Diene hydrocarbons: qauv, isomerism thiab nomenclature

Diene hydrocarbons (diolefins alkadienes dienes) - nyeem hydrocarbons, nyob rau hauv cov qauv nyob qhov twg muaj ob tug ob bonds. Xav tshuaj qauv alkadienes raug muab faib ua peb yam: kuv ntaus - ib tug cumulated diolefins bonds (SN2SSN2); Hom II - alkadienes nrog conjugation (conjugated) linkages; ob bonds nyob rau hauv lub diene qauv yog sib cais los ntawm ib tug daim ntawv cog lus (N2SSNSNSN2); Hom III - dienes nrog insulated sib txuas (N2SSN2SN2SNSN2).

Diene hydrocarbons: general yam ntxwv

Ntawm peb hom dienes feem ntau txaus siab rau cov tshuaj lag luam hom II yog alkadienes. Siv electron pom tias lub ob bonds nyob rau hauv lub butadiene molecule ntawm C1 thiab C4 yog ntev tshaj li ethylene molecule.

Diene hydrocarbons: isomerism

Rau cov organic tebchaw yus muaj los ntawm ob hom ntawm isomerism - spatial (stereoisomerism) thiab yam ntxwv. Tus thawj hom - ntxwv isomerism hydrocarbon saw uas tej zaum yuav ncaj los yog branched. Qhov thib ob hom isomerism yog vim spatial localization ntawm atoms thiab atomic pawg ib ncig ntawm lub ob bonds. Yog li tsim nqi thiab cis-isomers dienes. Piv txwv li, rau ib tug molecular mis diene S5N8 muaj peb yam ntxwv isomers:

SN2SNSN2SNSN2; CH2C (CH3) SNSN2; SN3SNSNSN2.

Diene hydrocarbons: nomenclature

Rau diene npe siv ob nomenclatures - keeb kwm (eg, divines Allen) thiab IUPAC (International Union ntawm raws thiab Applied Science News for KIDS). Raws li cov IUPAC nomenclature, thawj hu ua diene coj alkane, nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm uas "en" yog hloov los ntawm cov tom qab "diene", ces cov nuj nqis qhia qhov chaw ntawm localization ntawm ob bonds nyob rau hauv lub hydrocarbon saw. hydrocarbon saw numbering yog nqa tawm thiaj li hais tias cov xov tooj muaj tus nqi qis tshaj tus nqi. dienes ntawm cov mis muab saum toj no IUPAC nomenclature yuav raug xa mus rau raws li nram no: 1,4-pentadiene; 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene; 1,3-pentadiene.

Muaj ib tug xov tooj uas muaj thiab cov kev ua sim diene synthesis. Lub ntsiab sawv daws yuav yog cov depolymerization ntawm tej yam ntuj tso roj hmab (qhuav distillation), txoj kev catalytic lub cev qhuav dej ntawm alkanes, lub cev qhuav dej txoj kev monohydric nyeem alcohols.

Butadiene - ib tug tseem ceeb raw khoom rau cov hluavtaws rubbers (looj, butadiene, styrene), raws li zoo raws li perchlorovinyl. Isoprene - ib yam khoom uas muaj ib tug yam ntxwv tsw. Thawj isoprene ua los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso roj hmab los ntawm qhuav distillation. Isoprene twb tseem npaj los ntawm lub cev qhuav dej ntawm isopentane. Siv los tsim cov khoom cua roj hmab, lam thiab uas muaj ntxhiab tshuaj.

Rubbers - muaj zog heev thiab elastic cov ntaub ntawv uas cov organic keeb kwm uas yog ua los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso raw cov ntaub ntawv (natural roj hmab) thiab hluavtaws txoj kev (hluavtaws). Lub hauv paus ntawm roj hmab yog diene molecule conjugation nrog ob bonds. Lub log tsheb generated thaum lub sij hawm ua cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov cua kub leej faj (vulcanization). Rubbers - ib tug tseem ceeb heev raw khoom rau zus tau tej cov log tsheb thiab hlab, insulating ib daim hlab, roj hmab looj tes, khau thiab lwm yam khoom siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, tsev neeg, domestic, kev kho mob thiab kev kho tsiaj.

Ethylenic hydrocarbons nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv muaj ib tug muab ob npaug rau daim ntawv cog lus. Tej zaum cov tebchaw raug xa mus rau olefins vim hais tias cov sab gaseous alkenes reacting nrog chlorine los yog bromine tsim ib qho oily compound, uas yog insoluble nyob rau hauv cov dej.

Acetylenic hydrocarbons (alkynes) - tebchaw, uas muaj ib tug triple daim ntawv cog lus. Qhov siab tshaj plaws nqi ntawm tag nrho cov ntawm alkynes yog acetylene uas yog tau ua los ntawm reacting calcium carbide nrog dej. Qhov no gas yog siv tau nyob rau autogenous vuam thiab txiav hlau. Acetylene - ib tug tseem ceeb raw khoom rau zus tau tej cov ethylene, ethanol, acetaldehyde, yas acetylene, acid acetate, benzene, trichloroethane, acrylonitrile.