Cov nqaijrog: Qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog

Cov nqaijrog yog organic tshuaj. Cov macromolecular tebchaw yog yus muaj los ntawm ib qho kev muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab los ntawm hydrolysis decompose rau hauv amino acids. Protein molecules yuav ua tau los ntawm ntau yam kev rho los, muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv muaj xws li ob peb polypeptide chains. Ntaub ntawv hais txog cov qauv ntawm cov protein encoded nyob rau hauv lub DNA, thiab cov protein molecules synthesis txheej txheem uas hu neeg txhais lus.

Cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees ntawm cov nqaijrog

Nruab nrab protein muaj:

• 52% carbon;
• 7% hydrogen;
• 12% nitrogen;
• 21% cov pa;
• 3% sulfur.

Protein molecules - yog polymers. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav to taub lub qauv, koj yuav tsum paub li cas yuav muab lawv monomers - amino acids.

amino acids

Lawv yuav tsum tau muab faib ua ob pawg: lossi tshwm sim thiab tej zaum ces yuav tsum. Cov yav tas los muab 18 protein monomers amide thiab 2: aspartic acid thiab glutamic acid. Tej zaum kuj muaj tsuas yog peb acids.

Cov acids yuav tsum txwv kom muab zais nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev: qhov ntawm lub sab chains los yog them lawv radicals, kuj lawv yuav tsum tau muab faib los ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm cov pab pawg, CN thiab COOH.

Lub hom qauv ntawm cov protein

Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov amino acids nyob rau hauv lub protein saw txiav txim nws tom ntej theem ntawm lub koom haum, cov nta thiab zog. Lub ntsiab hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev sib txuas lus nruab nrab ntawm cov monomers yog ib tug peptide. Nws yog tsim los ntawm kev tshem tawm ntawm ib tug hydrogen los ntawm ib tug aminoksloty thiab OH pab pawg neeg ntawm cov lwm yam.

Cov thawj theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm cov protein molecule - ib theem ntawm cov amino acids nyob rau hauv nws, cia li ib cov saw, uas txiav txim seb tus qauv ntawm cov protein molecules. Nws muaj ib tug "cev pob txha" tsis tu ncua qauv. Qhov no dua ib theem zuj zus -NH-CH-npog yaig. Tej yam sab chains ntawm amino acids uas hais radicals (R), lawv lub zog txiav txim nyob tus yeees ntawm cov protein.

Txawm yog hais tias tus tib molecular qauv ntawm cov nqaijrog, lawv tej zaum yuav txawv los ntawm tsuas cov khoom uas muaj ib tug txawv ib theem zuj zus ntawm monomers nyob rau hauv cov saw hlau. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov amino acids nyob rau hauv ib tug protein yog txiav txim los ntawm lub noob thiab protein dictates tej lom zog. Cov kab sab ntawm monomers nyob rau hauv lub lwg me me lub luag hauj lwm rau tib lub muaj nuj nqi, feem ntau nyob ze nyob rau hauv hom sib txawv. Tej molecules - qub los yog zoo mus npaj thiab ua nyob rau hauv ntau hom ntawm tus kab mob no, tib nuj nqi - homologous proteins. Qauv, lub zog thiab zog rau yav tom ntej molecules raug nteg nyob rau theem ntawm synthesis ntawm chains ntawm amino acids.

Tej yam nta

Tus qauv ntawm cov protein tau raug kawm ib tug ntev lub sij hawm, thiab lawv thawj qauv tsom xam tso cai rau peb kom peb ua ib co kwvyees. Rau ib tug ntau dua tus naj npawb ntawm cov nqaijrog tsiag ntawv los ntawm xub ntiag ntawm tag nrho cov nees nkaum amino acids, uas yog tshwj xeeb loj glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, Glutamine thiab me ntsis tryptophan, arginine, methionine, histidine. Tsuav txhob yog cov xwb ob peb pab pawg ntawm cov nqaijrog, xws li histones. Lawv yuav tsum tau rau DNA ntim thiab muaj ib tug ntau ntawm histidine.

Qhov thib ob generalization: tsis muaj ntau cov qauv nyob rau hauv lub amino acids nyob rau hauv lub alternation ntawm globular proteins. Tab sis txawm nyob rau hauv lub deb lom ua si ntawm lub polypeptides yog me me tawg tsam ntawm lub tib lub molecules.

theem nrab qauv

Qhov thib ob theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm lub polypeptide saw - yog nws spatial txoj hauj lwm, uas yog tswj los ntawm hydrogen bonds. Paim α-helix thiab β-fold. Circuit Court ib feem tau ib tug kom qauv, xws chaw yog hu ua amorphous.

Alpha-helix ntawm tej yam ntuj tso cov nqaijrog pravozakruchennaya. Sab pawg ntawm cov amino acids nyob rau hauv helix ib txwm ntsib outwards thiab nyob rau ob tog ntawm nws cov axis. Yog hais tias lawv yog cov uas tsis-ncov qaumteb qabteb, muaj yog lawv grouping rau ntawm ib sab ntawm lub helix tau arc, uas tsim tej yam kev mob rau lub convergence ntawm txawv helical cheeb tsam.

Beta-fold - heev elongated helix - yuav nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv lub protein molecule thiab raug tsim uas nyob ib sab thiab thaum uas tig mus rau cov uas tsis-thaum uas tig mus β-pleated khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg.

Lub tertiary qauv ntawm cov protein

Qhov thib peb theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm cov protein molecule - folding qwj, folds thiab amorphous cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv ib tug compact qauv. Qhov no tshwm sim vim lub sib raug zoo ntawm sab chains ntawm lub monomers lawv tus kheej. Tej kev mus raug muab faib ua ob peb hom:

• hydrogen bonds yog tsim ntawm ncov qaumteb qabteb radicals;
• Hydrophobic - nruab nrab ntawm uas tsis yog-polar R-pawg;
• electrostatic txaus nyiam rog (ionic bonds) - nruab nrab ntawm pab pawg, cov nqi uas yog opposite;
• disulfide choj - nruab nrab ntawm cysteine radicals.

Cov yav tas hom kev twb kev txuas (-S = S-) nruab nrab yog covalent sis raug zoo. Disulfide choj ntxiv dag zog rau cov nqaijrog, lawv cov qauv yuav ruaj khov. Tab sis lub xub ntiag ntawm xws mus tsis tas. Piv txwv li, cysteine tej zaum yuav heev me ntsis nyob rau hauv lub polypeptide saw, los yog nws radicals yog nyob ze thiab yuav tsis tsim ib tug "choj".

Qhov thib plaub theem ntawm lub koom haum

Quaternary qauv yog tsim, tsis yog txhua txhua proteins. Tus qauv ntawm cov proteins nyob rau lub plaub theem txiav txim los ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm polypeptide chains (protomers). Lawv txuas ua ke los ntawm cov tib sib txuas raws li yav dhau los theem ntawm lub koom haum, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus disulfide choj. Cov qauv muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm protomers, lawv txhua tus nws muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb (los yog tib yam) tertiary qauv.

Txhua theem ntawm lub koom haum txiav txim seb tus yam ntxwv uas yuav pab tau protein. Tus qauv ntawm cov protein nyob rau thawj theem ntawm lub koom haum yog heev meej thiab txiav txim seb lawv tom ntej lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub cell thiab tus kab mob raws li ib tug tag nrho.

Lub zog ntawm cov nqaijrog

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau txawm xav txog tej yam yuav ua li cas ib qho tseem ceeb yog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov nqaijrog nyob rau hauv lub cell ua si. Saum toj no peb tau saib nyob rau ntawm lawv cov qauv. Lub zog ntawm cov nqaijrog yog ncaj qha nyob rau nws.

Ua tsev (structural) muaj nuj nqi, lawv ua lub hauv paus ntawm tej nyob cell cytoplasm. Cov polymers yog lub ntsiab khoom siv ntawm tag nrho cov cell week, thaum muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug complex nrog lipids. Qhov no muaj xws li cell division rau hauv compartments, txhua tus uas tshwm sim lawv tshua. Lub fact tias nws yuav tsum tau nws tus kheej cov nqe lus, ib tug tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm ua si los ntawm nruab nrab pH rau txhua txhua tus lub complex cellular dab. Cov nqaijrog tsim nyias cov phab ntsa, uas tau faib cov cell nyob rau hauv lub thiaj li hu ua compartments. Tab sis lub phenomenon tau raug hu ua compartmentalization.

Lub catalytic muaj nuj nqi yog tswj tag nrho cov cellular tshua. Tag nrho cov enzymes keeb kwm yog yooj yim los yog txoj proteins.

Tej hom kab mob zog (nqaij ua hauj lwm, lub zog nyob rau hauv lub cell protoplasm, ciliary flicker nyob rau hauv protozoa thiab t. D.) Yog nqa tawm proteins. Tus qauv ntawm cov nqaijrog tso cai rau lawv tsiv mus nyob rau daim ntawv fibers thiab rings. Cov thauj muaj nuj nqi yog hais tias muaj ntau yam yog thauj thoob plaws lub cell daim nyias nyias tej cab kuj proteins.

Hormonal luag hauj lwm ntawm cov polymers yog to taub ib zaug: rau cov qauv ntawm cov ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tshuaj hormones yog cov nqaijrog, xws li insulin, oxytocin.

Hloov nuj nqi yog txiav txim li ntawd cov proteins yog tau tsim deposits. Piv txwv li, valgumin qe, mis nyuj casein, cog noob cia cov nqaijrog - ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov as-ham uas muab cia rau therein.

Tag nrho tendons, ob leeg articulation, cev pob txha kom cov pob txha, hooves tsim cov nqaijrog, uas coj peb mus rau lwm lub ntawm lawv zog - txhawb.

Protein molecules yog cov receptors nqa cov xim paub txog tej yam tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv no luag hauj lwm, tshwj xeeb yog lub npe hu glycoproteins thiab lectins.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj yam tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv - cov tshuaj thiab cov complement system keeb kwm yog proteins. Piv txwv li, cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntshav coagulation yog raws li nyob rau hauv kev hloov nyob rau hauv fibrinogen protein. Lub puab phab ntsa ntawm cov hlab pas thiab lub plab yog hlua nrog ib tug tiv thaiv txheej ntawm txheej cov nqaijrog - Litsinija. Co toxins kuj nqaijrog ntawm lub hauv paus. daim tawv nqaij foundation, kev tiv thaiv tsiaj lub cev yog collagen. Tag nrho cov kev khiav dej num yog kev tiv thaiv proteins.

Zoo, kawg nyob rau hauv ib tug kab muaj nuj nqi - ntxawg. Muaj proteins uas tswj genome ua hauj lwm. Hais tias yog, lawv tswj lub transcription thiab txhais lus.

Txawm ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm ua si tej cov nqaijrog, protein qauv yog unriddled zaum rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm. Thiab tam sim no lawv yuav qhib txoj kev tshiab rau siv txoj kev paub no.