Syntax. Basic syntax units. syntax kev sib txuas lus

Txhua yam lus, xws li Lavxias teb sab, muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov lo lus. Tab sis cov no lus units tsis txhais hais tias txhua yam uas tsis muaj tus zoo clearance. Thiab ntawm no los rau cov kev pab ntawm syntax. Basic chav tsev ntawm syntax yog cia li lub luag hauj lwm rau lub grammatical kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lo lus nyob rau hauv kab lus hais tias ua li tib neeg hais lus, sau ntawv thiab hais lus. Paub txog cov lus ntawm no tseem ceeb ceg ntawm science yuav pab tau kom raug thiab competently ua lawv lub tswv yim. Cov syntax nyob rau hauv cov lus system, yooj yim syntax thiab units los sib tham hauv qab no.

Syntax - ib tug tshwj xeeb ib seem ntawm cov lus ntawm science

Qauv syntactical hais, lawv tseem ceeb thiab kev sis raug zoo cov kev tshawb fawb qauv sau ntawv seem hu ua "Syntax." Qhov no yog ib lo lus ntawm Greek keeb kwm lub ntsiab lus 'kos duab' los yog 'kev tsim kho. Yog li, ces txog yuav ua li cas los ntawm tag nrho cov txheej lus los tsim kom tau lub hauv paus ntawm syntax - cov lus thiab kab lus. Yog hais tias qhov seem ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv kawm nyob rau tom cov theem, nws yuav ua tau ib tug coherent, zajlus kom thiab ntau haiv neeg.

Nws yog inextricably txuas nrog lub syntax ntawm cov cim. Nws yog ib tug system ntawm kev cai kav lub formulation ntawm cov cim. Lawv pab faib cov ntawv nyeem rau hauv cov kab lus thiab txawj npaj lawv tus kheej syntactic units.

lub ntsiab chav tsev

Basic chav tsev ntawm syntax - kab lus no thiab kab lus. Txhua yam ntawm lawv nws muaj nws tus yam ntxwv thiab lub hom phiaj. Tsis tas li ntawd xa mus rau cov chav nyob ntawm syntax ntawv nyeem thiab complex syntactic kev sib sau.

Peb saib zoo li cas yog lub hauv paus ntawm syntax. Lub rooj yuav pab nyob rau hauv no.

collocation	kev
Muaj tsis muaj tham muaj nuj nqi, yog siv rau grammatical thiab semantic piv ntawm cov lo lus rau txhua tus lwm yam.	Yam tsawg kawg nkaus tham chav tsev ua hauj lwm pab rau cov zauv hais thiab sau ntawv lus. Nws muaj predicativity.
	yooj yim	complex
	Ib grammatical hauv paus	Ob tug grammatical qhia
Netting, ntoo rooj, qeeb lub zog, dhia siab.	Lub hav zoov niaj hnub no yog extraordinarily zoo nkauj. Nws tau tu siab heev.	Kuv tau tuaj rau nws lub ntees. Xwm los mus rau lub neej: ib txhia qhov chaw twb hnov cov hu nkauj ntawm cov noog ya mus.

subordinate kev twb kev txuas

Yog li ntawd, peb hais tias qhov no syntax, lub hauv paus ntawm syntax. Syntactic kev sib txuas kuj txiav txim yuav ua li cas los mus siv cov kev sib raug zoo nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Nws muaj ob hom ntawm kev twb kev txuas uas muaj peev xwm txuas rau txhua lub lwm yam lus nyob rau hauv cov kab lus, lub constituent ntsiab ntawm qhov kev: coordinative thiab subordinative.

Thaum peb tham txog lub caij nyoog kawg no, nws implies hais tias muaj ib lub sij hawm mus rau ntsiab qhov tseem ceeb, thiab ib tug uas yuav nyob ntawm seb nws. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, lub ntsiab - los ntawm uas koj xav nug ib lo lus nug, nyob - uas nws yog muab tso rau.

Cia peb piv txwv paub (dab tsi?) Lub caij nyoog lub sij hawm. Ntawm no, cov lus "paub" yuav lub ntsiab lo lus "sij hawm" - nyob.

Kuv tsis paub dab tsi kuv yuav qhia tag kis. Muaj muaj ua ntej peb ib tug complex kab lus uas muaj subordinate kev twb kev txuas ntawm lub qhov chaw. Los ntawm cov thawj - "Kuv paub" - nug cov lus nug mus rau lub subordinate (dab tsi?) "Qhov ntawd yuav qhia kuv tag kis."

Txoj kev ntawm kev mloog lus

Subordinate kev twb kev txuas yog pom tau hais nyob rau hauv ob peb txoj kev. Qhov no yog feem ntau hnov nyob rau hauv cov kab lus.

1. Reconciliation: thaum koj hloov tag nrho lo lus hauv daim ntawv ntawm syntactic units, nkag mus rau hauv nws, kuj hloov. Wicker pob tawb; wicker pob tawb rau wicker pob tawb. Yus lus nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yuav ua tau tej txhais me me, adjectives, ordinals, adjectives thiab tej lus.
2. Management: nyob lo lus tseem unchanged, thaum lub sij hawm lub ntsiab yuav tau hloov lub grammatical daim ntawv. Nws qhia txog cov toj roob hauv pes - ib tug toj roob hauv pes piav txog - piav txog lub toj roob hauv pes - cov toj roob hauv pes piav. Yus lus: nouns, verbs, adjectives thiab cardinal xov tooj.
3. Hlws ris: tsuas sib txuas lus ntsiab lus. Kuv yog staggering, zoo nkauj heev, mus ua hauj lwm. No, raws li yuav tsum tau tag nrho cov nyob invariable qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus.

coordinative daim ntawv cog lus

Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub cuav, coordinative daim ntawv cog lus koom kiag li sib npaug zos qhov chaw. Nws yuav ua tau raws li tej kev sib txuas lus: paj thiab nyom, thiab twb zoo siab, thiab kev tivthaiv qhov chaw ntawm ib tug complex kab lus: "Cov kev sai subsided, tab sis lub tsev yog loj hlob kev txhawj xeeb."

Ntawm no yog peb highlight qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab rhiab lo lus, muaj kev los no kev sib raug zoo suab los yog siv cov tswj conjunctions. Piv: "Nws quaj, tsis muaj ib tug pom - nws twb quaj quaj.". Nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv, tsuas yog tus raug lub cim suab nyob rau hauv lub thib ob - thiab Union (coordinative coupling).

Kab lus. Lub hom nqe lus

Yog li ntawd, nws tau piav saum toj no, hais tias yog lub hauv paus ntawm syntax. Cov kab lus - tus nqi qis tshaj ntawm lawv. Nws muaj ob los yog ntau tshaj lus nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev cob cog rua, grammatically los yog raug. Singled tawm cov nqe lus los ntawm cov proposals vim hais tias lawv yog ib feem ntawm lawv. Qhov no yog ua raws li nram no: Nyob rau hauv txoj kev drizzles drizzle.

1. Thawj txiav txim seb lub grammatical hauv paus. Nws tsis yog ib tug kab lus. Los nag drizzles.
2. Tom ntej no, nug cov lus nug nyob rau hauv txoj kev kawm: cov nag (dab tsi?) Fine.
3. Tom qab ntawd, los ntawm lub predicate: drizzle (qhov twg?) Nyob rau hauv txoj kev.

Judging los ntawm dab tsi yog ib feem ntawm kev hais lus lo lus hais txog tseem ceeb tshaj, tag nrho cov nqe lus yog muab faib mus rau hauv sau npe shares (ntoo qhib rooj, txhua qhua yog tau kawm); qhia txog kev ua (twb luam neeg ko taw, hais lus kom meej meej) thiab adverbial (ib tug ntau ntawm kev lom zem txoj kev los ntawm txoj kev, qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub khw).

cov nqe lus no muab faib mus rau hauv tej yam yooj yim thiab complex. Thaum xub thawj muaj no tsuas muaj ib lo lus nug: lub hnub (? A) kaj thiab radiant. Nyuab ntau heev. Piv: nyeem (dab tsi?) Nkag mus (kaw) thiab nyeem (uas yog) ib tug nrov science magazine. Nyob rau hauv lub xeem Piv txwv li los ntawm cov lo lus magazine kuj nug txoj kev scientific thiab nrov, yog li ntawd nyuaj kab lus.

Cais dawb thiab tag nrho cov nqe lus. Tus thawj yus muaj los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias txhua txhua lo lus ntawm lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg - ib tug tag nrho cov tswv cuab ntawm cov kab lus. Ob txhais lub tswv yim tsis poob mus rau hauv nws tivthaiv qhov chaw. Tsuas yog ob tug me nyuam dhau qhov kev sib kho paug zoo. "Ob tug me nyuam kawm ntawv" yog yeej tseem zoo ib kab lus, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug kab lus ua raws li ib tug kawm, li ntawd, nws yuav yus raws li ib tug tag nrho.

Nws tsis yog ib tug kab lus

Nws yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov tias cov nqe lus yeej tsis:

1. Cov kev kawm thiab predicate.
2. Homogeneous qhov chaw ntawm cov kab lus.
3. Nruas (lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav tsis meej pem nrog tag nrho cov nqe lus, uas yog ib feem ntawm ib tug kab lus: peb cov muam, tus tub hluas nrog tus hluas nkauj, thiab lwm tus neeg.).
4. Ib tug ua ke ntawm kev hais lus thiab kev pab cuam sab nraud ntawm tus hais lus thaum lub sij hawm lub hnub (preposition thiab noun), raws li zoo, thiab nws (tus Union thiab qhov chaw) uas rau cov ruam (particle thiab noun).
5. Complex cov ntaub ntawv: Kuv yuav nyeem (yav tom ntej), lub siab tshaj plaws (superlative), ntau nyob ntsiag to (comparative) cia nws mus (ib qho tseem ceeb).

Lub tswv yim thiab nws cov cim

Peb twb paub tias lub hauv paus ntawm syntax - kab lus no thiab kab lus, tab sis nws yog ib lub caij nyoog kawg no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Xwb, nws yog precisely peb lub tswv yim: peb xav seb lawv thiab hais lus, ua ib tug coherent cov ntawv nyeem.

Yuav ua li cas yus lub tswv yim txog li lub hauv paus ntawm syntax? Grammatical hauv paus - uas yog ib uas qhia hais tias distinguishes nws los ntawm cov kab lus los yog ib tug yooj yim txheej ntawm cov lo lus. Qhov no feature kuj hu ua predicativity, vim hais tias tus ntawd yog tus qhia txog kev ua yog ib daim duab ntawm kev muaj tiag los yog unreality ntawm dab tsi tshwm sim. Nws yog qhia los ntawm qhov qhia txog kev mus ob peb vas.

Tsis tas li ntawd, lub tswv yim raws li lub hauv paus ntawm syntax thiab raug yog yus muaj los ntawm cov zajlus kom tiav. Qhov no luv luv kab lus, tua ntawm tej kev xav nyob rau hauv qhov kev kawm ntawm kev sib tham. Nws yuav tsis yuav tsis meej pem nrog cov kab lus, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog kawg no cov zajlus kom tiav tsis tau twb tsis siv - nws yog ib tug txheej ntawm cov lo lus grammatically txog.

grammatical hauv paus

Grammatical puag yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv txhua txhua kab lus. Qhov no yog ib qho hais txog ntawm nws cov qauv - qhov tseem ceeb tshaj yam ntxwv.

Predicative substrate yuav tsum tuaj raws li ib tug kawm thiab predicate, thiab txhua tus ntawm lawv ib lub zuj zus.

Piv txwv li, cov kab lus: "Peb pom qhov ntev-awaited av." Muaj ob lub ntsiab neeg. Lwm yam ua lag ua luam tswv yim zoo li no: "Nws yog ib tug txais tos pom ntawm thaj av." Ntawm no, ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm tsuas predicate - nws los ua pom.

Qhov ntawd yog tus naj npawb ntawm cov me nyuam yaus predicate muab ib qho tseem ceeb cov yam ntxwv: ib tug yooj yim lub tswv yim nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm peb los yog complex.

Luv luv tsom xam txhua lub ntsiab neeg. Cov kev kawm qhia tau hais tias peb tus kwv uas hais lus qhia, raws li tau piav nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim txog. Predicate tib txhais tau tias cov kev kawm li cas nws yog, leej twg los yog nws yog dab tsi. Muaj peb hom ntawm lub ntsiab tug tswv cuab ntawm cov qauv thiab cov ntsiab lus yooj yim thiab compound, thiab nominal qhia txog kev ua.

Yuav ua li cas yog cov tswv yim

Nws muaj feem ntau ntawm cov syntax thiab kev tshawb fawb. Basic syntax units yog yus muaj los ntau tsis.

Txawm li cas los ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm predicate cov me nyuam yaus faib proposals mus rau:

1. cov nqe lus lub hom phiaj. Sib txuas lus nrog txhua lwm yam, cov neeg muaj peev xwm qhia ib co lus muaj tseeb (declarative ua ke) , thov kom (nqe lus nug), los yog rov hais dua rau tej kev txiav txim (causative). Qhov kawg ntawm syntactic rau lwm cov muab tso rau feem ib lub sij hawm, lo lus nug cim, los yog exclamation tias.
2. Emotional coloring. Faib thiab nevosklitsatelnye exclamatory kab lus. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias yav tas los tej zaum yuav tsis tau yuav tus tsuas yog ua kom muaj siab. Piv txwv li, cov kab lus: Yuav ua li cas ib tug tsis muaj teeb meem! Peb tuab nws raws li ib tug narrative, tab sis exclamatory. Tag nrho cov kev txhaum ntawm lub modal particle tias nyob rau hauv hais txog admiration.

Nta yooj yim ua ke

Tej yam yooj yim ua ke - lub hauv paus ntawm syntax. Luv luv tshuaj txog lawv cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yam ntxwv.

1. Ib-piece los yog ob-pronged. Nws yuav qhia lub grammatical hauv paus. Yog hais tias nws yog sawv cev los ntawm ib tug ntawm cov mej zeej - yuav muaj ib tug-piece. Txwv tsis pub, lub ob-feem. Yog hais tias lub tswv yim no tsuas yog qhov kev kawm los yog predicate, koj yuav tsum qhia kom meej nws hom (tsau los yog indefinite-tus kheej, tsis zoo li neeg los yog denominative).
2. Common los yog tsis. Secondary neeg lub luag hauj lwm rau qhov kev xeeb ceem. Yog hais tias muaj tsawg kawg yog ib tug ntawm lawv - ib tug ntau lub tswv yim.
3. Sau kom tiav los sis tsis tiav. Qhov kawg cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov ncauj hais lus: lawv raug hla lawm ib tus neeg twg. Yog li, tsim ib cov zajlus kom saw tsis nyob ib sab ua ke yog tsis tau. Piv txwv li: "Koj puas nyeem phau ntawv no?" - "Tsis muaj, lub magazine". Lo lus teb rau lo lus nug no yog tsis tag kab lus.
4. Ib tug yooj yim kab lus yuav yuav nyuab. Nws kuj yog ib tug ntawm nws tus yam ntxwv. Raws li ib tug complicating ntsiab yog cov cais thiab ob, ob qho tib si ntau thiab thiaj li muaj yog tseem niaj hnub tsim, introductory lus, kev kho mob.

Muaj tej yam yooj yim thiab complex

Heev ntau haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab syntax. Basic syntactic units - nws yog qhov yooj yim thiab complex ua ke. Wb to taub qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv.

Yog hais tias syntactic unit ib grammatical hauv paus, ces nws yuav yog ib tug yooj yim kab lus. Hnub no yog ib tug heev muaj zog cua tshuab. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm xws li ib tug lub tswv yim yuav mus raws li lub hom phiaj hais saum toj no.

Muaj mob thaum ib tug syntax tsev muaj ib tug ob peb yam yooj yim. Ces nws yuav yog ib lo qhia lub taub Tawvv.

Feem ntau cov yooj yim nws yog kom paub qhov txawv ntawm ib tug yooj yim kab lus uas muaj homogeneous predicates los ntawm lub complex. Ntawm no nws yog tsim nyog los saib ze ze ntawm cov kev kawm. Yog hais tias nws yog ib tug tshaj plaws, ua ntau yam ua, lub tswv yim yuav yooj yim. Cia peb xav txog qhov piv txwv:

"Lawv taug kev los ntawm txoj kev ntawm lub nroog thiab enjoyed newfound txoj kev ywj pheej." - "Lawv taug kev los ntawm txoj kev ntawm lub nroog, thiab pom txoj kev ywj pheej muab lawv lub dag lub zog." Tus thawj suggestion yog yooj yim. Nws muaj tsuas yog ib tug predicative hauv paus ntawm nyuab homogeneous predicates: lawv taug kev, enjoyed. Qhov thib ob lub tswv yim yuav tsis yooj yim vim hais tias cov grammatical cov me nyuam yaus ntawm tus ob: lawv taug kev, txoj kev ywj pheej txuas.

Hom bonds nyob rau hauv txoj kab lus

Raws li tau piav saum toj no, qhov yooj yim syntax units yog tej tswv yim. Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov complex qauv ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws feature yog lub hom kev twb kev txuas ntawm lub qhov chaw. Cov phenomena kuj muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub syntax. Basic syntax units, nyuab ua ke yuav muaj xws li feem txog subordination thiab ua kom sib haum. Nyob rau hauv no, muaj ib tug gradation nyob rau hauv lub slozhnosochinennye thiab complex ua ke.

Cia peb kawm nyob rau hauv txhua yam nyob rau hauv ntau yam. Tivthaiv qhov chaw ntawm compound ua ke yog sib npaug. Qhov no koob pheej ntawm lawv muab lawv tshwj xeeb, coordinative daim ntawv cog lus. Nws yog qhia nyob rau hauv lub fact uas siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv ntawm cov kab lus ntawm tswj conjunctions. Yog li, cov lus nug ntawm ib tug yooj yim kab lus mus rau lwm lub yog tsis tau.

Piv txwv li: "Kuv xav rov qab mus puas tsav puas yam rov qab, tab sis ib yam dab tsi tiv thaiv kuv li." Qhov kev slozhnosochinennoe feem ntau txuam adversative Union tab sis.

Nws tseem yog tsis kawg lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm ib tug compound kab lus plays ib tug laus: nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm txhua yam yooj yim kab lus nws poob qis - nws piav cov zajlus kom tiav.

Complex syntactic kev sib sau

Yuav ua li cas lwm yam hais muaj xws li Lavxias teb sab syntax? Basic chav tsev ntawm syntax - nws tseem yog ib txoj kab ntawv. Lawv muaj xws li cov ntsiab, uas ib tug yog nyob rau lwm yam. Uas yog, ntawm tej yam yooj yim qhov chaw ntawm lub tswv yim yeej ib txwm nug cov lus nug: "Glade (? Tej) uas peb mus, twb muab zais rau ntawm prying ob lub qhov muag."

DVR xws li ib tug kev sib raug zoo los ntawm subordinating conjunctions thiab raug, downward mus rau thaum xaus ntawm txhua tus ntawm tej yam yooj yim kab lus.

Tsis txhob hnov qab hais tias muaj conjunctionless link. Nws implies ib tug tsis muaj formal hais ntawm lub qhov chaw, cia li raug lub cim suab tiav: buzzing thiab bubbling dej; hlab ntsha su ntawm lub ntiaj teb rau nws, ntshai tsam rau nws muaj kev ruaj ntseg.

Peb tau soj ntsuam hais tias muaj xws li Lavxias teb sab syntax. Basic syntactic units, thiab muaj ib tug kab lus daim ntawv lwm yam hu ua complex syntactic tag nrho. Thiab nws, nyob rau hauv lem, twb generates ntawv nyeem. Hauv nws, raws li tau zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lwm yam syntax caij, muaj cov ties li grammatical thiab semantic thiab txawm formal (e.g., koom haum ua teb, uas ib tug tom ntej twv pib).

Yuav ua li cas yog txoj syntactic kev sib sau? Qhov no pab pawg neeg ntawm cov proposals, yooj yim thiab complex, yog txawj sib thooj, ib lub ntsiab lub tswv yim. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, lub complex syntactic tag nrho - nws mikrotema, nyob rau hauv uas lub intermediate point yog xaus lus. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, nws yog tag rau abzatsnoy articulation.

Muaj mob thaum lub text - qhov no yog ib tug syntactic unit. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, cov no yog cov me me dab neeg rau ib tug luv luv storyline.