siv lug txhim khu cov expressiveness ntawm kev hais lus. Piv txwv li, es tsis txhob ntawm txoj kev siv cov "tuag" ntawm lo lus "tuag", thiab es tsis txhob ntawm "neeg" - "muzzle" thiab lwm tus neeg.

Dysphemism thiab kakofemizm

Qhov no lub sij hawm yog siv tej zaum kuj raws li ib tug synonym rau lwm lub tswvyim - "kakofemizm". Lawv siv, txawm li cas los, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj rau incivility thiab ua lwj ua liam. Nyob rau hauv tsoos haiv neeg (eg, neeg Esxias) dysphemism ntau nyob rau hauv hais lus es Benefit nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim kom tsis txhob muaj lub siab phem lub qhov muag: tiv thaiv cov poj niam, cov me nyuam los yog nqi khoom. Feem ntau, cov kev pauv nyob rau hauv lub siv ntawm disguise ciam uas tau tshwm sim ntawm nws tus kheej-abasement paub cai thiab tej kev teev dab.

Peb tau pom tias tej yam raws li ib tug euphemism Myung dysphemism thiab kakofemizm. Lawv sawv ntsug rau tej yam uas thiab cov txheej xwm yog siv nyob rau hauv cov kev hais lus los ntawm txhua tus ntawm peb, peb ua tsis tau tej kev xav. Tam sim no koj paub tias dab tsi yuav tau hu rau lub Lavxias teb sab lus xws substitutions, thiab yuav tsum tau mus rau ntau consciously siv lawv.