Daim ntawv teev cov pob zeb nyob rau hauv alphabetical thiaj

Pob zeb yog minerals thiab lawv tebchaw. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua xav txog tej yam lub ntiaj teb no tsis muaj zaub mov ua tau txoj kev nws.

grading system

Faib ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm hom breeds yog muab faib ua tej pawg neeg. Txhob kaw distinguished:

• sedimentary;
• metamorphic;
• magmatic.

Tsis ntev los no qhia lwm peb cov chav kawm ntawv:

• plutonic;
• hypabyssal;
• volcanic.

Pab pawg yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv:

• qaub;
• nruab nrab;
• yooj yim;
• ultrabasic.

Yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua rau compile ib tug ua tiav daim ntawv teev cov pob zeb, noj mus rau hauv tus account tag nrho cov uas twb muaj lawm hom nyob hauv ntiaj teb, li ntawd, muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav ua ib qho kev sim rau kev teeb tsa cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov feem ntau nthuav thiab ntau hom.

Metamorphic pob zeb: daim ntawv teev

Cov tsim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab ntse endogenous dab. Txij li thaum hloov dua siab tshiab tshwm sim thaum tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom theem, lawv yog visually unnoticeable. Thaum lub sij hawm kev hloov, hloov cov qauv, kev ntxhib los mos, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tus thawj lub pob zeb. Tej kev hloov tau tshwm sim, koj xav tau ib tug zoo ua ke ntawm:

• cua sov;
• siab;
• nyhuv gases, kev daws teeb meem.

Muaj metamorphism:

• regional;
• Cov hu;
• hydrothermal;
• pneumatolytic;
• metamorphism.

Cov nram qab no yog ib daim ntawv teev cov pob zeb alphabetically rau pab pawg neeg no ntawm cov zaub mov.

amphibolites

Cov zaub mov raug tsim los ntawm hornblende thiab plagioclase. Tus thawj daim kab xev yog dej num raws li silicate. Dig muag, amphibolites - ib tug shale los yog arrays ntawm cov xim los ntawm tsaus ntsuab mus rau dub. Xim nyob rau ntau npaum li cas ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj nti-dawb lias Cheebtsam yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov mineral. Secondary minerals ntawm no pab pawg neeg:

• grenades;
• magnetite;
• titanium;
• zoisite.

gneiss

Nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv, gneiss granite heev ze. Dig muag, paub qhov txawv cov ob minerals los ntawm txhua lwm yam yog tsis ib txwm ua tau, raws li granite thiab gneiss luam los rau nws nyob rau hauv lub cev tsis. Tab sis tus nqi yog ho qis gneiss.

Gneisses yog muaj dav, yog li thov nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho. Minerals yog varied thiab zoo nkauj. Ceev yog siab, yog li lub pob zeb yuav siv tau raws li pob zeb sau ua ib pawg. Thaum ib tug me me porosity thiab muaj dej haum gneiss tau nce kuj mus cia kom khov. Txij li thaum yaig no kuj yog me me, cov kev siv ntawm cov zaub mov yog tau tso cai raws li ib tug ntsib.

shales

Ua ib daim ntawv teev cov pob zeb, cov metamorphic ntsoov hais lub schists. Faib xws hom, xws li:

• av nplaum;
• siv lead ua;
• talc;
• chlorite.

Vim qhov txawv qauv thiab tsim kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub pob zeb, nyob rau hauv tsis ntev los no xyoo, lub slate tau ua ib tug indispensable hniav khoom siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho.

Shales - ib tug es loj pab pawg neeg, uas ua li lub pob zeb. Daim ntawv teev cov hom npe uas koom siv los ntawm noob neej rau txawv hom phiaj (tsuas yog nyob rau kev tsim kho, kho, reconstruction):

• siltstone;
• zlatalit;
• serpantinitovy;
• gneiss;
• phyllitic thiab slates.

quartzite

Lub pob zeb no yog zoo dua lub npe hu rau nws lub zog, vim quartz yog tsim nrog rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm impurities. Tsim quartzite sandstone thaum thawj zaug ntsiab ntawm cov mineral quartz hloov thaum lub sij hawm regional metamorphism.

Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, quartzite pom ib tug khoom tsim. Nquag impurities:

• hematite;
• granite;
• silicon;
• magnetite;
• mica.

Lub richest deposits yog pom nyob rau hauv:

• US;
• Is Nrias teb;
• Russia;
• Canada.

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov mineral:

• kuj mus te, humidity, kub;
• lub dag lub zog;
• kev nyab xeeb, tej friendliness;
• durability;
• kuj mus alkalis, acids.

Philly

Tsis tsawg kawg nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov pob zeb yog phyllites. Lawv nyob ib nrab txoj hauj lwm ntawm av nplaum thiab mica schists. Cov khoom yog tuab thiab zoo-grained. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, obviously crystalline pob zeb, lawv yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug qhia tau schistosity.

Phyllites muaj ib tug ntaug sheen. Cov xim tswvyim - dub, ntxoov gray. Minerals phua rau hauv nyias slabs. Raws li ib feem ntawm phyllites tso:

• mica;
• sericite.

Tej zaum yuav grain muaju:

• albite;
• andalusite;
• pomegranate;
• quartz.

Rich deposits ntawm phyllite nyob rau hauv Fabkis, England thiab lub tebchaws United States.

Sedimentary pob zeb: daim ntawv teev

Minerals ntawm no pab pawg neeg nyob tsuas yog nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw. Rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov nram qab no tej yam kev mob yuav tsum tau ntsib:

• tsis muaj kub;
• dej nag.

Muaj peb caj subtypes:

• clastic sawv cev ntxhib pob zeb tsim puas pob zeb;
• av nplaum, lub keeb kwm uas yog txuam nrog rau cov transformation ntawm minerals pawg "silicate" thiab "aluminosilicate";
• biohemo-, chemo-, organogenic. Tej deposition dab yog tsim nrog tsim nyog daws teeb meem. Qhov no yog tseem noj ib tug active ib feem tsis tsuas me me kab, organic tshuaj. Qhov tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm ntawm cov khoom pov tseg.

Los ntawm chemogenic tso tawm:

• halides;
• sulfate.

Daim ntawv teev cov pob zeb nyob rau hauv no pab pawg:

• gypsum;
• anhydrite;
• sylvinite;
• pob zeb ntsev;
• carnallite.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj sedimentary pob zeb:

• Dolomite, limestone zoo li tuab.
• Limestone muaj poov tshuaj carbonate nrog admixture ntawm tib tus naj npawb ntawm inclusions thiab magnesium. Tsis muaj mineral ntau, txiav txim los ntawm lub muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qauv, raws li tau zoo raws li mineral kev ntxhib los mos. Ib tug tseem ceeb feature - nce nqi ntawm compressive zog.
• Sandstone tsim mineral nplej interconnected tshuaj ntawm tej yam ntuj tso keeb kwm. Durability pob zeb nyob ntawm admixtures thiab nyob rau dab tsi substance nws los ua phau ntawv.

Volcanic pob zeb

Nco ntsoov volcanic pob zeb yuav tsum tau hais. Daim ntawv ntawm tej khoom, xws li ntawm no cov zaub mov tsim thaum lub sij hawm volcanic eruptions. Nyob rau hauv no tso tawm:

• effusive;
• clastic;
• volcanic.

Tus thawj qeb, kuj hu ua volcanic pob zeb, muaj xws li:

• andesite;
• basalt;
• diabase;
• liparite;
• lub raj cua.

Los ntawm pyroclastic, uas yog detrital, rank:

• breccia;
• tuffs.

Yuav luag ib tug tag nrho alphabetical daim ntawv teev cov volcanic pob zeb hom:

• anorthosite;
• granite;
• gabbro;
• diorite;
• dunite;
• Komati;
• latites;
• monzonite;
• obsidian;
• pegmatite;
• peridotite;
• perlite;
• pumice;
• rhyolite;
• syenite;
• tonalite;
• petrosilex;
• slag.

organic pob zeb

Los ntawm cov seem ntawm nyob tej yam uas yog tsim los ntawm cov organic pob zeb, daim ntawv teev cov uas yog rightly pib nrog rau feem ntau tseem ceeb cov ntaub ntawv uas - cwj mem av dawb. Cov pob zeb mus rau lub twb sib tham saum toj no sedimentary pab pawg neeg thiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm applicability los daws kom tau ntau yam tib neeg paub tab, tab sis kuj raws li ib tug nplua nuj archaeological khoom.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj subspecies ntawm no hom ntawm cov pob zeb - cwj mem av dawb. Nws yog dav paub thiab nquag siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub: nws yog sau nyob rau hauv cov laug cam nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv.

Mel tsim calcite, uas muaj yav tas los muaj tus neeg zoo li nyob rau hauv ancient seas coccolithophorids algae. Cov no yog cov me me kab nyob rau hauv abundance inhabiting lub ntiaj teb ib puas lab lub xyoo dhau los. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, lub algae yuav ua luam dej dawb do thoob plaws hauv lub loj heev ib ncig ntawm lub sov hiav txwv. Tuag, me kab ntog mus rau hauv qab, txoj kev ua ib tug tuab txheej. Tej cheeb tsam yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv tso ntawm sediments, muaj pua pua ntawm meters nyob rau hauv thickness thiab tshaj. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws paub yog cov cwj mem av dawb toj:

• Volga;
• Fabkis;
• English.

Los ntawm kev kawm rau hauv lub Cretaceous pob zeb, zaum tau pom ib co kua nplaum ntawm lawv:

• hiav txwv urchins;
• shellfish;
• lub paj rwb.

Raws li ib tug txoj cai, cov inclusions - tsuas yog ib tug ob peb feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov tshawb cwj mem av dawb, yog li ntawd tej cheebtsam tsis cuam tshuam rau ciaj ciam ntawm lub yug. Tom qab kev kawm lub Cretaceous deposits, lub geologist lijchoj cov lus qhia txog:

• muaj hnub nyoog ib yam tsiaj;
• cov dej kem uas yog muaj ua ntej;
• tshwj xeeb tej yam kev mob uas yav tas los muaj nyob rau hauv lub tshawb nrhiav.

Igneous pob zeb

Nyob rau hauv magmatism yog feem ntau to taub raws li lub totality ntawm phenomena tshwm sim los ntawm lub magma thiab cov kev ua ub. Magma - ib tug silicate qhuav, lawm tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov kua daim ntawv, nyob ze rau qhov hluav taws kub. Raws li ib feem ntawm lub magma muaj yog ib tug feem pua ntawm volatile ntsiab. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, muaj hom:

• uas tsis yog-silicate;
• nizkosilikatnye.

Thaum lub magma cools thiab crystallizes, muaj igneous pob zeb. Lawv kuj hu ua igneous.

Faib tsiaj:

• sab;
• effezivnye.

Thawj tsim ntawm tob, thiab lub thib ob - thaum lub sij hawm uas, xws li ncaj qha mus rau lub ntiaj chaw nto.

Feem ntau raws li ib feem ntawm lub magma muaj ib tug ntau yam ntawm pob zeb, melted thiab tov nrog cov silicate loj. Qhov no provoked:

• raising qhov kub thiab txias nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb yog thicker;
• pumped siab;
• ua ke nrog ntawm yam.

Lub classic version ntawm magmatic pob zeb - granite. Twb nws heev lub npe nyob rau hauv Latin - "hluav taws" txhais hais tias yug nyob rau hauv nws cov thawj lub xeev yog tsis tshua muaj neeg kub. Granite yog co menyuam tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm nws kev tsis (qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog incredibly check), tab sis kuj vim hais tias ntawm txoj kev zoo nkauj, vim crystalline inclusions.