Tsim, Science
Biology - lub science uas kawm dab tsi?
Ib qho ntawm feem ancient, tab sis hnyav txawm hnub no science yog biology. Nws yog ib tug science uas kawm rau ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov xwm ib ncig ntawm peb. Tom qab tag nrho, txhua txhua hnub peb yuav ntsib nrog rau pua pua ntawm nyob creatures: kab, cov kab mob, kab mob, cov nroj tsuag thiab, ntawm chav kawm, cov neeg. Txhua lub cev nws muaj nws tus yam ntxwv thiab cov qauv ntawm lub neej, tag nrho cov sib thooj, los ntawm tej yam kev cai thiab cov ua nyob rau hauv ntau hom ntawm kev sib raug zoo. Tag nrho cov no thiab kawm ua xws li ib tug loj heev, exciting thiab zoo kawg thiab tiag science li biology.
Lub biosphere ntawm cov ntiaj chaw lub ntiaj teb
Peb ntiaj chaw yog inhabited los ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm lub neej cov ntaub ntawv. Lawv tag nrho cov kev sib txuas lus nrog txhua lwm yam, tsim ib qho plhaub. Nyob daim tawv nqaij ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Nws yog hu ua tus biosphere. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub biosphere, peb ntiaj chaw muaj cov plhaub li cov hydrosphere, lithosphere thiab cua. Lawm, tag nrho biomass biosphere plhaub yuav tsis tshwm sim sib nrug los ntawm lwm yam zoo li. Yog li ntawd, qhov no faib yog heev zwj ceeb. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, txhua tus lub plhaub yog li ntawm cov neeg sawv cev los ntawm lub biosphere.
Piv txwv li, lub lithosphere yog densely populated nrog cua nab, cov kab mob, kab, kab thiab tsiaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog nyob rau hauv lub qis ib feem ntawm nws feem ntau uas twb muaj lawm terrestrial nroj tsuag.
Hydrosphere, sawv cev los ntawm lub sau ua ib pawg ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov dej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb, yog feem ntau lub ntiaj teb no, zoo nkauj thiab nthuav nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm biomass. Cov huab cua no kuj tsis yog ib qho kev zam. Ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov kab mob, kab mob, kab, noog, thiab txawm tsiaj yog ib feem ntawm nws thiab siv nws rau mus tas li qhov chaw nyob. Raws li ib tug tag nrho, yuav luag tag nrho cov nyob yam (tsuas yog rau tej hom ntawm cov kab mob) yuav tau ua neej nyob tsuas nyob rau hauv aerobic tej yam kev mob, xws li nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb huab cua.
Tag nrho cov biomass biosphere plhaub - ib tug multimillion zej zog nyob beings. Thiab yog li ntawd qhov kev kawm ntawm cov tsiaj qus, biology, tag nrho cov muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov departments, yog cia li koom nyob rau hauv kev tshawb kom ntxaws ntawm no kuj zoo kawg lub zej lub zos.
Txoj kev thiab cov ntaub ntawv siv nyob rau hauv biology ua
Rau kev tsom xam thiab ncauj lus kom ntxaws thiab yooj yim saib ntawm tag nrho cov nyob tej khoom ntawm qhov, tshwj xeeb ntaub ntawv siv nyob rau hauv biology. Xws li:
- ib tug riam phais neeg;
- clamps;
- ciaj;
- ntsuas seev;
- cuab-stain;
- mortars thiab pestles;
- hlab;
- tais thiab Petri tais;
- dissecting koob thiab cov ntxhuav;
- tsom iav thiab magnifying tsom iav;
- ib tug ntau yam ntawm hom ntawm rub kom pom loj thiab thiaj li nyob.
Qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, tsis yog ib tug ua tiav daim ntawv teev ntawm tag nrho cov ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav pab tau biologists nyob rau hauv txoj kev paub thiab kev tshawb fawb.
Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj tej hom kev kawm uas siv biology thaum ib tug science. txog biology txoj kev varied, tab sis lub ntsiab ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm yuav dej num raws li nram qab no.
lom vib this
| txoj kev lub npe | ntaub ntawv siv | tswv yim tseem ceeb |
| menyuam | Teb Chaw muag mis nyuj, binoculars, siab iav, tshuab kuaj kab mob, yees duab thiab yees duab cov khoom thiab hais txog. | Tau ib tug quas depiction ntawm lub cai tus kwv tsis muaj cov teeb liab ntsais nrog rau tej yam ntuj tso dab, tsub zuj zuj ntawm pab qhia. |
| piav qhia | Khoos phib tawj, kev sau ntawv khoom siv thiab cov ntawv. | Fixation ntawm cov kev tshwm sim uas tau muab los ntawm kev soj. Qhov no txoj kev muab ib tug keeb kwm tseem ceeb rau lub preservation ntawm pab qhia. |
| xyaum ua tej yam | Kuaj cov khoom, tsom thiab thiaj li nyob. D. | Muab rau pem hauv ntej cov tswv yim qhia txog cov kev hypotheses. |
| kev sib piv | Literature los yog thwmsim rau hauv kev kawm. | Tso cai rau koj mus xaiv tau ntau tshaj qhov tseeb tshwm sim, thiab qhia tau hais tias tag nrho cov txawv nyob rau hauv lub neej, tus qauv ntawm cov kab mob no, nyob ntawm seb ntau yam. |
| Simulation (muaj xws li generalization, systematization) | Ntaub ntawv los tsim kom tau cov qauv ntawm cov kwv nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no. | Nws tso cai rau koj mus recreate daim duab ntawm lub dab thiab twv seb lub sij hawm. |
| analytical mus kom ze | Xab seev, computers | Nws tso cai rau peb neeg general qauv los yog txawv nyob rau hauv qhov thiab kuj muaj lub systematization ntawm sau kev paub. |
Niaj hnub nimno txoj kev:
| Centrifuges, tshwj xeeb rub kom pom loj, Petri tais diav, kab lis kev cai tshaj tawm raws li nyob rau hauv agar, tej khoom thiab pab kiag li lawm. | Muab ib tug muaj tseeb tsom xam ntawm lub me tshaj nyob rau lwm, muab tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov molecular theem. Cia kom cuam tshuam nrog lub genome thiab teem caij rau kev kawm cov khoom uas muaj sia nyob. |
Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, peb tau txais cov nram qab no tshwm sim. Biology - lub science uas kawm nyob systems yog tag nrho ua kom tiav, qhia ntawv thiab siv ib tug ntau yam ntawm niaj hnub technologies.
Lub ntsiab ceg biology
Niaj hnub no, txog biology muaj dozens ntawm los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kev kawm, uas raug tsim los ntawm nws vim tsub zuj zuj ntawm ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov feem ntau ilv teeb meem hais txog nyob systems. Peb paub qhov txawv yooj yim, dabneeg tsim qhov chaw ntawm lom science.
- General Biology.
- Noob caj noob ces.
- Tshuaj xyuas tsiaj txhuv.
- Botany.
- Lub physiology ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu.
- Anatomy.
- Tib neeg Physiology.
- Ecology.
- Biogeography.
- Biochemistry.
Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, txog biology - qhov kev kawm ntawm cov xwm. Yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov ntawm cov chaw no yog siv nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus teb ntawm no science.
General Biology: lub essence, tus kwv ntawm txoj kev tshawb
Nyob rau hauv no lub npe txhais tias txoj kev tshawb no ntawm qhov yooj yim sib nrauj ntawm lub neej ntawm txhua tus system: keeb kwm, evolution thiab rov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov xwm, ua tau hauj lwm. Li ntawd, cov general txog biology muaj xws li cov nram qab no:
- Cell kev tshawb xav thiab cov qauv ntawm cov cell.
- Lub ontogeny ntawm cov kab mob no.
- Molecular biology.
- Noob caj noob ces.
- Cov evolution ntawm txhua yam uas muaj sia.
- Ecology.
- Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm lub biosphere ntawm lub ntiaj teb plhaub.
Los ntawm daim ntawv nws yuav paub tseeb hais tias biology - lub science uas kawm cov universal yam ntxwv tshwm sim rau txhua nyob systems raws li ib tug tag nrho. Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm kev kawm qhia kev kawm biology nyob rau hauv high school, los ntawm 9 mus rau 11 inclusive. Thiab rightly li ntawd, vim hais tias ntawm lub tswvyim uas nws muaj xws li nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej, heev, loj thiab yuav tsum tau ntau tshaj li ib tug tsim outlook nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais kawm.
Botany nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv cov hoob kawm
Rau hnub tim, zaum muab tso rau lub xov tooj nyob txog 350 000 hom, thaum nws los txog rau lub ntau yam ntawm niaj hnub nroj tsuag. Lawm, qhov no daim duab yog siab dhau heev lawm, thiab cov nroj tsuag yog tshwj xeeb thiab nthuav, tsis tsim ib daim science uas tseem ua hauj lwm heev dua lwm yam nrog rau lawv cov kev tshawb fawb. Los ntawm no science thiab siv botany, txog biology seem.
Tag nrho cov nroj tsuag muaj peev xwm yuav muab faib ua terrestrial thiab dej. Tab sis qhov no tsuas yog ib tug heev ntxhib, nto cais. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, muaj ntau ntau yam taxa, genera, hom, subspecies, thiab lwm yam systematic units, uas yog muab faib cov nroj tsuag. Qhov no yog qhov essence of tsob nroj taxonomy, ib tug ntawm cov botany department.
Muaj kuj yog ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam departments, npog tag nrho yam ntawm tsob nroj lub neej:
- cog morphology;
- cog physiology;
- ecology;
- biogeography;
- phylogeny;
- evolution;
- Economic Botany.
Lub totality ntawm tag nrho cov sciences, raws li zoo raws li cov neeg departments uas yog ib feem ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lem, tso cai rau rau kev txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tag nrho cov ntawm tej tsob nroj kab mob. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav hais tau tias txog biology - qhov kev kawm ntawm cov nroj tsuag.
Botany kawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv cov hoob kawm biology ntawm 6-7 cov chav kawm ntawv, nyob ntawm seb cov kev cob qhia kev pab cuam. Yog muaj lus nug phylogeny thiab evolution qhia nyob rau hauv qib 11.
Tshuaj xyuas tsiaj txhuv nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv cov hoob kawm
Science kev kawm txog tsiaj txhu piav ntau tshaj 1350000 hom ntawm cov tsiaj qus. Feem coob yog invertebrates - kab, cua nab, hiav txwv creatures. Qhov no xam yog tsis kawg, vim hais tias cov kev tshawb fawb zoologists tsis txhob tso tseg. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias seemingly muaj tsis muaj dab tsi qhib thiab tag nrho cov tsiaj paub, tshwm sim tsis tseg mus nrhiav tus tshiab hom.
Tshuaj xyuas tsiaj txhuv - ib tug ntawm cov hiob sciences, uas muaj xws li biology. Tsiaj - ib qho ntawm feem ntau thiab ubiquitous nyob systems ntawm peb ntiaj chaw. Tshuaj xyuas tsiaj txhuv deals nrog txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov qauv (ob sab nraud thiab sab hauv) ntawm tag nrho cov tsiaj, lawv taxonomy, physiology, lub cev, ethology, ecology thiab geography.
Raws li zoo raws li botany, kev kawm txog tsiaj txhu seem yog yuav tsum tau rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lom science hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Nws hoob kawm ntog rau hauv qib 7th.
Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm biology ua nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub neej
Biology - lub science uas kawm thiab npog ntau yam thiaj li txawv spheres ntawm lub neej, uas muaj tsis muaj tsis ntseeg txog nws txoj kev tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb. Ntsiab piv txwv kom meej meej qhia thiab ua pov thawj nws, raws li nram no:
- Tsiaj txhu uas yog tiv thaiv kab mob mus rau mob cancer hlav (sharks thiab rays) yog ib qho zoo heev lub hauv paus rau kev nrhiav thiab qhib qhov kho rau tus kab mob ntawm cov XXI caug xyoo.
- Achievements microbiologists, biochemists thiab kev kho mob biologists cia tibneeg uas yuav tau tshem ntawm ntau ntau haiv neeg cov kab mob, nrog rau tus kab mob thiab kab mob keeb kwm.
- Biotechnology, cell thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic engineering ua rau nws tau los txhim kho ua liaj ua teb tsim tau thiab xyuas kom meej tias lub hwj huam tag nrho haiv neeg.
- Anthropological txog biology qhia lub hauv paus pib ntawm tag nrho lub neej, mus recreate daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no thiab kom tsis txhob yuam kev nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej.
Qhov no yog tsis yog txhua txhua lub vim li cas thiab yam uas tso cai rau koj los tham txog biology ua raws li ib tug tseem ceeb heev thiab tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub neej thiab kev xyaum ntawm cov txiv neej ntawm kev kawm.
Tshiab ceg biology
Rau hnub tim, ib tug tub ntxhais hluas thiab pheej chaw ntawm lom science yog xws li:
- biotechnology;
- microbiology;
- cell engineering;
- genetic engineering;
- molecular biology uas;
- biochemistry;
- qhov chaw kawm biology;
- kev kho mob biology.
Tag nrho complex ntawm cov sciences tso cai rau peb kom peb tuab tej chaw uas muaj feem rau ib tug nyob system. Yog li ntawd, txog biology - qhov kev kawm ntawm qhov nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw, thiab hais txog cov kev pab cuam hais tias nws yuav muab ib tug neeg.
Biology nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv
Biology kov cuam tshuam nyob rau theem ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm tej yam ntuj tso keeb kwm (Qib 5 cov ntaub ntawv kawm). Nws yog raws li ib tug raug nws pib nrog rau qib 6 (botany), Qib 7 - kev kawm txog tsiaj txhu, Qib 8 - lub cev, 9-11 - general biology.
Lub tsev kawm ntawv cov ntawm no lub science yuav ib tug ntau yam nyob rau hauv biology, uas siv rau zoo tag nrho ntawm nws cov ceg thiab khej. Qhov no yog ua li cas rau tsim ib tug coherent daim duab ntawm cov me nyuam xaav ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, raws li zoo raws li ib tug ntshiab assimilation ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej science nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub ntiaj teb no.
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