Daim Npog Qhov Ncauj Zelinsky: hauj lwm, keeb kwm ntawm creation thiab xyuas

Cov me nyuam los tu ntawm "stinking bombs" los yog tshuaj riam phom nyob rau hauv kev tsov kev rog nrog rau lub German nres nyob rau ntawm Ypres nyob rau hauv 1915. Ces, 170 tons ntawm cov tshuaj twb tso tawm, nws raug kev txom nyem mus txog 15 txhiab tus neeg poob txog 5000 cov tub rog ntawm lub Fabkis pab tub rog. Nrog lub ntiaj teb ua ntej tsov rog thiab cov invention yog hais txog universal txhais tau tias kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv cov tshuaj riam phom, uas rightfully belongs rau Russia. Qhov no daim npog qhov ncauj Zelinsky. Hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov lag luam thiab xa hluav ncaig birch tiv thaiv twb hais tias tiam ntawm Lavxias teb sab tub rog thiab tseem txuag lub neej, tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tsov rog tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv peacetime.

feem teeb meem

Yog muaj lus nug ntawm cov keeb kwm cuab yeej cuab tam thiab ua ib tug tho qhib hnub no. Tseeb, xibfwb thiab inventor ntawm cov roj daim npog qhov ncauj Zelinskiy Nikolay Dmitrievich (1861 - 1953) yog ntshai li tsis dawb huv los tiv thaiv ib tug patent rau nws invention, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws tsim ib tug qauv ntawm cov txau chloropicrin - ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj lom ua hauj lawm ntawm lub imperialist tsov rog. Thiab yog hais tias nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub XX xyoo pua rau lo lus nug ntawm Lavxias teb sab roj daim npog qhov ncauj championship invention (daim npog qhov ncauj Zelinsky - Kummanta) yog purely ideological, niaj hnub no nws tau nrhiav cov kev kawm muaj nuj nqis. Thiab xav txog seb tus ce tiv thaiv tus kab mob plague Venetian daim npog qhov ncauj tsab lo lus nug rhetorical.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv: tsov kev rog thiab kev sib haum xeeb

Muaj pov thawj hais tias qhov yooj ntawm ancient Greece siv ib daim npog qhov ncauj nrog ib lub lim ntawm qhuav tshuaj ntsuab. Arab Banu Musa cov kwv tij, tseem ceeb kws tshawb fawb ntawm Baghdad IV xyoo pua, los mus tiv thaiv lom ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm kev khawb qhov dej. Yees ua ib lub kev ntaus ntawv yog heev uas zoo sib xws mus rau ib tug daim npog qhov ncauj. Nws twb stitched daim npog qhov ncauj nrog lim hloov. Txawm hais tias lim ntaub ntawv kuj ua los ntawm qhuav tshuaj ntsuab, lawv twb zoo heev rau lub neej tshiab nimno tshuaj tiv thaiv txhais tau tias.

Nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog, nrog rau cov tshwm sim los ntawm ib phaum mob ntawm tus mob plague mob kev nkeeg thiab txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm miasms (substance siab phem rau tib neeg) thiab CONTAG (toxic hais kis tau los ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab los ntawm kev ua pa), muaj ib tug Venetian Anti cov khoom siv. Qhov no cloak thiab hnab looj tes soaked nyob rau hauv ib, thiab "kaus ncauj", uas yog nyob rau hauv cog cov ntxaij lim dej.

Nyob rau hauv 1799 muaj ib lub daim npog qhov ncauj ntawm Alexander von Humboldt, rau filtering thiab purification ntawm kuv gases thiab tiv thaiv qhov yooj.

Tab sis cov thawj patent rau ib tug roj daim npog qhov ncauj twb muab rau Lewis Haslett nyob rau hauv 1849 nyob rau hauv Kentucky, USA. Meant apparatus rau yooj lim tau txais kev pab tuab ntaub ntawm wool, lub valve ua tsis taus pa twb muab.

Thaum lub gilded dome ntawm St. Ixaj tus Cathedral nyob rau hauv 1838 nyob rau hauv Saint - Petersburg tua 60 masters, lawv tsis txuag qhov ncauj qhov ntswg Yeeb Nkab. Lawv ua los ntawm lub khob nrog ib tug hose thiab yuav tsum tau muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm mercury vapor. Tab sis tus tsim tau tsis tau sib khi, thiab hais tias yog qhov ua rau ntawm kev qaug tshuaj lom neeg ua hauj lwm.

Thee li ib tug adsorbent

John Stengauz nyob rau hauv 1854 yees ua ib lub ncauj, uas tau los ua tus tseem ceeb adsorbent charcoal. Nws yog ib tug ob txheej daim npog qhov ncauj, uas tau muab tso rau nruab nrab ntawm txheej ntawm sorbent - hluav ncaig hmoov.

Associate ntawm Mikhail Lomonosov, academician ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences Iogann Tobias Lovitz npaj rau kev siv ntawm birch hluav ncaig rau dej purification, kev tiv thaiv los ntawm lwj nqaij.

Zelinsky tus nqis yog hais tias nws thawj siv raws li ib tug scavenger tshuab txais carbon - carbon nrog nce adsorption muaj peev xwm. Ib tug qhia tshwj xeeb uas npaj cov thee yog 1,500 sq. meters ntawm ntxeem tau nto rau 1 cubic centimeter.

Adsorbent ntxiv ceev ceev sib npaug zos daim npog qhov ncauj Zelinsky

Lub keeb kwm ntawm qhov no txhais tau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog txuas nrog rau lwm tus lub npe, rightfully tau los ua tus thib ob lub npe nyob rau hauv ib tug roj daim npog qhov ncauj - Emond Kummanta, Technologist ntawm lub Hoobkas "Daim duab peb sab".

Lub UK Patent Office tau tso patent rau Emond Kummantu lub invention ntawm tus thawj daim npog qhov ncauj. Ntawd daim npog qhov ncauj yog kaw ntom nti thiab yog khi rau lub ntsej muag rua lawv los ntawm lub slightest kev sib cuag nrog tej yam tshuaj lom nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij.

Positional imperialist tsov rog yuam tus yeeb ncuab mus nrhiav txoj kev ua rog nrog txoj kev siv cov tshuaj lom tshuaj. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog yuav nrhiav kev tiv thaiv, xws li cov ntxaij lim dej universal thiab txhim khu kev qha kev tiv thaiv daim npog qhov ncauj. Nws yog xws li ib tug tshuaj rau tau ntshai daim npog qhov ncauj.

Daim Npog Qhov Ncauj Zelinsky: qauv

Muaj peb prototypes - Petrograd, Moscow thiab lub official.

Tus thawj, nyob rau hauv 1915, nkag mus hauv kev pab Petrograd daim npog qhov ncauj qauv. Kaus mom hlau arrayed rau ib lub thawv daim npog qhov ncauj muaj ob tug hauv qab lub thawv loj 200: 80: 50 millimeters. Lower qab nrog rau sab saum toj kaw nrog ib tug cork rau hauv lub Upper qhov ncauj ntawm tus tib yog soldered, tab sis ntau. Nruab nrab ntawm lawv yog ib tug hlau mesh nrog ib tug txheej ntawm gauze on ob sab. Nruab nrab ntawm lub gauze ncoo twb muab tso rau 3-6 hli granular tshuab txais carbon. Lim volume yog 700 cc. cm, ntev - 174 hli. Box tiv thaiv hau ntawm tin. Lub daim npog qhov ncauj yog ib tug txiv kab ntxwv lub thawv tau txuas daim kab xev.

Moscow qauv nkag mus hauv kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv 1916 thiab yog ib tug me me lub thawv nrog ib lub voj qe. Lub volume ntawm cov pa roj carbon lim los ua 1,000 cubic centimeters.

Txawm li cas los, soj ntsuam tau pom qhov yuav tsum tau los mus txhim kho. Thiab muaj ib tug thib peb version ntawm lub daim npog qhov ncauj Zelinsky - lub hom breech anti-roj nroj tsuag. Nws yog ib tug me ntsis luv luv tshaj yav dhau los ib tug, muaj ib tug elliptical box.

Kuaj pab kiag li lawm

Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog roj daim npog qhov ncauj Zelinsky - Kummanta nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no 2016. Tsis pub dhau ob lub xyoos ntawm tsov rog Russia tau ua ntau tshaj li 11 lab daim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv.

Approbation daim npog qhov ncauj Zelinsky coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub battlefield ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua ntej ua tsov ua rog. Tests saib xyuas tus menyuam kawm ntawv N. D. Zelinskogo Nikolai Shilov. Nws yog nws leej twg tswv yim mus rau cov xibfwb fawm kib cov lim. Nws yus tus kheej li thiab tsom xam kom paub tseeb lub efficiency cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv mobile lub chaw soj nstuam, raws li zoo raws li lub koom haum ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv rau cov neeg ntawm Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog, uas nqa tawm kev siv ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov khoom kev kawm - daim npog qhov ncauj Zelinsky. Keeb kwm tau pov thawj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsis muaj xim rau lawv los ntawm qhov hais kom ua.

Zoo thiab tsis zoo

Cov tau kev tu rau saum huab cua los ntawm ntau yam tshuaj lom thiab tus foundations ntawm ib qho zoo tagnrho adsorbent - cov kuj tshawb pom hais tias ua cov xibfwb ND Zelinsky. Ncauj nws invention thaum lub sij hawm ntawm tshwm sim twb tsis muaj analogs nyob rau hauv lub ntxeem tau dej khoom. Ib tug tshiab hom lim uas Lavxias teb sab roj daim npog qhov ncauj yog tsis heev tab sis zoo.

Tus thawj daim npog qhov ncauj Zelinsky tau nws cov drawbacks. Cov no muaj xws li nram qab no:

• Nyob rau hauv ib tug kev sib ntaus los qhov teeb meem no daim npog qhov ncauj box cuam tshuam nrog kev sib hloov ntawm lub taub hau;
• Ua ntej siv, muaj ib tug xav tau rau ib tug purge, uas tub ceevxwm hauv lub hnav khaub ncaws.
• Misting, uas ua rau nws tsis yooj yim Orienteering;
• Txo mloog thiab cov impossibility ntawm muab kev txiav txim los ntawm tus xov tooj;
• Illiteracy Lavxias teb sab tub rog uas mus tsis taus nyeem cov lus qhia ua ntej yuav siv.

Qhov ncauj qhov ntswg ntawm tsov rog

Lub teb chaws - neeg koom ntawm lub imperialist tsov rog tsis sawv ib sab, los txhim kho cov txhais tau tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Fabkis daim npog qhov ncauj Jules Tissot, piv txwv li, tiv kev txom nyem ntau tshaj plaub kilograms, lub thawv twb muab tso rau hauv rov qab, thiab lub absorber ua caustic dej qab zib, tov nrog ntoo wool thiab hlau filings. Tag nrho cov no yog noo nrog xab npum, glycerin thiab castor roj.

Niaj hnub no, qhov chiv keeb ntawm cov niaj hnub roj daim npog qhov ncauj yog hais tias yuav lub British roj daim npog qhov ncauj qauv ntawm cov thawj lub ntiaj teb ua tsov ua rog. Nyob rau hauv tsos, nws yog tiag tiag zoo li ib tug niaj hnub sib npaug. Tab sis tej nuj nqis cov British, los yog cov Fabkis, los yog cov Germans siv raws li ib tug absorber ntawm carbon. British cov phoojywg Russia nyob rau hauv 1916 twb hais kom xa lawv tsib roj qhov ncauj qhov ntswg Zelinsky - Kummanta tshawb. Chemists teb chaws Aas Kiv tsis ntseeg nyob rau hauv qhov haum thaj chaw ntawm birch charcoal. Tab sis tom qab xyuas lub lag luam los ntawm cov pab kiag li lawm, tus phoojywg twb tsis tau tuav xibfwb Zelinsky.

Interestingly kuj lub fact tias cov tshuaj yog tsim los rau cov nees. Nws ntsia heev nthuav.

Nws tau txais rau nws invention ntawm xibfwb

Tshuaj Committee ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws yuav tsum yog ib daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb lub rooj sib tham rau cov puav pheej cov xibfwb rau nws invention, thiaj cawm phav phav ntawm lub neej. Txawm li cas los, qhov teeb meem raws li tsis muaj dab tsi, thiab tsis yog qhov kawg. Xibfwb Zelinsky tsis tau txais ib zaug xwb ruble ntawm Lavxias teb sab tsoom fwv rau ib tug roj daim npog qhov ncauj Zelinsky. Keeb kwm xib fwb, tsis tau txais ib tug patent rau nws cov cim cov lim, thiab tsis kam ib tug xaiv tsa rau lub Nobel nqi zog thiab tshaj. Tab sis nws co-sau, tus sau ntawm ib tug patented daim npog qhov ncauj E.Kummant kos npe rau ib daim ntawv cog lus nrog lub Hoobkas "Daim duab peb sab" thiab tau txais 50 xees rau txhua unit ntawm cov khoom xa mus los ntawm cov tub rog - muaj pawg neeg ntawm Russia. Daim Npog Qhov Ncauj Zelinsky ua millionaire Emond Kummanta.

Nws yog noteworthy tias nyob rau hauv Russia yog tsis muaj monument rau xibfwb ND Zelinskii, txawm hais tias nws lub npe yog hu ua koom haum nyob rau hauv St. - Pererburge.

Positioned, hais tias cov creation ntawm qhov ncauj qhov ntswg pib nrog cov kev taw qhia mus rau kev pab ntawm cov tshuaj rog nrog. Qhov no erroneous daim ntawv qhia. Tus thawj txhais tau tias kev tiv thaiv invented rau kev thaj yeeb lub hom phiaj, thiab tom qab lawv tau siv nyob rau hauv kev tsov rog. Cov kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov kws kho mob thiab cov neeg tu mob, cov kev siv rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm uas los rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog teeb meem tshuaj - cov no yog cov ntsiab tseem ceeb rau tej kev tshawb fawb kev ua ub no.