Antique cov ntaub ntawv. Lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub era ntawm antiquity

Lub sij hawm "Ancient Literature" twb xub qhia los ntawm lub humanists ntawm lub Renaissance, uas hu ua raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ancient Greece thiab Rome. Lub sij hawm twb fwm rau cov teb chaws, thiab tau ua synonymous nrog classical antiquity - ib lub ntiaj teb uas ua rau cov tsim ntawm tus nyob sab Europe kab lis kev cai.

Periodization ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm antiquity

Lub keeb kwm ntawm ancient cov ntaub ntawv yog feem ntau raws li nyob rau hauv lub kab lis kev cai ntawm ancient Greece. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nws muaj peb lub sij hawm ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob.

1. Tus thawj lub sij hawm no yog hu ua pre-classical los yog archaic. Literature hais qhov ncauj pej xeem kos duab, uas originated vim hais tias ntawm cov teb kev ntseeg. Nws muaj xws li tej zaj nkauj, hnoos li no, dab neeg hais txog cov tswv ntuj, laments, paj lug thiab muaj ntau yam lwm yam lwm yam uas hais dab neeg. Lub sij hawm thav duab ntawm lub thawj lub sij hawm nws yog tsis yooj yim sua rau pinpoint. Ncauj lwm yam hloov zuj zuj tiam dhau ib tiam, tab sis lub yees lub sij hawm ntawm nws kawm tiav - cov thawj feem peb ntawm qhov kuv Millennium.

2. Antique ntaub ntawv thib ob lub sij hawm occupies VII - IV nyob rau hauv. BC. e. Nws yog hu ua ib tug classic, raws li nws coincides nrog lub sij hawm ntawm tsim nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws ntawm lub classical daim ntawv ntawm kev ua cev qhev. Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, muaj ntau heev heev cov lyrical thiab epic tej hauj lwm, raws li zoo raws li luag, nyob rau hauv uas txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub loj loj pab ua orators, philosophers thiab historians. Nyias, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg V xyoo pua BC. e., uas yog hu ua kub. Lub hauv paus qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem ntawm lub sij hawm no coj tus yeeb yam.

3. Peb, cov Hellenistic lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm ancient cov ntaub ntawv uas txuam nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev ua cev qhev. Nrog lub advent ntawm cov tub rog-monarchical daim ntawv ntawm lub koom haum ntawm lub hwj chim yog ib tug ntse ntau yam ntawm tib neeg lub neej, uas yog fundamentally sib txawv ntawm cov simplicity ntawm lub classical lub sij hawm.

Qhov no lub sij hawm yog feem ntau kho raws li ib tug lub sij hawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv degradation. Nyob rau hauv nws qhov txawv thaum ntxov thiab lig theem ntawm Hellenism, uas tuav lub sij hawm los ntawm lub III xyoo pua BC. e. rau V xyoo pua BC. e. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no, tus thawj lub sij hawm tshaj tawm hais tias nws tus kheej ib tug Roman antique ntaub ntawv.

ancient mythology

Lub hauv paus ntawm ancient mythology ua li dab neeg hais txog lub ancient deities, gods-Olympians thiab muaj nqi heev.

Legends txog lub ancient gods yog cov Greeks thiab Loos ib lub sij hawm thaum haiv neeg ntawd matriarchal. Cov gods tau hu ua chthonic, los yog brutish.

Nrog rau qhov pib ntawm patriarchy gods pib mus nrhiav dua ib yam li cov neeg. Thaum lub sij hawm no, muaj ib cov duab ntawm Zeus los yog Jupiter - lub zoo tshaj plaws deity, uas nyob rau Mount Olympus. Nws yog li no lub npe ntawm tus Olympic gods. Nyob rau hauv lub view ntawm lub Greeks, cov creatures muaj ib tug nruj heev hierarchy, uas yuav pov thawj qhov kev txiav txim uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub zej zog.

Cov heroes ntawm ancient myths xwb twb txawv txawv cov neeg, uas nyob li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntawm mortals thiab gods-Olympians. Piv txwv li, yog ib lub npe nrov tshaj yog Hercules - tus tub ntawm Zeus thiab Alcmene li ib txwm. Lub Greeks ntseeg hais tias txhua tus ntawm cov cim muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb lub hom phiaj: mus ntxuav lub ntiaj teb los ntawm monsters, uas muab ntxiv rau Gaia.

epos

Compositions nyob rau hauv lub ancient cov ntaub ntawv epos ib hom ntawv nyeem sawv cev los ntawm cov npe xws li Homer thiab Virgil.

Homer - lub legendary kws sau paj lug, uas yog suav hais tias yog neeg sau ntawm cov hiob tseem muaj sia nyob epic kwv huam - "Lub Iliad" thiab "Odyssey." Lub chaw rau cov creation ntawm cov hauj lwm tau ua myths xwb, folk nkauj thiab legends. Tus nquab tsev epic kwv huam tau sau nyob rau hauv hexameters.

Virgil - lub Roman kws sau paj lug, sau ntawm cov legendary epic paj huam "Aeneid." Nyob rau hauv nws tus sau extols lub legendary keeb kwm ntawm lub Roman cov neeg.

Lub lyrics thiab cov ua yeeb yam

Ib qho ntawm feem nto moo neeg sawv cev ntawm lub lyric ib hom ntawv nyeem muaj peev xwm hu tau ua poetess Sappho. Nws siv cov tsoos lus dab neeg motifs, tab sis pub lawv nrog tiag tiag li dluab thiab haib cwj pwm txawv. Lug paub poetess tau txais thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej. Nws ua hauj lwm muaj xws li cuaj phau ntawv ntawm paj huam, tab sis kom dim tsuas yog ob tug puas kwv huam thiab lyrical nqe vaj lug kub.

Theatrical nrug yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau nrov kev lom zem ntawm ancient Greece. Antique cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub Golden muaj hnub nyoog ntawm no qauv yog sawv cev nyob rau hauv ob lub ntsiab lwm yam: xwm txheej no thiab comedy.

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub ancient qee yog ib tug opera. Nws tsim yog suav tias yog lub ancient Greek playwright Aeschylus. Nws tau sau tshaj li ntawm 90 plays, tab sis ciaj rau peb hnub, tsuas muaj xya. Ib qho ntawm feem nto moo xwm txheej ntawm Aeschylus yog "Prometheus Bound", uas nws daim duab yog tseem siv los ntawm sau ntawv.

Antique comedy muaj ib tug nom tswv kom pom tseeb. Piv txwv li, ib tug ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no ib hom ntawv nyeem - Aristophanes - nyob rau hauv nws comedies "Lub ntiaj teb no" thiab "Lysistrata" foom phem rau cov kev ua rog ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Sparta. Comedy "Riders uas" muaj mob criticized lub shortcomings ntawm kev cai ywj pheej uas prevailed nyob rau hauv Athens.

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov prose ib hom ntawv nyeem

Daim ntawv teev cov ancient cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv prose ib hom ntawv nyeem yog sawv cev, saum toj no tag nrho, Plato lub dialogues. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hauj lwm yog hais los ntawm txoj kev xav thiab kev sib cav ntawm ob interlocutors, uas yuav tsum nrhiav qhov tseeb. Lub ntsiab hero ntawm Plato lub dialogues yog nws tus xib fwb Socrates. Qhov no daim ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no yog hu ua "Socratic sib tham".

30 yog lub npe hu Plato dialogues. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog cov tswvyim hais ua dabneeg ntawm Atlantis, "tsiab peb caug," "Phaedo", "Phaedrus."