Teem lub "Grad": yam ntxwv, cov nqi thiab cov kev puas tsuaj voos kheej-kheej. Yuav ua li cas puas muaj tus system ntawm pov hluav taws "Grad"

Tam sim no, lub npe ntawm cov khoom thiab cov xov xwm TV nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo mus rau lub teeb meem nyob rau hauv sab hnub tuaj Ukraine, koj yuav hnov lub npe ntawm tej tub rog cov khoom raws li cov installation ntawm "Grad". Nta ntau foob pob ua ntxaij launchers impressive. Ntau missile davhlau 20 km muab plaub caug ntxiab hluav taws hlab nyob rau ntawm lub hauv paus "Ural-375" tag nrho-log tsav tsheb. Rau hnub tim, qhov no mobile system yog nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab nyob rau hauv ntau tshaj li 50 lub teb chaws. Thiab txij li thaum 1963, nws yog nyob rau hauv ib tug ua hauj lwm pab nyob rau hauv lub Soviet, thiab tam sim no cov lus dag nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog.

keeb kwm ntaub ntawv

Lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim ib co ntawm cov ntau yam foob pob ua ntxaij launchers nrog ib tug ntau yam ntawm ntau tshaj 20 km ntawm lub Soviet engineers thiab yuav siv sij hawm nws keeb kwm los ntawm nruab nrab 50s ntawm lub xeem tiam. Tub rog sib "Grad" yog tsim los hloov BM-14 system. Lub tswv yim yog hais tias nyob rau hauv ib lub tsheb loj chassis uas yuav yooj yim kov yeej nyuaj struts, maneuver kom tso ib qho artillery daim, packed nrog rockets.

Nyob rau hauv 1957, lub ntsiab foob pob ua ntxaij thiab artillery tswj (Grau) muab cov ntsiab lus ntawm reference Sverdlovsk tsim chaw khaws los tsim ib tug sib ntaus sib tua lub tshuab. Nws yog tsim nyog los tsim ib lub tshuab uas yuav haum 30 mus rau coj cov sib sib zog nqus reactive projectiles. Lub hom phiaj twb tiav los ntawm ua kom tiav ntawm lub foob pob ua ntxaij - cov creation ntawm nkhaus cylindrical nto ntawm lub folding tus Tsov tus tw stabilizers.

projectile tsim tawm tau xaiv RI-147, uas npaj ib tug technology ntawm manufacturing lub vaj tse raws li kub duab qauv. Nyob rau hauv lub patronage IB Ganicheva thiab nrog rau cov kev pab txhawb nqa ntawm lub xeev Committee rau kws muaj txuj ci Technology ua hauj lwm tau pib nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm ib tug missile. Kev loj hlob warhead projectile qhia GSKB-47, thiab propellant xwb cav - NII-6. NII-147 yog tsim plhaub nrog mixed stabilization: tus Tsov tus tw thiab kev sib hloov.

xeem

Nyob rau hauv 1960 nws ua hluav taws kub kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm lub dav hlau xyaw zoo li. Raws li ib feem ntawm cov nroj tsuag nqa tawm 53 thiab 81 hlawv - raws li cov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm lub xeev.

Tus thawj teb kev ntsuam xyuas tau ua nyob rau hauv lub peb hlis ntuj 1962 nyob rau hauv Leningrad. Grau tau faib 2 tauj tsheb thiab tsib puas rockets. Lub tswv yim npaj khiav ntawm 10 000 km nyob rau hauv kev xeem tshuab tsis puas tsuaj dhau tsuas 3380 km. Puas tshem tawm los ntawm nce lub rear chassis qag. Qhov no muaj zog stability ntawm lub tshuab thaum shooting.

Tom qab lub liquidation ntawm tus tsim shortcomings ntawm lub Council of Ministers twb teem rau cov kev pab thiab cov kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv lub 1963 installation "Grad", tus yam ntxwv uas nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo twb pom hais tias N. S. Hruschevu.

Lub serial ntau lawm ntawm lub BM-21 twb launched nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj xyoo tom ntej. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv 1964, nyob rau lub kaum ib hlis tub rog parade tsom cov neeg ntawm lub thawj installation. Txij li thaum 1971, lub export ntawm foob pob ua ntxaij launchers, thiab nws cov ntim yog 124 lub tsheb, tab sis los ntawm 1995 lub xov tooj ntawm "Grad", muag nyob rau hauv 50 lub teb chaws nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, muaj ntau tshaj li ob txhiab.

tsim

Cim kev sib ntaus los kev cov yam ntxwv ntawm "Grad" tau tau tiav nyob rau cov nuj nqis ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm lub complex, uas muaj xws li:

• launcher;
• Freight loading lub tsheb nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm ZIL-131;
• hluav taws tswj system.

Reactive unguided projectiles (inch 122 hli) yog loaded rau hauv ib tug artillery daim, uas yog sawv cev los ntawm tus ntawm cov 40, txhua 3 meters rau ib tug movable puag. Cov kev taw qhia yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv lub kab rov tav thiab ntsug dav hlau ntawm lub Actuator los yog manually. Cov kab kev los ntawm cov ces kaum nyob rau hauv lub kab rov tav firing - 102 ^nyob rau sab laug ntawm lub tsheb ⁷⁰ thiab txoj cai; nrog ntsug - los ntawm 0 mus ⁵⁵ °.

Lub chim channel yog txawm peem rau nrog ib tug ntsia hlau groove, uas, thaum txuas kawg lawm projectile kev sib hloov.

Cov kev ceev ntawm lub zog ntawm lub tshuab - 75 km / h, thiab tejzaum nws tsiv nrog them li. Lub tsheb ncua kev kawm ntawv muaj shutdown system uas eliminates qhov kev siv ntawm jacks txhawb cov riam phom. Tom qab lub pov yuav tam sim ntawd tawm txoj hauj lwm, thiaj li tsis mus ntaus tau los ntawm ib tug rov ua phem rau strike. Haum ntawm firing yog ua nyob rau hauv ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib lub tshuab tswj, ib feem ntawm lub roj teeb.

Thaum soj ntsuam cov qauv siv los ntawm lub dav hlau kev sib ntaus los lub tsheb, koj yuav saib tau npaum li cas cov nroj tsuag "Grad".

Leej taw qhia riam phom kwv yog tiav los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm sighting pab kiag li lawm: panorama Hertz txhua yam reticle thiab ib tug collimator K-1, uas tsub kom cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm kev puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm cov neeg pluag visibility.

Tus thawj plhaub

Projectile uncontrolled hom ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Siv artillery salvo, nws muaj 3 qhov chaw: sib ntaus sib tua, cav thiab stabilizer. Warhead - nws tus kheej ib tug plhaub nrog fuse thiab bursting xwb. Dav hlau engine yog muaj li ntawm lub nozzle chamber, thiab cov ignition hmoov xwb. Rau tiv cav tseb ntawm ib tug igniter, uas yuav qhib lub propellant xwb, los yog ua ntawv thov Pyrocartridges elektrozalpy. Txhaj tshuaj los ntawm kaw hluav taws xob Circuit Court, thiab cov cutter ntawm incandescent teeb igniter.

Missile 9M22 yog thawj munitions uas raug rho tawm haujlwm ntau foob pob ua ntxaij launchers "Grad". projectile yam ntxwv:

• ntaus: high-heev;
• ntev - 2,87 m;
• hnyav - 66 kg;
• ntau ntau yam - 20,4 km, yam tsawg kawg nkaus - 1.6 km;
• sib ntaus ceev - 715 m / s;
• warhead hnyav - 18,4 kg, ntawm uas peb ib feem - heev.

Ib tug revolutionary foundations yog Alexander Ganicheva innovation. Nws npaj ib txoj kev raug ib tug projectile, uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub Extract ntawm lub cev ntawm steel hlau, tsis nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim sectional steel lub tog raj kheej ua ntej. Lwm kev kawm tau ntawm cov Chief Designer ntawm NII-147 yog lub creation ntawm ib tug dab tshos, Restraining lub projectile tus Tsov tus tw stabilizers thiab muab lub sij hawm yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv lub foob pob ua ntxaij qhov ntev.

9M22 plhaub nkag nrog tus hneev poob siab fuses MRI thiab MRI-U, uas tau muab teev mus rau 3 kauj ruam: instantaneous, me me thiab cov loj loj deceleration. Nrog rau qhov kev yeej ntawm lub hom phaj ntawm luv luv mus rau cov neeg siv cov nres rings, qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov uas yog xaiv ncaj qha proportional rau qhov kev ncua deb.

Kev loj hlob ntawm cuaj luaj 9M22 zoo dua lub technical yam ntxwv ntawm "Grad". Puas manpower nyob puv load "Tsev fuabtais" yog thov mus rau qhov chaw mus 1,050 m ^2, thiab skinned txheej txheem - mus 840 m ^2.

Serial zus tau tej cov cuaj luaj pib nyob rau hauv 1964 nyob rau hlau foundry "Stamp".

Pab tau txoj kev sib ntaus los muaj peev xwm ua

Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov thawj missile mus txov thiab suppress tus yeeb ncuab rog npaj installation "Grad", tus yam ntxwv (kev puas tsuaj voos kheej-kheej) yog ib txwm zoo. Piv txwv li, lub nram qab no ntawm tus neeg zoo li tau tsim:

• Paub high-heev mos txwv hom 9M22U, 9M28F, 9M521;
• NWS tshuaj hom - 9M23 zoo tib yam nyob rau hauv lub davhlau specifications M22S;
• caws nplaum - 9M22S;
• haus luam yeeb ua - 9M43, kaum ntawm cov munitions muaj peev xwm tsim ib tug smokescreen dhau ib cheeb tsam ntawm 50 hectares;
• los ntawm anti-kuv obstacles - 9M28K, 3M16;
• RFI - 9M519;
• nrog tshuaj lom - 9M23.

Lwm lub teb chaws uas tsim complex daim ntawv tso cai los yog illegally, raws li dynamically tsim tshiab hom zoo li.

hluav taws tswj

Qhov hluav taws kub tswj system tso cai rau koj los mus ua kom kev txhaj tshuaj thiab nqos ib leeg. Pyrotechnic fuse foob pob ua ntxaij engine yog muab los ntawm tus mem tes generator, uas yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv lub tsheb tav xis 21 los ntawm ib tug BM-faib lub thawv los yog los ntawm ib tug mobile tej thaj chaw deb ntawm ib tug deb ntawm 50 m.

Lub voj voog ntev ntawm lub pov tag nrho 20 vib nas this yog teem rau "Grad". Nta txog kub, li nram qab no: uninterrupted lag luam yog guaranteed ntawm kub ntawm -40 ° C rau +50 ° C.

Cov pab pawg neeg tswj lub installation muaj ib tug commander, thiab 5 pab: gunner; Fuse installer; Radiotelephone / loader; sib ntaus sib tua lub tsheb tsav tsheb / loader thiab tus neeg tsav tsheb ntawm cov thauj tsheb / loader.

Thauj tsheb no yog tsim los nqa zoo li nyob rau hauv lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib tas ruaj ruaj txee.

Modernization

Kev kawm yuav tsum tau tas li ua hauj lwm rau lub Modernization ntawm riam phom. Txwv tsis pub, txawm lub feem ntau haib txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam tej zaum yuav poob.

Foob pob ua ntxaij launchers "Grad" nyob rau hauv 1986 lawm. Model BM-21-1 twb tso tawm. Tam sim no sib ntaus sib tua lub tsheb puag twb nyob rau lub chassis ntawm "Ural". Pob ntawv qhia hlab tiv thaiv tiv tshav ntuj kub raug tshav kub ntaub thaiv npog. Tsis tas li ntawd muaj ib lub tseem ceev firing.

Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsheb gaz-66B los ntawm kev txo tus naj npawb ntawm cov shafts zoo li mus txog 12 sib installation yog tsim rau plav troops - BM-21 V.

Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub BM-21-1 nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 2000s. Peb tau ua hauj lwm rau qhov kev tso tawm ntawm ib tug cia li kev sib ntaus los lub tsheb - 2B17-1. Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm ib tug paub installation - tsis muaj firing ib tug coj sights thiab tso zis xam. Qhov ntawd yog lub ntsiab txhais ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tswj tuav navigation system.

Sib ntaus sib tua lub tsheb "lub pas dej tauv" (BM-21PD) npaj rau defeat submarines nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav xyuas kom meej tiv thaiv ntawm lub maritime ciam. Lub system yuav khiav lag luam nyob rau hauv nrog sonar los yog nws tus kheej.

Lub complex "Prima", tsim nyob rau hauv lub 80s, muaj 50 ntawm cov, tab sis vim yog tsis muaj nyiaj tsis muaj cai mus ntxiv lawm.

Muab MLRS "Grad" nyob rau hauv Czechoslovakia, Belarus thiab Ltalis. Ukrainian version ntawm lub BM-21 tso rau Krae chassis. Belarus "Grad-1A 'yuav haum ib txhij ob mos txwv es tsis txhob ntawm ib tug. Lub Italian system foob pob ua ntxaij launcher (abbreviated FIROS) yog txawv nyob rau hauv uas lub zoo li yog nruab nrog sib txawv dav hlau xyaw, ua tsis zoo tib deb shooting.

tub rog accounting

Nrog rau qhov kawg ntawm tus thib ob ntiaj teb rog, tus caj npab haiv neeg tseem nquag. Tag nrho cov kev ua tau tau tswj kev txhim kho rau cov tub rog lawm. Nqi rau cov tub rog cov khoom pib loj hlob ceev tshaj thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog.

Nqe ntawm niaj hnub riam phom yog tseem heev. Ib tug projectile foob pob ua ntxaij launcher "Grad" muaj nqis 600-1000 dollars. Tom qab adopting ib tug sib ntaus sib tua siv lub tshuab (1963), tus nqi ntawm lub missile yog piv rau tus nqi ntawm ob lub tsheb "Volga". Thiab qhov loj zus tau tej cov cuaj luaj nqi yog tsuas yog ob tug cov nyiaj hli engineer - 250 rubles (ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov zaj duab xis "Shock Force").

Tus nqi ntawm cov txhim kho "Grad" - nws yog ib tug coj mus muag tsis pub leejtwg paub. Muaj kwv yees li ib tug British magazine, tus nqi follower "Tsev fuabtais" - "Cyclone" - yog $ 1.8 lab (cov ntaub ntawv yog los ntawm cov magazine "Phaeton", qhov teeb meem tooj 8, Lub ib hlis ntuj 1996, nyob rau sab 117.).

Raws li tua nruab "Grad"?

shooting hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm BM-21 yog zoo tib yam rau lub mechanism ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm tus naas ej "Katyusha" thiab yog raws li nyob rau hauv ib qhov system of salvo firing. Nyob rau hauv lub 40s projectiles cannon artillery yog yeej ib txwm superior rau ib missile, uas Corporate precision thiab loj. Engineers twb tau mus neutralize no disadvantage rau siv ib tug mos txwv tua ob peb yeej.

Vim lub operating hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov installation ntawm pov "Grad" nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim - ib tug riam phom uas yuav ua kom puas 30 hectares ntawm cov yeeb ncuab chaw uas zoo heev, ib kem ntawm cov tub rog cov khoom, lub starting txaus qhia ntawm rockets, mortar roj teeb, mov units. Ib tug plhaub raug rho tawm haujlwm no sib ntaus sib tua siv lub tshuab, tua tag nrho lub neej nyob rau hauv ib voos kheej-kheej ntawm 100 meters.

Thawj nyob rau hauv lub MRL ntiaj teb no uas yuav ntaus lub hom phiaj ntawm ntev mus, - qhov chaw kawm lub "Grad". Cov yam ntxwv, voos kheej-kheej ntawm kev puas tsuaj sib ntaus los lub tsheb Soviet engineers tau kev zoo dua li ntev raws li lub txiaj ntsim tsis muaj ib tug tshaj plaws sib txawv ntawm cov projectile los ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm 30 meters. Txawv teb chaws designers xav tias qhov no yog cov neeg muaj peev xwm ua tau tiav ntawm ib tug deb ntawm tsis muaj ntau tshaj li 10 kis lus mev. Txawm li cas los, cov creation ntawm lub USSR ntaus tus yeeb ncuab los ntawm ib tug deb ntawm 40 km thiab ua 720 tus neeg zoo li nyob rau hauv 20 vib nas this, uas yog sib npaug rau 2 tons ntawm explosives.

tub rog daim ntaub ntawv

Tus thawj xeem nyob rau hauv kev xyaum lub complex "Grad" twb muaj nyob rau hauv 1969, thaum lub sij hawm cov teeb meem ntawm Tuam Tshoj thiab lub USSR. Sim mus ua txhaum rau tus yeeb ncuab thiab khob tawm nws rog nrog lub Sino-Soviet tso tsheb hlau luam ua tsis tau tejyam, Ntxiv, Suav muab ib padded T-62, uas yog ib tug pub leejtwg qauv. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm mus heev zoo li ntawm cov nroj tsuag "Grad", uas rhuav tshem cov yeeb ncuab thiab yog li los xaus qhov teeb meem.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1975-1976. sib ntaus sib tua lub tsheb twb siv nyob rau hauv Angola. Operations puag ncig nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem twb tsis tau tseg khi fights ntawm txhua xeeb ntawm. Yog li no feature ntawm lub "Tsev fuabtais" nyob rau hauv lub fact tias nyob rau hauv lub tsheb sib tsoo qhov chaw ntawm lub projectile tsim "tuag ellipse", yog li ib kem ntawm pab tub rog, uas yog ib ncua kab nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv Angola tau ua ib qho zoo tagnrho lub hom phiaj.

Nyob rau hauv Afghanistan, peb tau shooting ntawm "Tsev fuabtais" ncaj hluav taws. Lub Chechen tsov rog yog tseem nquag siv tub rog tsheb.

"Grad" ntawm peb lub sij hawm - txog 2500 units, lub riam phom tub rog ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation. Combat tsheb raug exported rau 70 lub teb chaws txij thaum xyoo 1970. Peb tsis tau mus unnoticed BM-21 nyob rau hauv armed tsis sib haum nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no: nyob rau hauv Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, Somalia, Syria, Libya thiab tsis ntev los no pib ntawm tus txheem nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj ntawm Ukraine.

Tactical thiab kev yam ntxwv ntawm cov installation "Grad"

Tuition thiab tsis muaj lub system yog muab rau cov kev BM-21.

• Chassis - Ural-375.
• Cav Fais fab - 180 l. ib tug.
• Qhov ntev, m:
  - dav - 2.4;
  - Length - 7,35;
  - qhov siab - 4,35.
• Yuag, tons:
  - nrog neeg zoo li - 13.7;
  - uncharged BM - 10.9.
• Qhov siab tshaj plaws ceev ntawm lub zog, km / h - 75.
• Mos txwv, pieces. - 120 rockets.
• Caliber mm - 122.
• Lesion cheeb tsam, ha:
  - kev kawm 1.75;
  - manpower 2,44.
• Qhov ntev ntawm lub daim ntawv qhia, m - 3.
• Cov nab npawb ntawm cov kav ntawm cov, pcs. - 40.
• Tag nrho cov salvo lub sij hawm, nrog - 20.
• Tua ntau, m:
  - lub siab tshaj plaws - 20 380;
  - yam tsawg kawg nkaus - 5000.
• qhov chaw kawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub firing txoj hauj lwm, min. - 3.5.

Niaj hnub no MLRS ua los ntawm JSC "MZ". Base sawv tsheb "Ural-4320". Tus tshiab kuaj tswvcuab autonomous topographic qhov chaw, tso tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug hluav taws xob daim ntawv qhia teeb qhov chaw, muaj peev xwm nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv mus rau hauv lub fuse.

Kuv xav kom ntseeg tau thiab cia siab hais tias lub installation ntawm "Grad" (yam ntxwv, qauv, hom kev lag luam) yog tsim nyog thiab nthuav kom cov hluas tiam raws li ib tug tshem me me rau kev tshawb fawb, tab sis tsis yog rau cov kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub zos thiab txoj hmoo ntawm cov neeg!