Electron xwb

Hluav taws xob, hluav taws xob lub hwj chim, hluav taws xob tam sim no, tus nqi ntawm lub electron - cov lus txhua leej txhua tus paub.

Yog li ntawd dab tsi yog qhov hluav taws xob, yuav ua li cas nws yog ua thiab kis tau? Yuav kom muab cov lus teb rau cov lus nug yog tsis yooj yim. Ua li no, koj yuav tsum tau paub nrog ib tug loj ntau ntawm cov phenomena hu ua hluav taws xob. Peb thawj xav txog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lo lus "hluav taws xob".

Lwm BC Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws, zaum nrhiav tau hais tias tom qab muab tshuaj ntxuav cov khoom los ntawm amber rau lawv nyiam lub teeb lub cev. Amber nyob rau hauv Greek - "electron"; nws yog los ntawm lo lus no los lub npe "hluav taws xob".

Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov XVI xyoo pua British paub txog Gilbert nrhiav tau hais tias tsis tsuas tau cov cuab yeej ntawm amber nyiam lub teeb lub cev. Tej vaj tse mas yuav kis tau los ntawm kev sib txhuam zoo li ntau yam, piv txwv li, cob, iav. Qhov no tshwm sim yog lub npe hu electrifying. Substance kis ib tug frictional vaj tse los ua lub npe hu electrified.

Electrifying lub cev, zaum tau piav lub advent ntawm hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv lub cev los yog hluav taws xob xwb.

Hais tias lub cev yog electrified, nws tas tshiav; ua tau, piv txwv li, mus kov los ntawm tej yam yav tas los electrified kwv. Piv txwv li, kev qhia tau hais tias electrified lub cev ua los yog nyiam txhua lwm yam. Nyob rau qhov no hauv paus, peb xaus lus hais tias muaj yog ib tug txawv hom ntawm hluav taws xob xwb. Qhov no yog yam txawv rau txhua lwm yam nqi.

Ib txhia ntawm cov nqi tuaj yuav tsum tau hu ua conditionally zoo, thiab rau lwm yam - tsis zoo. Soj ntawm yuav ua li cas interacting electrified lub cev, qhia hais tias zoo li cov nqi yuav ua rau thiab tsis zoo li - attracted.

Cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi yuav muab ib qho hluav taws xob xwb, xav zaum rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm. Ua ntej peb lam xav tias lub fais phenomena tshwm sim los ntawm hluav taws xob kua muaj tsis muaj ceeb thawj. Ib txhia kws tshawb fawb tau pom tias txhua lub cev muaj ob tug hluav taws xob kua: zoo thiab tsis zoo, uas muaj ntau tshaj ib tug generates zoo electrifying lub cev thiab tshaj rau lwm yam - tsis zoo. Yog hais tias lawv yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv sib npaug zos nqi, cov nyhuv ntawm ob kua ua kom puas rau lwm tus. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub cev yuav mos txwv. Lwm yam zaum tau ntseeg hais tias muaj no tsuas muaj ib tug hluav taws xob dej, uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam nqi nyob rau hauv txhua uncharged lub cev. Cov seem nyob rau hauv lub cev nws cov ntaub ntawv ib tug zoo electrification, thiab cov tsis muaj - tsis zoo. Maj mam, li cas los xij, tus tsom xam ntawm tshiab sim tseeb yuam kom tso tseg rau hypothesis ntawm hluav taws xob dej.

Yog li, nws twb nrhiav tau hais tias cov hluav taws xob muaj atomic qauv, i.e. nws yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv qhov chaw, txhua tus uas yog ib tug thiaj li hu ua elementary fais xwb. Qhov no pub rau peb kom peb xaus, nyob rau hauv ib tes, ib txoj kev kawm txog hluav taws xob dhau los ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm cov ntsev thiab acids, thiab ces hluav taws xob kev tshawb gases. Thaum kawg, kev lawm hais tias lub elementary fais xwb hloov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm qhov teeb meem.

Sim kawm nqa tawm nyob rau thaum xaus XIX xyoo pua English physicist Thomson, ua rau nws tau mus qhib ib tug neeg particle khoom muaj qhov tsawg tshaj plaws hluav taws xob xwb, thiab tom qab muab thiab ntsuas nws cov magnitude.

Yog li, qhov tsawg tshaj plaws particle ntawm ib yam khoom uas muaj ib lub tsev tsis zoo xwb, hu ua electron.

Cov hluav taws xob them nyiaj ntawm cov electron - ib qho ntawm feem tseem ceeb ntawm nws cov khoom yog inseparable.

Nws loj ntawm m = 9,1˖10⁻²⁸

Lub electron xwb e = - 4,8˖10⁻¹⁰ units.

Electron - ib qho ntawm tus hais, uas yog ib feem ntawm txhua tus substance. Tshuaj muaj xws li atoms, uas muaj xws li cov zoo them nucleus thiab electrons, uas txav nyob ib ncig ntawm nws. Cov tsis zoo saib xyuas ntawm lub electron yog kiag li zoo tib yam nyob rau hauv tej yam khoom uas, li cas los xij, hais txog lawv tus xov tooj thiab tis ntawm nuclei sib txawv. Thaum ib tug atom yog nyob rau hauv ib tug nruab nrab lub xeev, qhov zoo uas saib xyuas lub nucleus yog sib npaug zos rau qhov tawm ntawm cov qhov tsis zoo nqi ntawm cov electrons uas tig ib ncig nws.

Feem ntau atom uas loses electrons; nyob rau hauv rooj plaub lub zoo them nyiaj ntawm cov keeb ua loj tshaj tus nqi ntawm them nyiaj seem electron, ces tag nrho cov atom yuav zoo them. Thaum lub cev yog zoo them, nws txhais tau hais tias yog electrons nyob rau hauv excess.

Lub suab ntawm electrons txiav txim seb tus redistribution ntawm hluav taws xob nqi nyob rau hauv tshuaj, zoo thiab tsis zoo electrification lub cev thiab lwm yam tshwm sim.